Illegal Immigration

In May 2001, a traveling party of 26 Mexican citizens tried to cross the Arizonan desert in order to enter the United States illegally. Their attempt turned into a front-page news event after 14 died and 12 barely made it across the border due to Border Patrol intervention. Against the background of consistent tightening of anti-immigration laws in the United States, my essay aims to examine the manner in which Luis Alberto Urrea’s The Devil’s Highway: A True Story (2004) reenacts the group’s journey from Mexico through the “vast trickery of sand” to the United States in a rather poetic and mythical rendition of the travel north. Written to include multiple perspectives (of the immigrants and their coyotes, the immigration authorities, Border Patrol agents, high officials on both sides of the border), Urrea’s account, I argue, stands witness to and casts light on the often invisible plight of those attempting illegal passage to the United States across the desert. It thus humanizes the otherwise dry statistics of immigration control by focusing on the everyday realities of human-smuggling operations and their economic and social consequences in the borderland region. At the same time, my paper highlights the impact of the Wellton 26 case on the (re)negotiation of identity politics and death politics at the US-Mexican border.

Cet ouvrage, qui contient des contributions en Arabes et d'autres en français, regroupe des analyses et des études présentées par des chercheurs et des experts, qui consacrent une grande partie de leurs travaux à l’étude de l’espace méditerranéen et/où à l’Algérie dans les domaines de leurs spécialités : sciences politiques, relations internationales, études sécuritaires, géopolitique, sciences économiques, sociologie...
Les chapitres qui constituent l’ensemble de l’ouvrage, abordent des problématiques liées aux enjeux sécuritaires autours de l’espace méditerranée. Le but étant de définir les menaces et les défis sécuritaires qui planent sur cet espace, et qui représentent in fine un important enjeu sécuritaire pour l’Algérie, qui a une ouverture non négligeable sur  cette mer aux milles façades.
Cependant, l’intitulé de l’ouvrage peut porter à confusion. Effectivement, l’intérêt de cet ouvrage est de constater les retombés de l’appartenance de l’Algérie à un espace géopolitique qui peine à être défini. L’idée n’étant pas d’étudier les relations bilatérales de l’Algérie avec les pays, unions, organisations…des différentes rives de la méditerranée, mais d’identifier les éléments et objets qui forment des synergies propres à cet espaces, dont les interactions influent d’une manière ou d’une autres sur les politiques étrangère et sécuritaire de l’Algérie.
Dans un contexte où la proximité territoriale n’est plus synonyme de monopole régional, les intérêts des grandes et moyennes puissances dans le bassin méditerranéen, jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la région et ne font que compliquer l’équation de mutations engendrées par des facteurs d’instabilités et de défis communs. Ainsi, vient se greffer sur la problématique de la sécurité en méditerranée, qui gravite, en grande partie autour de la complexité de ses dynamiques régionales et sous-régionales, la problématique d’une dynamique globale amorcée par des défis principalement communs (en raison de la nature et de la transversalité des menaces sécuritaires contemporaines), et des interactions internationales façonnées par des intérêts et des rivalités d’ordre suprarégional. Aussi, l’étude des dynamiques des mutations géopolitiques en méditerranée ne peut restreindre l’ensemble méditerranéen à ses régions littorales stricto sensu, en faisant abstraction d’autres grands ensembles géopolitiques avec lesquels cette zone est en interaction (monde arabe, monde musulman, Russie, Union européenne...), ni des interactions émanant de projections de puissances de forces qui se situent en dehors de ces dits ensembles géopolitiques.     
Dans un contexte géopolitique qui rend compte de la complexité d’un ensemble méditerranéen géographiquement fermé, mais géopolitiquement ouvert, le but de ce cet ouvrage est d’identifier les différents enjeux, régionaux et internationaux, qui entrainent des mutations géopolitiques dans cet espace, ainsi que leurs implications futures sur l’Algérie, dans un contexte d’instabilité, de rivalité, d’influence et de défis communs autour de la méditerranée.

