Homicides

The literature has suggested several approaches to explain violent crime, such as the heat hypothesis that more violence is associated to very hot temperature. However, the manifold determinants of violent crime in society are hardly known. This study shows that, controlling the climate, the intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) can be explained by the high level of income inequality, both in hot tropical areas and in temperate regions of the globe. Overall, then, the socioeconomic inequality is one of factors that generates aversive social environments and, as a consequence, a deteriorated human behavior leading to high rates of intentional homicides in society.

There is a perception that increased forest cover and density in urban contexts is associated with increased criminality. But, this complex relationship between urban vegetation, crime, ecosystem services (ES) and dis-services (ED), has been little studied in low and middle income countries. This study's aim was to statistically determine if specific structural and socioeconomic characteristics of urban treescapes were related to crime occurrence, considered an ED, in a major Latin American city. We used spatial and statistical analyses of a public tree inventory, homicide occurrence, and available geospatial data to analyze if urban treescape, demographic, and socioeconomic variables were related to the incidence of homicides in Neotropical Bogota, Colombia. First, a generalized linear model indicated that fewer homicides occurred in public treescapes with taller trees and higher tree density. In contrast, the amount of overall green space and average tree basal area were not significant predictors of homicide occurrence. Second, a geographically weighted regression model indicated that the inclusion of tree basal area rendered tree height insignificant, and that higher basal areas were associated with fewer homicides. Thus, both models indicated that increased tree density and size were actually associated with lower homicide occurrences. The amount of public green areas was however, not significantly related to homicide occurrence. Results indicate that in general, Bogota´s treescapes provided overall net ES as opposed to ED in terms of crime. Findings could be used to develop land use policies and management practices that increase the overall provision and demand for ES from urban forests.

Filicide and Parenticide have become a common issue in present crime context of Bangladesh. Fathers killed their children due to gender discrimination , extramarital affairs, poverty, dowry, frustrations, drug addiction and family feud and mothers killed their children due to family feud, mental disorder, loneliness and frustration , extramarital affair and its  suspicion . This  filicide rate is increasing year by year and maternal  filicide is dangerously  increasing. During 2014, 15 children were murdered by their parents but in 2016 , 15 children are murdered by their parents with six months of this year. Male and female children are equally victim of filicide. On the other hand, the children who killed their parents , most of them are drug addicted and a few of the killed children cannot control their anger .All of the case studies are a kind of tragedy which are the result of degradation of social conduct and manner. People become impatient and some of them have to face difficulties in their day to day life. Bondage between parents and children have become weaker in the 21st Century. Modern civilization are the victim of Filicide and Parenticide. The solution of these problems are only found in increasing strong bonding in family members, understanding children mind , monitoring their movements and increasing the facilities on counseling of psychological problems for each member of a family.

En este trabajo se estudian los casos de homicidios intencionales, ocurridos durante el año 2013 en el Área Metropolitana de Caracas, en dónde las víctimas son funcionarios de los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado. El objetivo es caracterizar el fenómeno y dar respuesta a las preguntas más básicas sobre el mismo. Para ello se analizan las principales discusiones sobre la violencia contra la policía, tanto las que se han dado en ámbitos académicos como en los espacios mediáticos coyunturales. Posteriormente se contrastan los debates anteriores con los resultados de la investigación empírica realizada, que implicó revisión de expedientes llevados por el Cuerpo de Investigaciones Científicas Penales y Criminalísticas. Las conclusiones apuntan a la revisión de la perspectiva mediática sobre los homicidios policiales como eventos vinculados al desempeño de sus funciones.

In the spring of 1583, Nicolò Cassich was killed in the field church in Murvica located in the vicinity of the town of Pag. Cassich had been banished in 1579 on the charge of having posted a libello famoso (defamatory leaflet) against a representative of Venice to the island. The investigation launched by the local authorities promptly revealed that the killing had been carried out by Zuanne Pastorcich, himself a bandit, who intended to avail himself of the benefits provided by law and request his release from the banishment penalty. To that end, Pastorcich presented the head of the bandit on the pietra del bando in the town square, so that it could be identified by some witnesses, who readily made themselves available. But as the authorities proceeded with such identification, a woman stepped out from the crowd that had flooded the square. She removed Cassich’s head from the stone and took it to the main church in town. The authorities’ efforts to recover it were futile, and the incident evinced that the killing of Nicolò Cassich in that small church had created a deep rift within the community. And although Pastorcich eventually obtained the bounty he had claimed, the killing was deemed a genuine desecration, and that sacred place was interdicted from divine worship for several years.

