A research report about fathers in Latvia. The report argues that fathers in Latvia are treated in exclusively supportive role. The actual cognitive scheme of family treats women and their children as default element while men are... more
A research report about fathers in Latvia. The report argues that fathers in Latvia are treated in exclusively supportive role. The actual cognitive scheme of family treats women and their children as default element while men are relatively changeable element that is connected to the default unit of mothers and their children by the support that they give. Even when fathers provide financial means, it is treated not as a domination, but as a support to the mothers and children. Nevertheless fathers just like mothers are satisfied with this situation. In addition domestic chores are shifting: women and men comply with the idea that men can take over all domestic chores save suckling infants and creating cosy atmosphere at home, however, women are reluctant to do certain stereotypically male chores even if they could do them.
Este Informe es el resultado del proyecto transnacional “Servicio domésti- co y de cuidado: estrategias de conciliación y condiciones de empleo en diferentes unidades familiares. Desigualdades de género, clase y etnia”, promovido y... more
Este Informe es el resultado del proyecto transnacional “Servicio domésti- co y de cuidado: estrategias de conciliación y condiciones de empleo en diferentes unidades familiares. Desigualdades de género, clase y etnia”, promovido y coordinado por Graciela Malgesini para Cruz Roja Española y financiado por la Comisión Europea. En él han participado como socias las siguientes organizaciones: Instituto de Investigaciones Feministas de la Universidad Complutense (España), Maiz (Austria), Universidad de Hamburgo (Alemania), Bradford Youth Development (Reino Unido). Este proyecto tenía como objetivo principal llevar a cabo una investiga- ción acerca de los servicios con base en el hogar como medio para conci- liar la vida laboral y familiar desde una perspectiva comparada. Para ello, se ha establecido una metodología común para realizar un análisis compa- rativo del trabajo doméstico y de cuidado en dos tipos de hogares: aque- llos que externalizan estos servicios y aquellos en los que un miembro de la unidad familiar trabaja proveyendo de estos servicios a otro hogar. En segundo lugar, se ha privilegiado el desarrollo de un marco de propuestas y recomendaciones a nivel europeo destinadas a mejorar las condiciones del sector de servicios a las familias y mejorar también los modos disponibles para conciliar la vida laboral y familiar/personal tanto en unos hogares como en otros.
The principal objective of this project has been to investigate from a comparative perspective the use of services based in the home as a means of reconciling family and work life. For this purpose a common method- ology was established in order to analyze domestic and care work in two types of homes: those that externalize these services and those in which a member of the family unit works providing these services in other homes. The development of proposals and recommendations at a European level to improve the conditions of the sector which provides services to families as well as to improve the available means of reconciling work and family life for both kinds of homes has been privileged throughout the research.
Dieses Projekt hatte zum Hauptziel, von einem vergleichenden Gesichtspunkt aus eine Untersuchung der Dienstleistungen im Haushalt als Mittel zur Vereinbarkeit von Arbeits- und Familienleben durchzufüh- ren. Es wurde eine gemeinsame Methodik festgesetzt, um eine vergleichen- de Analyse der Haushalts- und Betreuungsarbeit in zwei verschiedenen Haushaltstypen durchzuführen: diejenigen, die diese Arbeiten nach außen verlagern und diejenigen, in denen ein Mitglied der Familieneinheit arbeitet, um diese Dienstleistungen für einen anderen Haushalt zu erbringen. Zweitens wurde der Entwicklung von Vorschlägen und Empfehlungen auf europäischer Ebene besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt, um die Bedingungen des Sektors Dienstleistungen für Familien ebenso wie die Mittel zu verbessern, die zur Verfügung stehen, um das Arbeits- und Familien- sowie das persönliche Leben in beiden Arten von Haushalten mit- einander zu vereinbaren.
Children with challenging behaviour often have difficulties in engaging in activities of daily living, including household chores. Having household responsibilities is one of the first steps towards future independent living. This... more
Children with challenging behaviour often have difficulties in engaging in activities of daily living, including household chores. Having household responsibilities is one of the first steps towards future independent living. This preliminary study aimed to examine the relationship among challenging behaviour and participation in household chores of boys and girls aged 7–18 years. The sample included 142 participants (49.3% males), mean age 11.8 years (SD=3.2). To collect the data, Child’s Challenging Behaviour Scale, Version 2 (CCBS) and Home Section of the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (PEM-CY) were used. Partial correlation was used to explore the relationship between the extent of challenging behaviour exhibited by a child during daily life and the frequency of participation and the involvement level in household chores, while controlling for age. Generally, those children who participated in household chores more frequently or with a higher involvement level exhibited less challenging behaviours and their parents were more confident in their parenting skills. The less frequent household chores were associated with non-compliant or uncooperative behaviours, while lower level of involvement was related to reliance on routine, including refusal to deviate from routine. Fewer correlation coefficients were confirmed in girls, mostly related to their independence, overall extent of challenging behaviour and the frequency of participation. The study findings point to the importance of further research of the challenging behaviour consequences that can be detected in the everyday engagement of school age children.
