Information Gathering

Homing pigeons can return from distant, unfamiliar release points. Experienced pigeons can do so even if they are transported anesthetized and deprived of outward journey information. Airplane tracking has shown that they make relatively straight tracks on their homeward journey; therefore, pigeons must have some way of determining the home direction at the release site. Manipulating the pigeon's internal clock causes predictable deviations in their flight direction relative to home. When the sun is not visible, such clock shifts have no effect. This result implies a two-step system: the determination of the home direction and the use of a sun compass to fly in that direction. When pigeons cannot see the sun they use a magnetic compass. The use of compass cues to select and maintain a direction of flight is well understood compared with the uncertainty surrounding the nature of the cues used to determine the home direction when pigeons are released at an unfamiliar site. Because...

Since the 1970s, when major improvements to the water quality were made, the River Thames has been subject to a high-profile project aimed at restoring Atlantic salmon to the catchment. Whilst initially successful, with hundreds of salmon returning each year in the late 1980s, the number of adults returning to the river has declined steeply again in recent years, reaching a low in 2005 when no salmon were recorded. Using a baseline of genetic information gathered from 3830 salmon from throughout their southern European range, and incorporating samples from the hatchery fish used to stock the Thames, all 10 tagged hatchery fish captured in 2003 and all 16 returning untagged adult salmon captured between 2005 and 2008 were assigned to their most likely river of origin. The results suggest that untagged salmon currently ascending the river originate not from exogenous fish stocked into the Thames, but predominantly from other rivers in southern England. This highlights the potential for natural processes of recolonisation to operate in rivers where salmon have become locally extirpated. These findings also underscore several important considerations when undertaking species restoration projects: (i) previous causes of declines must be sufficiently ameliorated to allow new/translocated individuals to thrive, (ii) introduced individuals should originate from a stock that is closely related to the extirpated population, according to the principles of contemporary conservation biology, and (iii) dispersal and gene-flow from neighbouring populations may play a significant role in establishing new populations.► Despite an intensive hatchery stocking programme, since 2005 no hatchery reared salmon have been caught in the Thames. ► Genetic assignment analysis indicates that wild salmon ascending the Thames originate from other rivers in southern England. ► Wild salmon returning to the Thames between 2005 and 2008 do not originate from exogenous fish stocked into the Thames. ► Such straying highlights the potential for natural recolonisation of rivers where salmon have become locally extirpated. ► Our findings highlight the futility of long-term stocking without corresponding improvements in habitat and water quality.

Our research agenda focuses on building software agents that can employ user modeling techniques to facilitate information access and management tasks. Personal assistant agents embody a clearly beneficial application of intelligent agent technology. A particular kind of assistant agents, recommender systems, can be used to recommend items of interest to users. To be successful, such systems should be able to

The OpenPhone project aims to design an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) health information system that enables people who are caregivers for HIV/AIDS infected children to access relevant information by using a telephone in their native language of Setswana in Botswana. The system lowers accessibility barriers since it is accessible to illiterate users and the community of the blind. The design utilizes usability engineering methodology in order to ascertain that the end product is usable, efficient, effective and satisfactory to the targeted users who are predominantly females, ranging from semi-literate to illiterate adults but nevertheless numerically literate. The paper describes the methodologies that were used to obtain information from the target user population. Based on the information gathered, we are now able to begin the initial design of the OpenPhone system.

Genograms are intergenerational family maps of three or more generations. They have often been used as an information gathering and assessment tool for understanding family history. Recently genograms have been found serviceable when depicting ethnic cultural values, thinking, spirituality, and traditions. This paper describes a model for using Cultural Genograms (CG) with African American families to reveal family history, cultural influences, and the broader context. A case study is used to show how it can be used in practice. The CG also facilitates cultural understanding and competence.

Kali Linux merupakan sebuah Sistem Operasi (OS) yang sangat powerful untuk digunakan dalam hal Information Gathering Tools. Ada banyak sekali tools dari Kali Linux yang dapat Anda gunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi. Tools yang tersedia antara lain NMAP, Stealth Scan, Searchsploit, DNS Tools, dan masih banyak lagi. Pada dokumen ini dijelaskan bagaimana cara menggunakan tools-tools tersebut untuk mendapatkan berbagai macam informasi yang diinginkan.

Aims:  To explore the information needs and information seeking behaviour of family doctors, identifying any differences in attitudes and behaviours deriving from membership of a training practice and investigating the impact of a practice librarian.Methods:  A case study of general practitioners (GPs) in Aylesbury Vale incorporated a quantitative study of use of the medical library, and two qualitative techniques, in-depth interviews and group discussions.Results:  A total of 58 GPs, almost three quarters of those in the Vale, participated; 19 via individual interviews and a further 39 via two group discussions. Family doctors are prompted to seek information by needs arising from a combination of professional responsibilities and personal characteristics. A need for problem-orientated information, related to the care of individual patients, was the predominant factor that prompted these GPs to seek information. Personal collections remain the preferred information resource; electronic sources rank second. The study demonstrated low use of the medical library. However, both vocational training and the employment of a practice librarian impacted on library use.Conclusions:  The study illuminates the information needs and preferences of GPs and illustrates the contribution that librarians may make at practice level, indicating the importance of outreach work.

A thorough physical examination begins with a detailed history followed by inspection, palpation, and testing of muscle strength, tone, reflexes, and sensation. This systematic approach to the physical examination is useful for the peripheral nervous system and vascular system so pertinent details are not missed. When inspecting neurovascular structures, the physical examination is the primary initial clinical assessment. In addition to these fundamental aspects of the physical examination, many “special” provocation or relief tests and signs have been developed. The clinician then forms an impression from the information gathered during the history and physical examination and may use more advanced diagnostic tests to rule in or rule out a diagnosis.

From time immemorial, societies have fashioned informal and formal public and private spaces in their settlements. Public space is “a place accessible to all citizens, for their use and enjoyment” (Jackson, 1974). In contrast, a private place is open to those permitted by law or custom. As it becomes more clear in the following essay, the meaning of the words

Purpose–Information commons were introduced into libraries in the early 1990s. Now universities are building library learning commons and campus learning spaces. This paper sets out to present a participatory library (re) design approach for collaborative planning “for and with” faculty teachers, student learners, and campus stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach–Collaborative design (co-design) employs user-centric investigations to produce products, applications, and environments aimed at advancing learning, sustaining ...