Nella primavera del 1583 Nicolò Cassich venne ucciso nella chiesa campestre di Murvica, posta nelle vicinanze della città di Pago. Il Cassich era stato bandito  nel 1579 con l’accusa di aver affisso un libello famoso contro il rappresentante veneziano dell’isola. Il processo avviato dalle autorità locali rivelò da subito che l’uccisione era avvenuta ad opera di Zuanne Pastorcich, pure bandito, il quale, avvalendosi dei benefici previsti dalle leggi, intendeva ottenere la propria liberazione.
A tal fine egli presentò la testa del bandito nella piazza della città, perché fosse identificata da alcuni testimoni, resisi presto disponibili. In realtà, mentre le autorità procedevano a tale riconoscimento, dalla folla accorsa numerosa in piazza, si staccò una donna, che sottrasse la testa del Cassich, portandola con sé sino alla chiesa principale della città. A nulla valsero i tentativi delle autorità di recuperarla, in quanto l’episodio dimostrò come l’uccisione di Nicolò Cassich in quella piccola chiesa avesse creato una forte spaccatura all’interno della comunità. E, nonostante il Pastorcich ottenesse infine i premi richiesti, l’uccisione venne considerata come una vera e propria profanazione; e quel luogo sacro fu interdetto per alcuni anni al culto divino.

The informal justice system of garrison constituencies undermines the rule of law in Jamaica but this has not received much scholarly attention. The counter society framework is used to explain garrisons as informal governance units that challenge the state. Society abhors a governance vacuum. People will replicate polices when these polices are inadequate. Governments have reduced public spending in the inner city. The criminal dons have replaced the state as the major patrons of residents and replicated state services including an informal justice system. Participant observation and focus groups revealed that the dons tried the “cases” reported and the shooters meted out punishment. A man was shot in the leg for kicking a pregnant woman. Two women were warned not to fight. Perpetrators of physical assaults and domestic abusers were beaten. Police informers, renegade shooters and borrowers who refuse to repay the dons were executed. Switching party allegiance led to expulsion from the community. Since the demise of the Western Kingston dons by law enforcement, some residents have formally reported crimes. The state must use this opportunity to support these residents, reassert its authority in the other eleven garrison constituencies and outperform the dons with effective public policies thereby making them redundant.

[PORTUGUÊS]
Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender as situações de feminicídios íntimos em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, notificados entre 2015 e 2018. Definida a situação como o contexto imediato (direto) do crime e distinta do processo (sequência constante e lógica de fatos) anterior ao evento criminoso, 3 (três) hipóteses foram verificadas: (i) se a especificidade de gênero está presente nas situações de feminicídios íntimos, (ii) se existem traços gerais para as situações de feminicídios íntimos e (iii) como o processo se relaciona com as situações de feminicídios íntimos. Se adotou uma fundamentação teórica concernente à violência, à violência contra mulheres e, finalmente, aos feminicídios, servindo como base para analisar dados oriundos de tabelas de informações de homicídios de mulheres e de inquéritos policiais de feminicídios, disponibilizados pela Delegacia Especializada de Homicídios e Proteção à Pessoa. Se concluiu que (i) a especificidade de gênero pode ser captada no overkill (violência excessiva), nos danos em partes do corpo que simbolizem feminilidade e/ou sexualidade, nas práticas de violência sexual e violência simbólica, e na relação violenta entre vítima e autor; (ii) geralmente tais crimes são praticados em residência, à noite, por parceiros ou ex-parceiros íntimos, com emprego de arma branca, contra o pescoço, tendo acontecido violência física antes do evento; e (iii) o processo se relaciona com as situações de feminicídios íntimos principalmente por meio da motivação “passional”, para além do ciclo de violência nas relações de intimidade e atingindo o ciclo de violências de gênero.
[ENGLISH]
This work aims to understand the situations of intimate femicides in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, reported between 2015 and 2018. Being the situation defined as the immediate (direct) context of the crime and distinct from the process (constant and logical sequence of facts) prior to the criminal event, 3 (three) hypotheses were verified: (i) if gender specificity is present in situations of intimate femicides, (ii) if there are general traits for situations of intimate femicides, and (iii) how the process is related to situations of intimate femicides. It was adopted a literature review concerning violence, violence against women, and, finally, femicides, acting as a basis for analyzing data from tables of information on homicides of women and police investigations of femicides, provided by the Police Department for Homicides and Protection. It was concluded that (i) gender specificity can be identified with overkill (excessive violence), with damage to body parts that symbolize femininity and/or sexuality, with practices of sexual violence and symbolic violence, and with violent relationship between the victim and the perpetrator; (ii) these crimes are generally committed at home, at night, by intimate partners or ex intimate partners, using a cold weapon, against the neck, with physical violence happened before the event; and (iii) the process is related to situations of intimate femicides mainly through the use of “crime of passion”, going beyond the cycle of violence in intimate relationships and reaching the cycle of gender violences.