The relationship between the European Union and Egypt on migration is as uncomfortable for Europe as it is unavoidable. The EU's goal of reducing irregular migration by working with actual and potential transit countries around Europe has provided Egypt with greater leverage over its European neighbors - a development that worries not only human rights advocates, but many actors who follow the actions of the country's authoritarian regime

Civil War in Syria created a large scale humanitarian crisis causing a mass human migration up to seven million in total. The largest neighboring country-Turkey has the greatest number of Syrian refugees exceeding 2.7 million. In the expectation of a quick resolution for the conflict and sending the immigrants back, the host country has taken only palliative temporary actions. This study investigates the options that Turkey has for the immigration problem. Elaborating on integration techniques for immigrants, the paper suggests possible policies for implementation of social integration in the future decades. Based on strategic management principles, the author presents advantages and disadvantages of integration, maintenance of status quo, and prevention of immigration.

Nowadays immigration has undoubtedly become one of most important ways supporting human mobility world around. It is not only a matter of improvement in transport vehicles, but it clearly deals with the idea and consequences of globalization. Immigrants are going where jobs are available, mostly developed countries. That is the case of USA, Canada, Western Europe... and specifically Spain. However,

Common sensical discussion of illegal immigration in and on the Maghreb points the finger in the direction of authorities on both sides of the Mediterranean. The EU is reproached for closing its borders and the North African governments for exploiting the problem by defusing attention elsewhere and downplaying its gravity. The Moroccan writer Laila Lalami through her collection of short stories, Hope and Other Dangerous Pursuits (2005) prefers to focus more on the harraga populations themselves, since its is their unthinking proclivities that exacerbate the problem and allow the ruling machinery to become biopolitical entities working less for the interest of the impoverished populations and more for staying in power no matter how. Through characters and narrative situations, Lalami shows that illegal immigration is a trap. For even when the harrag makes it to the host country and starts sending remittances like Aziz to family back at home, Aziz remains a looser. The middle-class ideal of a steady income and improved living standards lifts the Maghrebian’s spontaneity and turns him or her into a superfluous commodity, seeking always to behave, not to think. Unlike Aziz or Larbi then, Murad failed to make it to Spain. His prolonged joblessness allows him eventually to reverse the biopolitical reality via embracing the art of ‘story telling’. Readers find him expertly selling artworks in souvenir shops inn Tangier. Success in this context is not capitalistically driven; it involves organic connecting of self-important American tourists with the artwork. The tourism industry becomes less of a recognition of already ordered reality and more of an encounter with a new one. Money matters but does not determine or control the encounter. The self-reflexive Murad assumes now a constructive engagement with the world.

In this article, we discussed the virility crisis in Algerian society and its relation to illegal migration to Europe, especially since the period of the national crisis that Algeria experienced since 1988, which reflected its consequences on society and individuals.
The definition of "virility" has become a pressing issue because, in our opinion, it is a real crisis for the Algerian youth, who is questioning his status according to the rapid changes that the world is undergoing.  Witch drive them to look for another vision of Identity, adapted with Circumstances of instability, insecurity, inequality, marginalization…

تطرقنا في هذا المقال لأزمة الرجولة في المجتمع الجزائري وعلاقتها بالهجرة غير الشرعية نحو أوربا، خاصة
منذ فترة الأزمة الوطنية، التي مرت بها الجزائر ابتداء من 1988، التي انعكست تبعاتها على المجتمع والأفراد
إن تحديد مفهوم "الرجولة" صارت مسألة ملّحة، لأنها تمر- في نظرنا- بأزمة حقيقية في الوقت الراهن لدى الشباب الجزائري، الذي أصبح يتساءل عن مكانته ووضعيته، في خضم التحولات السريعة التي يمر بها العالم ككل، ما جعله يبحث عن مفاهيم أخرى، لتحديد هويته، تماشياً مع ظروف عدم الاستقرار واللاأمن واللامساواة، التهميش، وغيرها.
الكلمات المفتاحية:
أزمة، الرجولة، الشباب، الهجرة غير الشرعية، الرجل، المرأة.


I

This article proposes the term Departheid to capture the systemic oppression and spatial management of illegalized migrants in Western liberal states. As a concept, Departheid aims to move beyond the instrumentality of illegalizing migration in order to comprehend the tenacity with which oppressive measures are implemented even in the face of accumulating evidence for their futility in managing migration flows and the harm they cause to millions of people. The article highlights continuities between present oppressive migration regimes and past colonial configurations for controlling the mobility of what Hannah Arendt has called “subject races.” By drawing on similarities with Apartheid as a governing ideology based on racialization, segregation, and deportation, I argue that Departheid, too, is animated by a sense of moral superiority that is rooted in a fantasy of White supremacy.