This ethnographic study investigates children's contributions to household work through the analysis of interview data and scan sampling data collected among 30 middle-class dual-earner families in Los Angeles, California. We discuss... more
This ethnographic study investigates children's contributions to household work through the analysis of interview data and scan sampling data collected among 30 middle-class dual-earner families in Los Angeles, California. We discuss convergences and divergences between data collected with two independent methodologies: scan sampling and interviewing. Scan sampling data provide an overview of the frequency of children's participation in household work as well as the types of tasks they engaged in during data collection. Children's interview responses reflect their perceptions of their responsibilities, how they view family expectations regarding their participation in household work, and whether allowance is an effective motivator. Comparative analysis reveals that most children in our study spend surprisingly little time helping around the house and engage in fewer tasks than what they report in interviews. Within the context of children's minimal participation in household work, we find that allowance is not an effective motivator, but that children in families with access to paid domestic help tend to be less helpful than children in families without. We suggest that while most children are aware that their working parents need help, in some families, inconsistent and unclear expectations from parents negatively affect children's participation in household work.
Este estudo tem como objetivos: (a) investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e seus reflexos para as... more
Este estudo tem como objetivos: (a) investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e seus reflexos para as questões de gênero, domésticas e familiares, e (b) analisar a (in)visibilidade do trabalho doméstico não remunerado, o (auto)reconhecimento e a (des)valorização social e familiar desse trabalho percebida pelos profissionais do lar. Através de entrevistas, utilizando a história oral temática, realizadas com treze profissionais do lar, os resultados revelam que eles/as abandonaram o mercado de trabalho por diversas razões, estando relacionadas à idade, às situações sociais e conjugais, ao contexto econômico, à escolaridade e às relações de trabalho. O trabalho doméstico é percebido por eles/as como uma atividade, que além de não remunerada, é invisível e desvalorizada na esfera privada, tanto pela família quanto pela sociedade. Os porquês disso já são conhecidos. A pergunta que fica é: Até quando?
Prophet Muhammad was hugely occupied in public life. However, he was also a family man and did his part in the domestic environment as a husband, “loving and engaged father” and grandfather. It is reported in various authentic sources... more
Prophet Muhammad was hugely occupied in public life. However, he was also a family man and did his part in the domestic environment as a husband, “loving and engaged father” and grandfather. It is reported in various authentic sources that the Prophet did household chores and all sorts of domestic work with his wives. As his wife Ayesha (may God be pleased with her) said: “He used to keep himself busy serving his family, and when it was time for prayer, he would go for it” (Bukhari). In another narration, she states: “He did what one of you would do in his house. He mended sandals and patched garments and sewed” (Bukhari). Surprisingly, many men who claim to be his followers seem to be selectively blind to these aspects of his Sunnah which they are supposed to emulate.
The current working paper looks at how standard household surveys for child labour measurement could be used to help fill the information gaps on the CDW phenomenon. With specific reference to household surveys conducted in Paraguay... more
The current working paper looks at how standard household surveys for child labour measurement could be used to help fill the information gaps on the CDW phenomenon. With specific reference to household surveys conducted in Paraguay (Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH), 2004), Uganda (Uganda National Household Survey, 2005-06) and Venezuela (Encuesta de Hogares por Muestreo (EHM), 2005) the working paper
Les couples où l’homme est au foyer sont atypiques dans la mesure ou ils présentent une inversion de la « division du travail domestique » traditionnelle. L’enquête sur laquelle repose cet article montre que l’entrée d’un homme dans la... more
Les couples où l’homme est au foyer sont atypiques dans la mesure ou ils présentent une inversion de la « division du travail domestique » traditionnelle. L’enquête sur laquelle repose cet article montre que l’entrée d’un homme dans la situation de « père au foyer » conduit à une recomposition de la répartition des tâches ménagères et parentales, dans le sens de leur plus grande prise en charge par le père. Cependant, les hommes comme leurs conjointes résistent au fait que ces tâches soient assumées exclusivement par eux.
