history of the USA

This article addresses the recent attempts to integrate evolutionary history in the US national narrative. Focusing on the cultural, legal, and scientific controversy over Kennewick Man, the ancient human remains discovered in Washington state in 1996, the article explores the narrative politics of American national belonging. Through a popular historical novel on Kennewick Man's life, the article further theorizes nostalgia as a narrative tool in imagining the evolutionary origins of the nation. The article argues that nostalgia produces a temporal dynamic that bridges the gap between national history and global prehistory, and that this dynamic is reinforced through cultural ideas of genetic knowledge. At the same time, prehistoric nostalgia renders problematic ideas of ethnic difference largely invisible.

Аннотация. Было проведено актуальное исследование, решившее один из вопросов  в современной науке и образовании. Необходимость исследования была вызвана отсутствием в учебниках Всеобщей Истории в странах СНГ информации о многочисленных народах, населяющих Флориду в «доиспанский» (XVI век) и «досеминолький» (XVIII) периоды. В результате исследований были разработаны карты, показывающие приблизительное расселение индейских племен в XVI веке в пределах территории нынешнего штата Флорида, который был частью огромной территории Испанской Флориды, которая существовала «де-юре» с 1513 года, а фактически не была освоена. В течение XVIII веке почти все народы, жившие во Флориде исчезли большей частью в результате индейских и европейских войн, болезней и других факторов. Однако последние из них исчезли после тотального уничтожения их вторгшимися племенами Криков, Семинолов, Ямаси и других индейских племен, которые в дальнейшем расселились по обезлюдившим  территориям Флориды.

The article considers the problem of the establishment of a regime of racial segregation in the south of the USA at the end of the 19th century. The notorious Plessy vs. Ferguson case examines the attitude of Americans toward racial minorities regardless of political beliefs, social status, race, gender and age.

Estratto da Alessandro Pascale (a cura di), “A Cent'anni dalla Rivoluzione d'Ottobre. In Difesa del Socialismo Reale e del Marxismo-Leninismo”, Volume II, dicembre 2017, pp. 450-460; il libro è scaricabile gratuitamente su www.intellettualecollettivo.it.

Il testo viene messo a disposizione dell'Associazione Politico-Culturale “Marx21” al fine di fare chiarezza sulla storia recente del Nicaragua, da qualche mese colpito da una nuova “rivoluzione colorata” organizzata dall'imperialismo. Gramsci diceva che “la Storia insegna ma non ha scolari”. Spero che queste pagine possano mostrare che qualche scolaro ce l'ha ancora, aiutando anzitutto il movimento comunista a cogliere il nesso tra quanto sta accadendo oggi in Nicaragua e la storia recente non soltanto sua, ma più in generale dell'America Latina e dell'intero “Terzo Mondo” posto sotto costante attacco da parte dell'Imperialismo Statunitense. Su questi temi ricordo che nel libro sono presenti ampi materiali, concentrati soprattutto nel secondo volume.

La Reaganomics ha cambiato profondamente gli USA e la loro economia negli Anni Ottanta. Sotto le spinte concomitanti esercitate dalla manovra della Fed, dalla deregulation e dal colossale piano di riarmo contestuale alla Sdi, gli Usa furono quindi investiti da un vero e proprio processo di riorganizzazione socio-economica che dall’ambito strettamente nazionale si estese ben presto all’intero “campo capitalista”. Mentre il risparmio mondiale confluiva verso gli Stati Uniti in conseguenza dell’innalzamento forsennato del tasso di interesse, lo smantellamento dell’intelaiatura normativa che disciplinava l’attività di Wall Street accelerava lo spostamento dell’asse dell’economia nazionale verso il settore dei servizi e schiudeva le porte a nuove tecniche di ingegneria finanziaria capaci di trasformare provvisoriamente debiti permanenti in una notevolissima fonte di lucro per l’intero sistema bancario.