Given the intensity of feeling expressed on all sides, is conflict inevitable and consensus impossible? The Academe provides a forum for the development of an analytic framework to approach this divisive issue and to encourage its resolution through reasoned discourse. Although the media provide plenty of information from proponents and opponents of immigration, rarely if ever are the undocumented themselves given a voice in this discussion. With historical, political, sociological, anthropological, psychological, cinematic, secondary and primary sources, college students can learn about the phenomenon of undocumented immigration from the perspective of the undocumented immigrant.

The idea of Hindu nationalism and attached cultural-political ideation has been topical to the study of Indian history, particularly its modern and contemporary phase. Various studies have been undertaken to understand the phenomenon from differing ideological spectrums ranging from nationalistic school to the leftist. In the present scenario of history writing, especially on the said themes, the Marxist paradigms seem to have dominated the discourse. Their view of Indian history from contemporary to past overwhelmingly adopt a highly critical attitude towards the right wing movements inspired from Hindu cultural ethos. The biases become more glaring and overarching when one finds this Marxist critique selectively ignores the similar tendencies in other communities. The distortions encapsulated in these studies have so far remained unchallenged and have been consumed by the readers as an authentic interpretation of the Hindu nationalism. This ideologically skewed reading and writing of the Indian history and the phenomenon attached to it deserved to be unravelled and the distortions challenged. This essay is thus a preliminary engagement with some of such studies which claimed to have studied Hindu nationalism in its varied avatars and also aims to set straight some of the established notions vis a vis this phenomenon.

The paper uses estimates, provided by the Central Statistical Office, of standard units of labour to examine how immigrants working (illegally) in the shadow economy affect the employment of (legal) labour in the official economy. The results of our cross sector-time series analysis of the demand for legal labour in the Italian economy between 1980 and 1995 show that the increase of illegal units of labour produces a reduction in the use of legal labour, albeit a very limited one. An analysis by sectors shows that the competitive effect of illegal foreign workers is not homogeneous and is strongest in the agricultural sector, while complementarity between the two categories of labour is evident in the non-tradable services sector. Furthermore, when the effects of illegal foreign and illegal native workers are compared, the former is smaller than the latter one, with illegal foreigners workers just reinforcing the impact of the illegal nationals on the labour market.

Turkey and Greece because they are neighboring countries have met many  problems between them. These problems were sometimes unable to prevent bringing the countries to the brink of war even if they were together in the NATO alliance. In the periods of softening, the relations between the two countries have shown parallels on the common interests. The Aegean Sea and its islands, islets and rock particles are the scene of the struggle for dominance between the two countries. In this study, 12 island problem, disarming of Aegean islands, Kardak crisis, illegal migration in Aegean and Frontex operations are discussed.

Key Words: Aegean Islands, Cardiac Crisis, Illegal Immigration, Frontex

Uncontrolled migration is one of the threats to the state, and as illegal immigration, it is a leading threat to international security. From the point of view of state security, illegal immigration is classified as “requiring caution.” In the case of Poland, illegal immigration is to a considerable extent handled by organised crime of transnational reach, effectively taking the form of criminal enterprises. In the present day, differentiating between migration and exile is intricate, because the reasons behind migration are unclear and depend on numerous factors, also related to migration policies in target countries. However, for criminal enterprises, which stop at nothing to maximise their business profits, both refugees seeking refuge and migrants seeking to improve their socio-economic situation are a source of substantial fi nancial gain. Criminal organisations generate profi t by committing various crimes. This article also looks at international and national institutions combating illegal migration as a threat to the security of the Republic of Poland and Europe.