Mongolia has made strong progress on key gender-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in recent years. Gender indicators in education and health are also better in many respects than in comparator countries in the East Asia and... more
Mongolia has made strong progress on key gender-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in recent years. Gender indicators in education and health are also better in many respects than in comparator countries in the East Asia and Pacific region. Women have a limited presence in higher level managerial positions and in entrepreneurial work, and working women also have to shoulder most of the household and care duties compared to men. These inequalities can have large impacts on development, growth and productivity as well as pervasive intergenerational social costs. Removing impediments to full and equal participation for women in the economy, providing equal access to economic resources and opportunities and eliminating discrimination can boost productivity and competitiveness for firms with wider benefits for the economy and within the household. A range of potential policy actions can be considered, including improving employment outcomes (wages, career progression) for women ...
This study employs a qualitative approach to inform the development of effective Roma inclusion policies and programs in Bulgaria. The Roma are currently among the least integrated minority group in Bulgaria. This study investigates the... more
This study employs a qualitative approach to inform the development of effective Roma inclusion policies and programs in Bulgaria. The Roma are currently among the least integrated minority group in Bulgaria. This study investigates the key factors and mechanisms that promote or inhibit social inclusion of the Roma with the wider Bulgarian society by examining their social norms, agency, and strategic life choices from a gender perspective. The study pursues three research questions to deepen the understanding of Roma communities and their inclusion. These are: (i) what are the key gender-related social norms that influence agency in the Roma communities included in the research, and how do they vary across and within these communities?; (ii) what does agency mean in respect to making strategic life choices, and how does if differ in terms of women and men, and across the communities?; and (iii) what can be drawn from understanding of norms, agency, and life choices that can inform ...
Este estudo tem como objetivos: (a) investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e seus reflexos para as... more
Este estudo tem como objetivos: (a) investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e seus reflexos para as questões de gênero, domésticas e familiares, e (b) analisar a (in)visibilidade do trabalho doméstico não remunerado, o (auto)reconhecimento e a (des)valorização social e familiar desse trabalho percebida pelos profissionais do lar. Através de entrevistas, utilizando a história oral temática, realizadas com treze profissionais do lar, os resultados revelam que eles/as abandonaram o mercado de trabalho por diversas razões, estando relacionadas à idade, às situações sociais e conjugais, ao contexto econômico, à escolaridade e às relações de trabalho. O trabalho doméstico é percebido por eles/as como uma atividade, que além de não remunerada, é invisível e desvalorizada na esfera privada, tanto pela família quanto pela sociedade. Os porquês disso já são...
Este estudo tem como objetivos: (a) investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e seus reflexos para as... more
Este estudo tem como objetivos: (a) investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e seus reflexos para as questões de gênero, domésticas e familiares, e (b) analisar a (in)visibilidade do trabalho doméstico não remunerado, o (auto)reconhecimento e a (des)valorização social e familiar desse trabalho percebida pelos profissionais do lar. Através de entrevistas, utilizando a história oral temática, realizadas com treze profissionais do lar, os resultados revelam que eles/as abandonaram o mercado de trabalho por diversas razões, estando relacionadas à idade, às situações sociais e conjugais, ao contexto econômico, à escolaridade e às relações de trabalho. O trabalho doméstico é percebido por eles/as como uma atividade, que além de não remunerada, é invisível e desvalorizada na esfera privada, tanto pela família quanto pela sociedade. Os porquês disso já são...
This paper develops a three-period, gender-based overlapping generations model of endogenous growth with endogenous intra-household bargaining and child labour in home production by girls. Improved access to infrastructure reduces the... more
This paper develops a three-period, gender-based overlapping generations model of endogenous growth with endogenous intra-household bargaining and child labour in home production by girls. Improved access to infrastructure reduces the amount of time parents find optimal for their daughters to spend on household chores, thereby allowing them to allocate more time to studying at home. The model is calibrated for a low-income country and various quantitative experiments are conducted, including an increase in the share of public spending on infrastructure, an increase in time allocated by mothers to their daughters, and a decrease in fathers' preference for girls' education. Our analysis shows that poor access by families to infrastructure may provide an endogenous explanation for the persistence in child labour at home and gender inequality in low-income countries.