Советская противоракетная оборона против американских баллистических ракет В пятницу 8 сентября 1944 года в лондонском пригороде Чисуик прозвучал сильный взрыв, несколько домов были полностью разрушены. На месте взрыва образовалась большая воронка. Напуганные жители не слышали ни привычных сигналов воздушной тревоги, ни звука от моторов бомбардировщика. Через некоторое время на другом конце города прозвучал еще один таинственный взрыв. В отличие от простых горожан, это событие не стало неожиданностью для британского правительства, по данным разведки ему было известно о новом немецком оружии-баллистических ракетах V-2 (A-4). Но даже приблизительные характеристики новых ракет говорили о том, что это абсолютное оружие. Ракета летела со скоростью 5300 км/ч на высоте более 90000 м. Перехватить или, хотя бы, просто обнаружить ее в полете, британская ПВО была не в силах. Единственное, что могли сделать государственные мужи, так это освободить максимальное число мест в госпиталях и больницах столицы и ждать очередного взрыва. Работа телефона и телеграфа была немедленно остановлена, чтобы немецкая агентура не узнала точных координат падения ракет и не корректировала огонь. Стремительное наступление союзников заставило Германию временно прекратить пуски ракет и напряженность в городе немного спала. Однако, в октябре 1944 года, атаки возобновились. В самые тяжелые дни на город падало около 30 ракет. Дальнейшее сохранение молчания со стороны правительства могло привести к возникновению паники и беспорядков. Премьер министр Уинстон Черчилль принял решение выступить по радио. Его заявление было лаконичным. Черчилль сказал: "В течение последних нескольких недель противник применяет новое оружие-ракеты дальнего действия; несколько таких ракет упало в далеко отстоящих друг от друга пунктах". Пуски немецких ракет ознаменовали наступление новой ракетной эры, и теперь ни один город мира, какую бы сильную ПВО он не имел, уже не мог ощущать себя в безопасности. После окончания второй мировой войны в США и СССР началась работа над дальнейшим совершенствованием баллистических ракет. 31 октября 1945 года технический отдел Американского Воздушного Командования, так назывались тогда ВВС США, запросил ведущие фирмы о предложениях по новым системам оружия, способным поражать цели в глубине территории СССР, с дальностью полета 8000 км. В первых числах ноября 1945 года это письмо от военных пришло на фирму Конвэйр-Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation (Convair) в Сан-Диего. Составление предложений поручили техническому директору недавно созданного отдела астронавтики, талантливому инженеру, бельгийцу по происхождению, Карлу Джону Боссарту. За полтора месяца его группа разработала два эскизных проекта беспилотных видов оружия с расчетной дальностью 8000 км, баллистической ракеты и дозвуковой крылатой ракеты с ТРД, и отправила их на рассмотрение заказчика. Со стороны СССР в 1945 году руководство Наркомата вооружений и командование ВВС СССР приступило к исследованиям в области борьбы с баллистическими ракетами. Задачи в виде заказных научно-исследовательских работ

, the seventh president of the United States, is undoubtedly the most influential and controversial American politician of the 1830s. His presidency was an era that featured critical positive developments in the social, political, and economic spheres of domestic policy. On the social scene, the removal of the Native American tribes from the territory of the United States that culminated in the Indian Removal Act of 1830 is one of such critical developments that occurred during the presidency concerned. Additionally, the era's impact on the American economy is best exemplified by Jackson's contribution to the deconstruction of the Second Bank of the United States and the subsequent panic in 1837. Further, Jackson's political ideology shaped the relationship between the federal government and the states, and defined the states' rights and prerogatives through his approach to the Nullification Crisis. However, there is a lack of consensus among scholars of history regarding the legacy of Andrew Jackson's presidency. Some scholars view him as a defender of the common citizen's rights and interests while others believe that he was a dictator, a racist, and an enemy of the Union. Consequently, this paper seeks to undertake a critical assessment of Andrew Jackson's presidency to illustrate the proposition that his legacy is both positive and negative. The implication of this discussion's position is that the dominant opposing points of view are both true for the following three reasons. First, Jackson's role in the Nullification crisis was positive with regard to its long-term stabilization of the Union, although it also extensively increased the power of the central government at the expense of the states. Secondly, the policy stance towards the Native Americans led to the loss of their ancestral land and caused them suffering but it also introduced a civil and more effective framework for Indian-Anglo relations. Lastly, although Jackson's aggressive position towards the national bank during the Bank War led to an aftermath of

11 books (free access to full PDF texts):
Media Literacy Education and Film and Media Studies