During the last decade, Sweden has experienced an unprecedented level of violent crime: gang shootings in public areas; assaults on police, fire brigades and rescue ambulances in ‘vulnerable suburbs’; hand grenade attacks and blasts in residential housing areas; juvenile gangs that rob, abuse and demean other young men. These facts challenge the traditional image of Sweden as a safe and peaceful country. For a long time, political parties and media denied or belittled these trends. Even now mainstream media and the ruling parties reject explanations that could link the crime trends to Sweden’s exceptional level of non-European immigration, refrain from releasing politically sensitive statistics, resist effective penalties for young perpetrators and neglect the sufferings of the victims. These attitudes are fueled by a highly mediatique school of criminologists in Stockholm, which for a long time has influenced the professions in the Swedish legal system. This essay confronts the criminologists´ key arguments with findings from the international research literature. Contrary to the claims of the ‘Stockholm school’ the paper shows that incapacitation and well-managed prisons can be beneficial for society, protect victims of violent crime, and increase the opportunities for criminals to readjust to society.

[PORTUGUÊS]
O presente trabalho é uma versão aprimorada de dois relatórios de pesquisa produzidos ao Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação Científica (PIBIC) que debruçaram-se sobre o feminicídio e consideraram, como pano de fundo, a cidade de Cuiabá-MT, no período de 2014 a 2018. Os objetivos dos exercícios indagativos foram explorar as motivações para as ocorrências, contrastar os cenários nacional/geral e local/particular e examinar as relações entre os diferentes aspectos implicados na ratificação legal. Para tanto, empregou-se o método qualitativo com análise de aportes teóricos da Sociologia e da Antropologia e fontes como o Atlas da Violência de 2017, o Anuário Brasileiro de Segurança Pública de 2017 e 2018, o Anuário da Delegacia Especializada de Defesa da Mulher (DEDM) de 2017 e 2018, e os dados obtidos da Delegacia Especializada de Homicídios e Proteção à Pessoa (DHPP) e da Secretaria de Estado de Segurança Pública (SESP), bem como empregaram-se entrevistas dirigidas a profissionais de áreas a que respeita o fenômeno. Verificou-se que a violência doméstica consiste num sinal eminente do evento feminicida, pois o ciclo de violência anterior a este concretiza-se, principalmente, no círculo privado. Entretanto, sugere-se que isso é tão somente uma parte de um todo maior: a violência de gênero.
[ENGLISH]
This work is an improved version of two reports composed for the Institutional Program of Undergraduate Research Scholarships (PIBIC) which delved into feminicide and had as background the city of Cuiabá, in Mato Grosso, in the period from 2014 to 2018. The objectives of the inquiry exercises were to explore motivations for these crimes, to compare national/general context and local/specific context and to investigate relationships among different aspects of the legal ratification. For this, qualitative method was applied by means of analysis of theoretical contributions from Sociology and Anthropology and other sources, such as 2017 Violence Atlas, 2017 and 2018 Brazilian Yearbook on Public Security, 2017 and 2018 Specialized Department for Women Defense (DEDM) Yearbook, in addition to data provided by the Civil Police Homicide Department (DHPP) and by the Public Security State Office (SESP), as well as interviews were applied with professionals in areas related to the phenomenon. It was perceived that domestic violence consists of an eminent signal of a feminicide, since its preceding violence cycle takes place, largely, in the private sphere. Nonetheless, it is suggested that this is just a part of a greater whole: gender violence.