Biometrics is often described as `the next big thingin information technology'. Rather than IT renderingthe body irrelevant to identity – a mistaken idea tobegin with – the coupling of biometrics with ITunequivocally puts the body center stage. The questions to be raised about biometrics is howbodies will become related to identity, and what thenormative and political ramifications of this couplingwill be. Unlike the body rendered knowable in thebiomedical sciences, biometrics generates a readable body: it transforms the body's surfaces andcharacteristics into digital codes and ciphers to be`read' by a machine. ``Your iris is read, in the sameway that your voice can be printed, and yourfingerprint can be read'', by computers that, in turn,have become ``touch-sensitive'', and endowed with seeingand hearing capacities. Thus transformed into readable``text'', the meaning and significance of the biometricbody will be contingent upon ``context'', and therelations established with other ``texts''. Thesemetaphors open up ways to investigate the differentmeanings that will become attached to the biometricbody and the ways in which it will be tied toidentity. This paper reports on an analysis of plans andpractices surrounding the `Eurodac' project, aEuropean Union initiative to use biometrics (specif.fingerprinting) in controlling illegal immigration andborder crossings by asylum seekers.

Critics such as Yogita Goyal and Akin Adesokan pertinently remark that there exists a wining (market-friendly) template in the imaginative output from contemporary African writers regarding modern slavery. The template only reinforces the image of the ‘begging bowl’ in respect to the African’s image in the west, which confirms the age-old prejudices, but it also complicates the relationship inside American society by inventing a false unanimity around certain political and ideological choices that would not otherwise pass. The present essay argues that, while they actively seek to engage readers with the theme of modern slavery, neither Sefi Atta and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie writes to fit into such a preexisting template. They work on the plot and deploy a set of allusions and other techniques to recreate an experience of slavery free from the exigencies of the US literary market. Pathos, as well as both ethos and logos, is carefully calibrated to allow for a succinct and informed reading experience. The two writers unabashedly question the socio-political reality of post-colonial Africa without capitalizing on the exotic dimension. As such, Atta and Adichie instantiate Wale Adebanwi’s definition of imaginative writers as social thinkers.

This paper presents an analysis of the institutionalized production of precarious immigration status in Canada. We build on recent work on the legal production of illegality and non-dichotomous approaches to immigrant legal status. Canadian immigration policy allows for various categories of permanent and temporary immigrants, refugees and visitors. Once in Canada, people may shift from relatively secure but largely temporary

Article from: Pomiędzy ideologia i socjotechniką. Kwestia mniejszości narodowych w działalności władz komunistycznych - doświadczenie polskie i środkowoeuropejskie, red. M. Semczyszyn, J. Syrnyk, Wrocław-Szczecin-Warszawa 2014 r.
The paper looks into the issue of illegal emigration of Jewish population from Poland between 1944 and 1947. It was a part of a larger-scale phenomenon – illegal Jewish emigration (the so-called Bricha) from Central and Eastern Europe to Palestine. It was caused by Zionist agitation, anti-Semitism and the emigration quotas imposed by Great Britain exercising the Palestine Mandate. In Poland, illegal immigration was organized by Zionists from the Zionist Coordination. The paper describes how immigrants crossed the border and portrays members of the Bricha organization. It discusses attitudes of the authorities and steps taken by the security service in response to this issue. Unofficially, the communist authorities supported this emigration. This is why border crossings were opened secretly in July 1946 after the Kielce Pogrom. In a wider context, this favourable attitude of the authorities was in line with the policy of the USSR towards the Jewish issue in Palestine. The authorities in the Kremlin hoped that a pro-Soviet state would come into existence in the Middle East. With the silent consent of the authorities, the Bricha movement spread on a massive scale. By 1947, about 140 000 Jews left Poland illegally. In 1947, the borders were closed, as the authorities feared the reaction of the British diplomacy. Due to a shift in the attitude of the USSR towards the newly established state of Israel, illegal emigration of Jews from Poland became a taboo topic. In 1948, some of the Zionists who were formerly involved in the Zionist Coordination were repressed by the Office of Public Security (UB).