Media and Information Literacy Education Dictionary:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311675000_Media_and_Information_Literacy_Education_Dictionary

Media Literacy Education:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267623006_FEDOROV_A_MEDIA_LITERACY_EDUCATION_MOSCOW_ICO_INFORMATION_FOR_ALL_2015_577_P?ev=prf_pub

On Media Education:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260230477_On_Media_Education

Violence on the Russian & American Media Screen and Youth Audience:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260230555_Violence_on_the_Russian_American_Media_Screen_and_Youth_Audience

Film Criticism:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277009139_FEDOROV_A_FILM_CRITICISM_MOSCOW_ICO_INFORMATION_FOR_ALL_2015_382_P

Film studies in the university students' audience: from entertainment genres to art house:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271155569_FILM_STUDIES_IN_THE_UNIVERSITY_STUDENTS%27_AUDIENCE_FROM_ENTERTAINMENT_GENRES_TO_ART_HOUSE

Western World in the Soviet and Russian Screen: From Epoch of Ideological Confrontation (1946-1991) to Modern Time (1992-2016): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307587864_Western_World_in_the_Soviet_and_Russian_Screen_From_Epoch_of_Ideological_Confrontation_1946-1991_to_Modern_Time_1992-2016?ev=prf_pub

The White Movement Image in the Mirror of the Russian and Western Screen:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305441604_THE_WHITE_MOVEMENT_IMAGE_IN_THE_MIRROR_OF_THE_RUSSIAN_AND_WESTERN_SCREEN?ev=prf_pub

Reflections: West about Russia / Russia about West. Film images of people and countries:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307905692_Reflections_West_about_Russia_Russia_about_West_Film_images_of_people_and_countries?ev=prf_pub

Cinema in the Mirror of the Soviet and Russian Film Criticism:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311953725_Cinema_in_the_Mirror_of_the_Soviet_and_Russian_Film_Criticism

Russia in the mirror of the Western screen:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269992854_RUSSIA_IN_THE_MIRROR_OF_THE_WESTERN_SCREEN

Throughout the 20th century, the United States of America had struggled with the
question of which ideology ought to be as the US foreign policy whether isolation or
intervention. Precisely from the early 1920 up to 1975, U.S. foreign policy has clearly shifted
from isolationism to interventionism. Hence, the dissertation deals with the transformation of
US foreign policy from 1920 to 1975. It sketches the US involvement in World War II,
besides it analyses the US intervention in Vietnam. The aim of the paper is to examine the
evolution of US foreign policy.
The present dissertation attempts to provide a further analysis of the US foreign policy
shift. It investigates the different circumstances that were behind the alteration of the US
foreign policy from isolationism toward interventionism. The introductory chapter deals with
the return to isolationism as the US foreign policy after World War I. Next chapter highlights
the US Foreign Policy shift from Isolationism to Interventionism from 1935 to 1945. Last but
not least the final chapter tackles the US foreign policy of interventionism from 1945 to 1975
with an illustration as a case study about the US intervention in Vietnam.

В 2004 г. исполняется 200 лет со дня смерти выдающегося американского политика, одного из «отцов-основателей» США, Александра Гамильтона (1757-1804 гг.). В монографии «Александр Гамильтон и создание конституции США» рассматривается ранний период его деятельности, становление его политической теории и его вклад в процесс создания и ратификации конституции 1787 г. На основе анализа обширного круга источников в исследовании прослеживаются особенности эволюции взглядов Гамильтона, стадии формирования концепции государственного интереса, ставшей базовым элементом его политической программы, а также его участие в борьбе за реформирование центральной власти в США. В монографии уделено внимание истокам  мировоззрения Гамильтона, влиянию на него европейских просветителей, античных мыслителей, англо-американской конституционной традиции. Раскрыты особенности использования Гамильтоном естественно-правовой теории и теории «смешанного правления». Монография рассчитана на специалистов, а также на всех интересующихся историей американского конституционализма.