Resumo O artigo apresenta os resultados parciais de pesquisa sobre Homicídios na Área Metropolitana de Brasília (AMB). O foco da análise são as representações sociais dos delegados de Polícia, promotores de justiça e magistrados. Se as repre-sentações sociais revelam, ainda que parcialmente, as práticas sociais, indaga-se: como os atores que integram diferentes organizações do sistema de justiça criminal descrevem suas funções? Como avaliam as condições de trabalho disponibi-lizadas? De que forma avaliam como são implantadas as políticas de segurança pública nas diferentes cidades que integram a Área Metropolitana de Brasília? Palavras-chave: Justiça Criminal. Área Metropolitana de Brasília – elites – repre-sentações sociais.

De acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI), 35,506 personas fueron asesinadas en México durante el año 2019. Esta
preocupante cifra equivale a 97 vidas humanas arrebatadas diariamente, cada una en circunstancias particulares que merecen atención, empatía y justicia. Se estima además que, por cada homicidio, entre siete y diez personas cercanas a la víctima resultan afectadas, tanto psicológicamente, como en sus relaciones sociales y su economía. Esto sin contar los círculos más lejanos o quienes ni siquiera conocieron alguna víctima directa, pero cuya percepción de inseguridad y decisiones cotidianas son influenciadas por el entorno de violencia en el que viven.

Entender las dinámicas de los homicidios constituye el primer paso para prevenir la pérdida de vidas humanas y sus efectos negativos para toda la sociedad. Para ello, es indispensable identificar qué características comparten los miles de asesinatos perpetrados, es decir los patrones recurrentes que pueden ser atendidos por políticas públicas. En México, observamos por ejemplo que existe una alta concentración geográfica de los homicidios (en 2019, 21.5% ocurrieron en tan solo 10 de los 2,465 municipios del país) o que los espacios físicos de agresión varían según los grupos poblacionales (23.7% de las víctimas mujeres son asesinadas dentro de viviendas contra 10.2% de los hombres).

Bajo esta premisa, el Atlas de Homicidios: México 2019 propone desglosar el fenómeno de la violencia letal y aportar respuestas a las preguntas sobre dónde, cómo y en qué grupos poblacionales ocurrieron los homicidios en nuestro país, durante el año 2019. Lo anterior, con el objetivo de generar nueva evidencia que contribuya a impulsar reflexiones y políticas públicas con un enfoque local y centrado en las víctimas, orientadas a revertir la crisis de homicidios que nos aqueja desde hace poco más de una década. Para ello, analizamos la estadística de defunciones por homicidio del INEGI y elaboramos infografías a nivel nacional, estatal y municipal, que permiten
visualizar de forma ágil la distribución espacial y evolución temporal de los homicidios en México, así como algunas características básicas sobre las víctimas (sexo y grupos etarios) y los hechos ocurridos (medios y espacios físicos de agresión).

This report concerns the review of a domestic violence homicide situation that was the subject of case No. 2892 / 15.9JAPRT of the Comarca of Porto Este, whose final decision resulted from a judgment of the Court of Appeal of Porto, 22.2.2017.
In this case, B, a male, aged 60, was convicted of qualified homicide [articles 131 and 132, paragraphs 1 and 2 b), e) and i) Criminal] and qualified homicide (art. 22, 23, 73, 131, 132, paragraphs 1 and 2 (a), (c), (e) and (h) Criminal penalties) and sentenced to 23 years and 10 months’ imprisonment.
• The events occurred on September 27, 2015.
• The victim of the murder was his wife - M who was 58 years old.
• The victim of the attempted murder was the father of the attacker - J, aged 87.