Acculturative stress negatively impacts the physical and mental health of Latino immigrants. Little is known about the pre-immigration resources that may influence the acculturative stress of Latino immigrants. Religion plays a prominent role in Latino culture and may prove to be an influential resource during difficult life transitions, such as those experienced during the immigration process. The present study examines the association between religious coping resources prior to immigration and acculturative stress after immigration within a multiethnic sample of 527 adult Latinos who have lived in the United States for less than 1 year. Path analyses revealed that pre-immigration external religious coping was associated with high levels of post-immigration acculturative stress. Illegal immigrant status was associated with high levels of pre-immigration religious coping as well as post-immigration acculturative stress. These findings expand scientific understanding as to the function and effect of specific religious coping mechanisms among Latino immigrants. Furthermore, results underscore the need for future research, which could serve to inform culturally relevant prevention and treatment programs.

This article explores the historical construction of the ‘transit country’ as one answer to the perceived loss of control over migration that governments of the developed North have increasingly felt. A frenzy of re-conceptualisations has taken place over the past 20 years, leading to a discourse*unquestioned and accepted by policy-makers and many academics*of Migration Management. A consequence of the evolution of Migration Management is captured by the notion of ‘suspension’, which often refers to either the physical or the metaphorical death of a certain minority of illegal migrants. However, I argue that such ‘suspended’ illegal migrants have the capacity to reinvent themselves precisely because they are outside the realm of juridico-political categorisation and enumeration.

Keywords: Migration Management; Asylum-Seekers; Illegal Migrants; Transit Country; European Union; ‘Suspension’

This paper presents a first attempt at understanding some of the many issues involved in the granting of an amnesty to illegal immigrants. We consider government behavior with respect to allocations on limiting infiltration (border control) and apprehending infiltrators (internal control) and with respect to the granting of amnesties, the timing of amnesties, and limitations on eligibility for those amnesties. We demonstrate the effects of government actions on allocations and the flow of immigrants, and how the interactions between these factors combine to yield an optimal amnesty policy. We also consider various extensions such as intertemporal transfers of policing funds, risk-aversion, and "fuzziness" in declarations regarding eligibility for an amnesty aimed at apprehending and deporting undesirables.

The first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic demonstrated that the "border as method" (Mezzarda & Neilson) is paradigmatically established and proliferates in the borderland of a nation-state. Analysing the prevailing political, media and public discourse and focusing on the border area between Italy and Slovenia, the article illustrates that borders are not located only on the edges of a territory, but also extend inside and outside such. They are part of broader social processes of border internalisation in the management of population movements. During the pandemic, the tendency to strengthen control of the Schengen border and of the border between Italy and Slovenia gained new impetus. The border was invoked in relation to the risk of infection, thus implying adiaphorisation and exclusion ("We are not Italy!"), and also as the locus that-particularly among the Slovene minority and the people living along the border-raised awareness about the need for empathic, cross-border and European integration in the sense of transcending national borders.

The purpose of this research is to identify how Western economies benefit from illegal immigration, especially focusing on the situations in United States and Europe. Migration is an alternative way of shape people’s future. Some people migrate with legal ways, but some of them cannot. This illegal immigration is not only beneficial for immigrants, but also the real beneficiaries are host countries. In this article, firstly I will deeply focus on migration and illegal immigration concepts and the reasons of illegal immigration, than I will mention about exploiting of Western economies by illegal immigration, referring with United States and European countries.

40 lakh names struck off, Prateek Hajela’s team made an unpleasant joke with peasantry of Assam and a gigantic mockery of public resources.

However, Assamese people want NRC update work be done properly and professionally. They want to move ahead of this Hindu - Muslim, Assamese - Bengali and; indigenous and non-indigenous politicking now and focus on real development issues. Assam witnessed enough bloodshed in the past; it may need peace and unity as priority, nonetheless, an accurate NRC is everyone’s dream. This half-done work by Prateek Hajela’s team created additional issues with some hope and some dismay.

Illegal immigration from the developing world to rich countries is one of the most controversial topics today. Using a unique data set on potential illegal migrants collected in Dakar, Senegal, we characterize the preferences and characteristics of illegal migrants, and the manner in which these factors interact so as to yield observed behavior. On the basis of our theoretical model, we evaluate a measure of the time and risk preferences through the individual discount rates and the individual coefficients of absolute risk aversion. Then, we test empirically our theoretical propositions and we show that these variables play a role, in the illegal migration decision, in the willingness to pay a smuggler and in the choice of the method of migration, at least as important as "classical" migration determinants such as the expected wage in the host country.