The present study analyzes the racism in Thomas Jefferson’s life and thought against the backdrop of some theoretical problems within the field of racism studies.
The first main part of the study provides a thick description of the discursive formations and socio-economic conditions during Jefferson’s lifetime and therewith examines the breeding ground of Jeffersonian racism. Chronologically ordered and ranging from colonial Virginia to the presidency of John Quincy Adams, the historical narrative embraces material backgrounds, legal developments and scientific discourses concerning human varieties on the American continent. Drawing primarily on secondary sources, these first chapters also allow for a meta-analysis of the racism reception in the historiography of early America.
Building on the provided material, the second main part analyzes Jeffersonian racism along the subjects of slavery, nation and science. Against prevalent assessments of his inconsistency with regard to the institution of slavery, it is argued that Jeffersonian racism functioned as a doctrine that reconciled Jefferson’s liberal opposition to slavery with the temporary maintenance of the institution. Linking the realization of liberty and equality to a notion of ›racial‹ homogeneity, segregation and colonization emerged as the preconditions of emancipation, which inhibited immediate abolition and rationalized the persistent exclusion of African Americans. His idea of a ›white‹ nation also excluded Native Americans and racistly constructed them as uncivilized savages. On the contrary, he aimed at the inclusion of marginalized groups of European ancestry and pursued their political integration as well as their uplifting through ›racist symbolic capital‹.
Jefferson’s racist policies and actions were backed by scientific conceptions of ›racial‹ difference, which built on overlapping ascriptions of cultural and natural inferiority. Alt- hough he developed different justifications for the exclusion of Native Americans and African Americans, it would be misleading to reduce the former to culturalistic relativism and the latter to scientific racism. In fact, the case of Jeffersonian racism exemplifies how racist discrimination can adapt to complex material and discursive conditions, constantly updates traditional logics of distinction and goes beyond the contemporary para- digm of ›race‹.

In the United States, the elections for the presidential office remain one of the hot topics of discussion. In a country where the members of Congress, governors, state legislators, and mayors are elected by popular vote, the US presidency is not determined by popular votes. The election of the President of the US is done by the Electoral College, a system that dates to the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The proponents of the Electoral College argue that the system of the Electoral College provides stability to the federal structure of the U.S. The critics of the system argue that it undermines democratic ideals and should be reformed or replaced by popular votes. There are structural and constitutional complications in the Electoral College, however, it is the backbone of federalism in the U.S., and replacing it with the popular vote would result in a major constitutional crisis.

Join the Illuminati today, whatsApp +18133057260 and become Rich, Famous, and Powerful. This is an authorized illuminati agency whatsApp number +18133057260. Are you in US, UK, CANADA or anywhere in the world kindly join the illuminati today and get recognised in businesses or politics. Join the illuminati today and be protected spiritually and physically. Join the illuminati and rise to the top in whatever you do. Join the illuminati today and get good connections. The illuminati is an organization of Peace, Unity and Love, If you're interested kindly email: illuminatiauthorities@gmail.com OR whatsApp +18133057260

Монография посвящена изучению американского изоляционизма и общественно-политической борьбы по вопросу формирования после-военного внешнеполитического курса США со вступления страны во Вторую мировую войну до 1946 г.
Книга предназначена для специалистов, занимающихся изучени- ем истории XX в. и Второй мировой войны, аспирантов и студентов, а также всех тех, кто интересуется проблемами всемирной истории.

"American Isolationism in the Second World War: Post-War Foreign Policy Formation" is devoted to the study of isolationist in-fluences in American society from the attack on Pearl Harbor to the first post-war congressional election in 1946. The author focuses on various isolationist groups' vision of the U.S. role in the post-war world and their attempts to influence post-war foreign policy forma- tion. American participation in the Second World War was the final stage of the United States' retreat from isolationism. Although the attack on Pearl Harbor suspended one of the most heated debates in American 20th century history – whether or not to enter the war – it did not foreclose a return to isolationism when the war was over.
The defeat of isolationism was not determined by America's en- try into World  War II, but, rather, was the result of a political struggle that continued during the war.  Anti-interventionists looked forward to the first post-war national elections in November 1946 to repeat the success of 1920. President Roosevelt foresaw this danger, and considered the battle against isolationism to be one of his top priorities. Thus, as soon as the United States officially entered the Second World War, the formation of post-war foreign policy became the most important issue of the national political agenda.
The book examines different components of the anti-        in-terventionist forces in the United States after its entry into World War II: isolationists in the U.S. Congress, the isolationist wing of the Re-publican Party, grassroots isolationist organizations, and isolationist press.  It focuses particularly on the moderate isolationists lead by Senator Robert A. Taft, who attempted to reformulate the principles of isolationism to compete successfully with internationalist doctrines in finding new approaches to the role of the United States in the post- war world. Despite these efforts, isolationists suffered a series of con- gressional and national defeats. They suffered their most resounding defeat in the presidential election of 1944, when U.S. voters faced a clear choice between the Democratic Party's platform of international cooperation under Roosevelt's leadership or the revision of foreign policy under Republican leadership.