Commensurate with unemployment as conduit of Black self-hate is Black male aggression directed at racial peers. Consumed by poverty and most importantly unemployment, Black males have internalized norms via legacy of the antebellum that embrace violence. Their ability to obtain gainful employment can serve as a powerful alternative to the pathologizing influence of self-hate and to approaches emphasizing homicide to

This paper analyzes actions taken by eight special programs for homicide reduction implemented in the states
of Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, as well as the Brazilian
Federal District. It aims to understand the historical permanence of lethal violence as one of the most striking social
characteristics of Brazil and defends the argument that the prevention and tackling of homicides – understood in a broad
sense that includes all intentional violent deaths – are operated, both politically and institutionally, from a symbolic
simulacrum that causes incremental initiatives to fail to reach the architecture of criminal justice and public security
institutions. As structural reforms in the criminal justice and public security system face several obstacles to being
approved by the Legislative Branch, this simulacrum makes the police force and other institutions belonging to the
system to continue operating from a center of criminal policies that do not depend on the construction of a democratic
project of public security, protection of life or civil and human rights. The study reiterates that the debate on transparency
and data quality can allow actions to strengthen institutional capacity for monitoring and evaluation and/or strategic
litigation, which in turn may weaken of the path dependence and worldviews that operate the identified simulacrum. In
other words, the debate on transparency and data quality is one of the strongest battlefronts for the reduction of violence
and for the democratization of public safety in Brazil.

W pracy scharakteryzowane są zmiany w przestrzennym zróżnicowaniu, liczebności uwarunkowaniach zgonów nienaturalnych w Rosji, przed i po rozpadzie Związku Radzieckiego. Na początku przedstawione zostały zmiany na świecie w zakresie przypadków zgonów zewnętrznych, ze wskazaniem Rosji, jako państwa, gdzie oddział tych przyczyn zgonów wśród innych jest największy na świecie. Przedmiotem rozważań są zgony egzogeniczne, w tym urazy, wypadki, zatrucia, zabójstwa i samobójstwa. Przyczyny te, uwarunkowane w znacznym stopniu trybem życia, włączane do kategorii zgonów spowodowanych przez czynniki zewnętrzne w Rosji odgrywają znaczenie szczególne.

This paper studies the spatial effects of demographic changes, education conditions and conflict situation on the spatial persistence in the municipal homicide rate in Colombia, as a result of shock increases in the displaced population and local residents between 15-29 years old, the education coverage, and the conflict actions. In order to do this, a temporal analysis of homicides rate during 2000-2010 is undertaken through the inclusion of temporal dynamic characteristics in a spatial autoregressive model, a spatial weights matrix was constructed that was based on the distance travelled between nearby municipalities and the departmental capital cities which were defined as centroids, which standardizes the municipal relationship that affects the demographic dynamics and social connectivity of the last decade that affects homicides and their temporal persistence. The results show that in some departments of the country there is spatial agglomeration in homicide rates in nearby municipalities but the spatial shock is low and disappears in time. Population changes due to forced displacement flows, greater density of young population and low coverage in secondary education affect the diffusion and concentration of homicides in Colombia. Resumen Este documento estudia el efecto espacial de cambios demográficos, condicio-nes de educación y situación de conflicto respecto de la persistencia espacial de la tasa de homicidios municipal en Colombia, a partir de shocks en el crecimiento de la población desplazada y de residentes locales entre 15-29 años, cobertura educativa y acciones de conflicto municipales. Se propone un análisis temporal de la tasa de homicidios durante 2000-2010 mediante la incorporación de características dinámicas temporales en un modelo espacial autorregresivo, se construye una matriz de ponderación espacial basada en la distancia recorrida hacia municipios cercanos y las capitales departamentales definidas como centroides, que estandariza la relación municipal que incide en la dinámica demográfica y la conectividad social de la última década que afecta los homicidios y su persistencia temporal. Los resultados muestran que en algunos departamentos del país existe aglomeración espacial en la tasas de homicidios en municipios cercanos, pero el shock espacial es bajo y desaparece en el tiempo. Los cambios poblaciones por flujos de desplazamiento forzado, mayor densidad de población joven y baja cobertura en educación media incide en la difusión y concentración de homicidos en Colombia. Palabras clave: Homicidios, persistencia espacial, dinámica demográfica.