This paper analyzes the welfare effect of illegal immigration on the host country within a dynamic general equilibrium framework and shows that it is positive for two reasons. First, immigrants are paid less than their marginal product, and second, after an increase in immigration, domestic households find it optimal to increase their holdings of capital. It is also shown that dynamic inefficiency may arise, despite the fact that the model is of the Ramsey type. Nevertheless, the introduction of a minimum wage, which leads to job competition between domestic unskilled workers and immigrants reverses all of the above results.

A pdf is available by request to jmheyman@utep.edu .  Two processes intersect at the U.S.-Mexico border. The first is U.S. database surveillance of undocumented immigration and narcotics smuggling required by new, punitive, and indelible U.S. laws about "criminal aliens." The second is the deepening of the urbanization process, as new generations are born and raised in a border context. They intersect when young Mexican or Chicano men are interdicted carrying contraband drugs; their identities are entered into U.S. databases, and their life options are significantly shaped thereby. The overall effect is the strengthening of a surveillance regime over border people in the two nations.  Foucault's ideas of discipline prove useful, but we must be careful not to assume that disciplinary regimes are automatically internalized, for in this case they are not.

This chapter examines the situation of refugee and asylum-seeking children
in the Netherlands, focusing on the efforts made to adapt educational policies
and practices to the needs of these children and thus facilitate their successful
integration within the Dutch education system.

This essay assesses the gaps in India's legal doctrine on stateless people and migrants in context of the ongoing National Register of Citizens (NRC) project in the Northeast Indian state of Assam, which aims to identify immigrants of East Bengali origin.

Ruspini, Paolo and Hiriş, Liliana and Geiger, Martin and Wersching, Simona and Simina, Ovidiu Laurian and Levine, Samuel Jay and Schulz, Wolfgang P. and Heikkilä, Elli and Pikkarainen, Maria and Feridun, Mete and Ivlevs, Artjoms and Bicanová, Radka and ...

The European Commission presented the 'EU Passenger Name Record (PNR) system' in 2007 as a tool in the fight against terrorism and organised crime. One of the proposed instruments of this system is the Framework Decision on the use of PNR, which provides for the storage and exchange of passenger data between EU member states and between member states and non- EU countries. Current Council proposals make clear that the passenger data may also be used to investigate other (serious) crimes or to prevent illegal immigration, which raises both practical and legal concerns. This paper describes the legal implications of the EU PNR system, focusing in particular on international human rights standards. It is to be hoped that, when preparing the so-called 'Stockholm programme', including a new multiannual programme for policies in the field of freedom, security and justice, both the EU institutions and member states will take these standards sufficiently into account. CE...

This edited collection of migration papers would like to emphasise the acute need for migration related study and research in Romania. At this time, migration and mobility are studied as minor subjects in Economics, Sociology, Political Sciences and European Studies only (mostly at post-graduate level). We consider that Romanian universities need more ‘migration studies’, while research should cover migration as

Ruspini, Paolo and Hiriş, Liliana and Geiger, Martin and Wersching, Simona and Simina, Ovidiu Laurian and Levine, Samuel Jay and Schulz, Wolfgang P. and Heikkilä, Elli and Pikkarainen, Maria and Feridun, Mete and Ivlevs, Artjoms and Bicanová, Radka and ...

This paper is a study of the period known as the Era of Exclusion, 1868 to 1943, that saw the expulsion of Chinese migrants following after the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. This study will be separated into two parts in order to fully cope with the realities faced by outcasted Chinese population. The first part of the disquisition will be on the analysis of the legislation used in order to bar out a group of people from a nation. This section will largely draw from Foucault’s biopower discourse and how the United States was able to justify its sovereignty over a targeted group of people through the use of racism to hold over the sovereignty’s notions of peace. Moreover, this study will take a look at the hostilities directed towards the Chinese by both the United States and Mexico. The second part will exam newspapers, photographs, magazines, and government records to paint a portrait of what the political, economic, and social climate of what the Chinese emigrants residing on the Texas borderlands had to endure when the nation first turns towards targeting and denying a group of people based on race. This study can also be used to tell the story of how the current immigration practices of the United States when pertaining to a minority of people are perceived as a threat to the recognizable normalcy.