Tolto il segreto sui documenti americani relativi all'installazione, nei primi anni '60, di testate nucleari nella base militare di Gioia del Colle (Bari). Palazzo Chigi, 44 anni fa, scelse di mantenere un terribile segreto: sui cinquanta megatoni ospitati nel Tacco d'Italia. La prova? «​ It clearly makes no sense to continue to classify the existence of the Jupiters and their locations, but the Italian Government seem to want it that way for political reasons​ ». Lo scrisse il 18 settembre 1961 Alan G. James, funzionario dell'Ufficio per gli Affari europei del Dipartimento di Stato Usa, in un rapporto finora inedito. ​ Traduzione: « Non ha evidentemente senso continuare a mantenere segreta l'esistenza degli Jupiter e il loro dislocamento, ma il governo italiano sembra volere questo per motivi politici». Cinquanta megatoni sono, nelle scala della guerra nucleare, equivalenti a 50 milioni di tonnellate di tritolo; e alla potenza di 3.500 bombe atomiche uguali a quella che nel 1945 distrusse Hiroshima, in Giappone, uccidendo 127.000 persone. Quei megatoni, all'inizio degli anni ' 60, costituivano la potenza di trenta missili statunitensi Jupiter dislocati in Puglia. Pronti ad essere lanciati verso l'Urss e i Paesi del blocco sovietico. Da dieci siti, nel raggio di 45 chilometri dall'aeroporto militare di Gioia del Colle. Quel rapporto, custodito dagli archivi statunitensi del NSA (National Security Archive) e ora desegretato, racconta la storia dei missili.

Missiles. The small "cold war" of Puglia against the USSR

En el presente trabajo se estudió la relación que guardan los parámetros de productividad, desperdicio y crecimiento de la empresa de la Industria Textil Mexicana con el nivel de implementación y certificación de los Sistemas de Aseguramiento de Calidad, evaluando el nivel de cumplimiento de diez principales conceptos contemplados en la Norma de la serie  ISO 9000, además de la relación con la utilización de la planeación estratégica en la administración de las empresas, dentro de un mercado globalizado. El periodo de la investigación comprendido fue a  partir de la adhesión de México al Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles y Comercio (GATT) hoy conocido como la Organización Mundial de Comercio (1986) hasta el año de 1999.

Se  revisaron  los conceptos como los acuerdos multifibras en el comercio internacional de productos textiles, la globalización, normalización integral y la certificación de sistemas y de productos.  También se hace presenta una revisión cronológica de la evolución de la Industria Textil Mexicana, haciendo énfasis en los conceptos de la Normalización Integral,  en cuatro etapas importantes que son: a) la industrialización o mecanización (1833-1943), b) nacimiento de la DGN hasta la adhesión de México al GATT (1943-1986), c) periodo donde ocurre la apertura de comercio hasta la entrada en vigor del TLCAN (1986-1994) y d) la etapa donde se vigoriza un comercio regional preferente  con crecimiento de los textiles mexicanos en la participación mundial desde 1994.

Con el conocimiento obtenido en la investigación se proponen alternativas de acción, para aplicarlas en una estrategia, que pueda ayudar a las empresas del sector textil mexicano a enfrentar el nuevo escenario, a partir del 2005, con un mercado internacional de aranceles limitados y libres de cuotas para los países miembros de la OMC, con acuerdos regionales como es el caso del ALCA (Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de las Américas) y del TLCUE (Tratado de Libre Comercio con la Unión Europea), con un crecimiento impactante de las exportaciones de China  así como la evolución de las formas de comercio en los productos textiles.