This paper aims to discuss the existence of a geography of crime and violence in the city of Curitiba, and the possible influences on the production of segregated spaces. In the third millennium violence in urbanized areas has alarmed society in general, overnments and researchers around the world. Within this perspective, Brazil also has three decades alarming levels of violence and crime, particularly in capitals and their metropolitan areas. Although Curitiba has, nationally and internationally, an image of urban planning and quality of life in the last decade that image was not sufficient to outweigh the problems of violence and crime, common to all cities.

Eight years of intelligent crime and police policies provoked an unprecented decline in the number of homicídes.Even without correcting for a slow growing population, absolute homicide numbers fell by 24% from 2014 to 2015. "Bons governos salvam vidas."  However, comparisons with countries with a similar population , such as the Netherlands, show that there still is a long way to go

O presente estudo trata, a partir de uma abordagem crítica do debate no campo dos Direitos Humanos, da análise do extermínio de crianças e adolescentes no Rio de Janeiro, tendo em perspectiva que esses homicídios retratam a criminalização da pobreza como principal mecanismo de ação do Estado diante do agravamento da questão social e suas expressões. Inicialmente, a apresentação do arcabouço conceitual referencia as particularidades das violações dos direitos de crianças e adolescentes no contexto da formação sociohistórica brasileira, trazendo o debate na constituição do mito das classes perigosas. Em seguida procuramos compreender o contexto da crise capitalista contemporânea e a trajetória da consecução de direitos para crianças e adolescentes, circunscritos entre os avanços legais e o adensamento do processo de criminalização da infância e juventude pauperizada. Concluímos com a análise dos índices de homicídios da Região Metropolitana, a partir dos anos 90, abordando-os como res...

The literature has suggested several approaches to explain violent crime, such as the heat hypothesis that more violence is associated to very hot temperature. However, the manifold determinants of violent crime in society are hardly known. This study shows that, controlling the climate, the intentional homicides (per 100,000 people) can be explained by the high level of income inequality, both in hot tropical areas and in temperate regions of the globe. Overall, then, the socioeconomic inequality is one of factors that generates aversive social environments and, as a consequence, a deteriorated human behavior leading to high rates of intentional homicides in society.

Like medicine, public health practitioners seek to understand causes of mortality, practices of humans and issues that can change population conditions, in order to preserve and care for life. The murder pandemic has been such in Jamaica that the World Bank sponsored a qualitative study on crime in urban areas in Jamaica in the late 1990s to provide a platform to guide policy intervention and programmes. As a result this study will fill the gap in the literature by providing the evidence to support that divorce and marriage are public health concerns from the perspective of murders. To evaluate the role of divorce and marital relationships on murders. The data for this study are taken from various Jamaica Government Publications. The period for this work is from 1950 through 2013. Data were recorded, stored and retrieved using the Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, Version 21.0. The level of significance that is used to determine statistical significanc...

Ioan Grillo, a veteran Mexico-based reporter on organised crime, provides an in-depth look at gun trafficking in and from the United States. Engagingly written, thoughtful in tone, and stunning in its breadth, Blood Gun Money: How America Arms Gangs and Cartels is perhaps his most ambitious book yet. It examines how the illicit weapons trade developed, how it fuels criminal violence in the Americas, and why law enforcement has struggled to contain it. This is fundamentally a story about gun trafficking – its sources and methods, its economics, its regulations and policing. But Grillo’s quest to understand firearms violence, and its ramifications and its solutions, also leads him to explore how it touches the lives of perpetrators and victims. The twelve-chapter book takes readers on a journey to Europe, the United States, Mexico, Honduras and Colombia. Drawing on dozens of interviews with smugglers, dealers, agents, activists and survivors, it illuminates different angles of the black market in guns: technology, industry, drugs, conflict, enforcement and culture.