The following paper examines the little known story of the Columbian Illuminati and has been edited from my recent publication Rediscovered Rituals of English Freemasonry. The book is an in-depth examination of the Masonic work of the early nineteenth century English radical Richard Carlile, a work known as The Manual of Freemasonry. This book became popular with English Freemasons, and is not just an exposé of the Craft rituals, but also of the further or higher degrees. His exposé was first published in his journal The Republican in 1825, but later emerged in book form, combining his thoughts on Freemasonry with the presented rituals. There were many influences on this work, including Thomas Paine, who had also had a work published on Freemasonry, William Finch, who had published a variety of Masonic exposés, Freemason Godfrey Higgins, and Elihu Palmer.

This study is mathematically proving that the odds of the " lonely assassination " of President Kennedy are less than 1 in 10^32 (= less than 0.00000000000000000000000000000001.)Hence, those who are still labeling as " conspiracists " people believing JFK was victim of a well-organized plot are either persons who are biased, or in bad faith, or they ignore facts, or they simply have no clue of mathematics and statistics of human events. " A lie can travel half way around the world while the

In light of Martin Scorsese's popular movie "The Irishman," it is a good time to reassess Jimmy Hoffa. He's probably the most famous union leader in American history, but the only thing most people know of him is that he ran the Teamsters and was closely connected to the Mafia. He is often seen as nothing but a corrupt, evil, greedy sellout. The reality is a little different. In this article I discuss his record as a labor leader, the attacks on him by the McClellan Committee and Bobby Kennedy, and his ties to organized crime. I try to contextualize the Teamsters union of Hoffa's era, while at the same time providing a corrective to the public's overwhelmingly negative views of him.

Daniel 2rA is a simplification of Daniel 2, a few typos were also corrected.  Daniel 2 is a critical evaluation of three differing eschatological opinions taking the stone in Daniel 2 as their basis.  Daniel 2 is not absolutely decisive at resolving the differences involved.  More conclusive lines of argument are sought in both Old and New Testaments.  Moral implications are also investigated.  In all, we hope to help you toward making informed decisions.

Collection of digitized public domain books and articles on numismatics of the New World, including USA, Canada, Mexico, West Indies, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Peru etc.


Colección de libros y artículos  digitalizados de dominio público sobre la numismática del nuevo mundo, incluyendo EE.UU., Canadá, México, Antillas, Brasil, Argentina, Chile etc,

El presente artículo discute las principales aportaciones de la Nueva Historia del Capitalismo escrita en los últimos quince años, prestando especial atención al interés de esta perspectiva historiográfica por repensar la vieja cuestión de la relación entre capitalismo y esclavitud. El ensayo cuestiona el lugar relativamente periférico de América Latina y el Caribe en esta renovada historiografía y muestra los beneficios de ampliar el debate hacia la extracción de recursos y formación de capital durante la «segunda esclavitud» en Brasil y Cuba. A lo largo del ensayo se apuntan asimismo nuevas vías de investigación como los estudios centrados en las dimensiones tecnológica, empresarial y medioambiental de la forma de producción esclavista en el continente americano y el mundo atlántico.

The text is devoted to the issue of plural marriages, which were introduced and practised as part of a religious ritual in the life of believers of  the  doctrine  of  the  prophet  Joseph  Smith  (1805-1844),  founder  of  the  Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, popularly called the Mormon Church. The article has been divided into several parts, where the issues of plural marriages of historical, theological and legal nature are discussed in succession. A separate part is trying to look at the essence of polygamy in the life of adherents of the discussed new religious movement along with trying to answer the question why the phenomenon of polygamy is still present in the lives of some of the sectarian Mormon communities.

В современном мире СМИ являются неотъемлемой частью повседневности. Их влияние на общественное мнение переоценить невозможно. В XVIII столетии воздействие прессы на общественное мнение все еще оставалось новшеством. Приемы работы с читательской аудиторией только вырабатывались. Редакторы и политики начинали осознавать, каким мощным инструментом пропаганды может стать периодическая печать.
В монографии рассматривается участие прессы США конца XVIII века в политических дискуссиях. Изучаются используемые журналистские технологии. Подчеркивается связь возрастания роли прессы с демократизацией американского общества.
Монография рассчитана на историков-американистов, научных работников, преподавателей высшей и средней школы, студентов, бакалавров, магистров и аспирантов, а также всех интересующихся проблемами истории США.

Desde el análisis de género y de la historia de la educación, reconstruyo la biografía de Amelia Ángela Bell Feeley (1907-2008), bailarina y maestra de baile y de educación física. Bell Feeley provenía de familias de origen inglés e irlandés que se dedicaron al circo, al vodevil, al cine, a la música y al baile desde finales del siglo XIX en varios países, especialmente México y Estados Unidos. Me centro en la trayectoria de Amelia durante el periodo que va de 1934 a 1949, cuando inició formalmente su práctica docente en Guadalajara. Sostengo que Amelia Bell configuró su práctica docente a través de la adaptación que hizo con distintos agentes (directores de escuelas, profesores, madres y padres de familia y estudiantes) involucrados en el baile y la educación física. Amelia había heredado una cultura familiar y laboral (circense, vodevil, cine, música) centrada en la disciplina del cuerpo. Para Amelia, este disciplinamiento corporal concordaba con los cánones de comportamiento de las clases medias urbanas. Gracias a ello obtuvo reconocimiento, lo cual le permitió establecer cierta autonomía e individualidad como mujer y profesora.
Recurro al modelo de interseccionalidad propuesto por Mara Viveros Vegoya para desmenuzar cómo se entretejieron clase social, cuerpo, género, nacionalidad y trabajo en las escalas macro y microsocial, ya que Viveros se centra en el análisis de clases medias. En la escala macrosocial incluye la conformación familiar, del trabajo, de las clases medias, la construcción de la infancia y adolescencia, así como las asignaciones de nacionalidad que asumieron los Bell. La escala microsocial permite iluminar la individualidad de Amelia en su práctica docente, las distintas negociaciones que llevó a cabo, así como el uso del cuerpo y la enseñanza que impartió en la educación física y el baile. Propongo cuatro áreas o procesos a partir de los postulados de Francie Chassen-López, que podrían contribuir a nuevas formas de interpretación no sólo de la vida de Amelia y su legado, sino también de la historia de la educación en Guadalajara, la historia de la ciudad, del país e incluso a nivel internacional y a las periodizaciones históricas a partir de la perspectiva de género. Concluyo que la práctica docente de Amelia fue histórica y por lo tanto cambiante y dependiente de varias circunstancias y de los entornos laborales en los que trabajó.

La mediazione, metodo di soluzione delle controversie al di fuori del conflitto, è una negoziazione assistita da un terzo. La sua origine si perde nella notte dei tempi ed è presente in tutti i continenti. In genere gestita dal personaggio più influente nel gruppo sociale, si è evoluta in varie modalità, sovrapponendosi e confondendosi anche con l’arbitrato. E’ il “Regno di Mezzo”, l’attuale Cina, l’area dove la mediazione ha le radici più profonde e la pratica più estesa. Nel mondo occidentale è stata teorizzata, studiata ed applicata negli Stati Uniti d’America a partire dalla seconda metà del XX secolo. In Italia, la mediazione fa parte della tradizione culturale e giuridica, ma è stata messa nel dimenticatoio dopo la prima guerra mondiale e solo dal 2010, tra aspre polemiche, è tornata all’attenzione degli operatori del diritto. La crescita del commercio internazionale pone sempre più a confronto le tecniche di soluzione dei conflitti usate nell’area occidentale con quelle dell’area orientale; una tendenza che sarà accentuata dall’operatività della Singapore Convention on Mediation.

José María Perceval: El movimiento populista más importante de estos últimos tres últimos siglos y el que ha tenido los mayores efectos al cambiar toda una sociedad, fue el que se desarrolló durante más de cien años para aprobar la XVIII enmienda de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de América, derogada catorce años después. Su desarrollo, entre debates políticos y efervescentes manifestaciones populares, conmovió todos los estratos de la sociedad norteamericana, intentando definir la idea de 'pueblo americano' 2 y "quién era norteamericano y quién no lo era". Durante todo este proceso, se pusieron en discusión las libertades democráticas y se discutió el límite de los derechos civiles. Se cambió todo el sistema de impuestos del estado y se introdujo el tema de la regulación de la sociedad mediante la Ley para obtener un mundo mejor. Se modificó e intensificó la acción del gobierno federal (central) sobre los poderes estatales (locales). Sus consecuencias llevaron a una revolución de las formas de sociabilidad, de los esquemas culturales, de las concepciones estéticas y los ritmos musicales. Su desarrollo llevó a la impulsión de reformas parlamentarias con consecuencias imprevisibles y a la actuación de lobbies combinados con una presión extra parlamentaria de asociaciones ciudadanas que determinó, forzó o chantajeó a las dos cámaras y al gobierno resultante. El movimiento abstemio partió de un grupo de entusiastas que tenían la esperanza de conseguir un paraíso en la tierra y provocó un infierno que ha condicionado el crimen en Norteamérica hasta la actualidad. El historiador Michael A. Lerner indica que estas personas pensaban sinceramente que "la prohibición del alcohol y la eliminación de la cerveza elevarían moralmente a la gente de los Estados Unidos, creando en última instancia una ciudadanía más saludable, ciudades y lugares de trabajo más seguros, y una sociedad más eficiente" (Lerner, 2016). Al mismo tiempo, este gran tsunami y su resaca crearon la Norteamérica que conocemos para bien o para mal, con una capacidad inédita de realizar acciones comunes y con una enorme fractura interna que no ha cicatrizado. Desde la independencia, las trece colonias habían sido un mundo de acuerdos entre iguales, amables unas veces, recelosos otras. Sólo cuando Estados Unidos quedó unificado por las consecuencias del gran shock de la Guerra de Secesión (1861-1865), y como consecuencia de la propaganda para identificar al 'enemigo interior'. Una gran red de medios de comunicación formó el espacio de comunicación pública común, abarcó todo el territorio, preparando al país para abordar la unificación estatal. El movimiento a favor y luego en contra de la prohibición del alcohol permitió vertebrar esta unión en una vibración emocional común. Las acciones públicas, tanto a favor como luego en contra, 1 Este artículo es un anexo no publicado al libro Perceval, José María, Historia del populismo. Cómo las multitudes han sido seducidas, manipuladas y temidas, Cátedra, 2020. 2 Hasta ese momento el resultado de las trece colonias independizadas era una confederación amigable en ocasiones y reticente en otros momentos. Solo después de la guerra de Secesión (1861-1865), que se oponía al cambio de modelo, se plantea una unidad de acción común en una huida hacia adelante: la expansión hacia el Oeste, programada por Ulysses S.Grant (1869-1877) que cambiará los parámetros de la historia que relatamos y la activará.

he 1960s of the twentieth century in the United States caused changes not only in the space of political, social and cultural thought but also religious. he text attempts to focus on the three main trends of the new American spirituality of this period. he article contains an analysis of the origin of new religious movements of diferent provenance: oriental religious groups, New Age communities and the such called the Jesus Movement communes. Despite various answers to the events of those years proposed by ideologies of religious movements, as well as the lack of isomorphism regarding the essence of these phenomena, it is necessary to recognize common features that may be representative and attribute factors of religious groups of the “hippies era”. Although many of their religious groups were short-lived, nevertheless they were a kind of breakthrough in American religious thought, causing and contributing to subsequent changes in the spiritual sphere of next generations of US citizens, as well as people in other regions of the world, including Central and Eastern Europe.

Nombre d'auteurs ont remis en cause la manière de l'OMS de conduire la question du SIDA au cours des années 1980 et 1990, sans expliquer de manière substantielle pourquoi l'OMS a été sujette à des erreurs. Nous avons tenté de comprendre dans quelles mesures les divergences autour du projet des « soins de santé primaires » adopté à Alma-Ata en 1978 influencèrent le leadership de l'OMS dans la direction mondiale de la lutte contre le VIH/SIDA. Il ressort que ces clivages resurgirent à différentes périodes de la lutte notamment après la mise en place du Programme global de lutte contre le SIDA au sein de l'OMS, au moment de la décentralisation du Programme global dans les différentes régions de l'OMS, tout comme au moment de la création et de l'action de l'ONUSIDA. Ce qui était surtout en jeu était la recherche du pouvoir de contrôler l'orientation de la lutte contre le SIDA, d'une part, et, d'autre part, celle des ressources y afférentes.