Intergenerational Transmission

The purpose of this contribution is to study the importance of values and the  intergenerational transmission from the point of view of the z generation. Through  the Evs2018 data and a case study that involved 716 subjects between the ages of  20-25 years, we have analyzed the values considered most important by young  people, those believed to be inherited from parents, the knowledge of their family  history and intergenerational solidarity. An in-depth study was also carried out in  relation to the values that became most important for young people during the  Covid19 health emergency. The main results have highlighted some aspects of  continuity and specificity between the different generations and confirmed the  importance of the gender dimension in the intergenerational transmission  processes

This study explores reported parental financial college preparations and the amount parents have saved for college, with a goal of determining strategies used by different parents based on parental college aspirations and expectations for their child, as well as the highest reported parental and grandparental educational levels. Regression analysis indicates that parents' expectations, but not their aspirations, correspond to engagement in financial planning. Family education is strongly associated with taking some financial planning actions and the amount saved. The results may be helpful to those who are working to increase the effectiveness of disseminating college financial information to parents. DRAFT-College Financial Planning 3 Financial Planning for College: What Parents Do To Prepare Introduction The idea that college is expensive has pervaded the popular imagination (Chatzky, 2006; Immerwahr, 2000), fed by alarming (sometimes eye-catching) reports that average tuition...

The importance of parental education and living conditions on children's educational attainment is quantified. Two estimation strategies are followed: the least squares estimation uses number of years of education as the dependent variable, and the "double probit"-model with endogenous selection uses a two class categorisation of education. It is found, that parents' education, and especially mother's education, matters for children's

There are still important gaps in our knowledge regarding the intergenerational transmission of attachment from mother to child, especially in mothers with childhood histories of abuse and neglect (CA&N). This study examined the contributions of reflective function concerning general attachment relationships, and specifically concerning trauma, as well as those of maternal attachment states of mind to the prediction of infant attachment disorganization in a sample of mothers with CA&N and their infants, using a 20-month follow-up design. Attachment and reflective functioning were assessed during pregnancy with the Adult Attachment Interview. Infant attachment was evaluated with the Strange Situation Procedure. The majority (83%) of infants of abused and neglected mothers were classified as insecure, and a significant proportion (44%) manifested attachment disorganization. There was a strong concordance between mother and child attachment, indicative of intergenerational transmission...

Psychotherapists' somatic responses have largely remained an untapped resource of information and healing potential in the field of psychotherapy. This may be due in part to the difficulty of describing and understanding these experiences as well as an educational gap in teaching therapists to recognize and value them. This dissertation asks: What types of somatic phenomena do psychotherapists experience in the context of therapeutic work with clients, and what therapeutic value can be made of these experiences? This study examines the role of the therapist's woundedness in his or her experience and understanding of somatic phenomena, with particular reference to the Wounded Healer archetype.

Utilizing interpretive phenomenological analysis as a research methodology, seven psychotherapists to whom the research questions were meaningful and significant were chosen to participate. They shared their somatic experiences and reflections in an interview. Several different categories of somatic phenomena emerged, which included physical sensations, physiological responses, medical conditions, behavioral impulses, postural shifts, emotions, and conceptual images. The images and themes conveyed participants' conceptual understandings of somatic field dynamics.

The study found that participants unanimously related to the Wounded Healer archetype, agreeing that their wounding experiences played a significant role in their therapeutic work, including but not limited to their vocational call, countertransference, heightened awareness and understanding, and increased capacity for empathy. The majority of participants made a variety of meaningful connections between their wounding experiences and somatic experiences. Specific types of somatic experiences were related to areas of the body that were either previously injured, ill, or associated with previous emotional traumas. The necessity of self-care was emphasized as it related to their wounds, discernment processes, and perceived demands of the profession.

The findings of this study validate the significance of therapists' somatic experiences, highlight the presence of both personal and interactive field dynamics, and suggest that the therapist's own woundedness deepens empathy and thus predisposes one to somatic experiences. Participants used their somatic experiences to further explore and deepen into the psychotherapeutic work.

This chapter provides an overview of theories and empirical studies on the relationship between incarceration and reoffending and on the impact of parental incarceration on the criminal behavior of children. How does incarceration impact on offending behavior when an individual leaves the prison? Rigorous scientific evidence is lacking, but the available empirical evidence suggests that incarceration has a null or criminogenic effect on reoffending. How are children of those incarcerated affected by their parents’ prison sentence? Although several theoretical mechanisms have been voiced, such as social, economic and psychological strain, intergenerational transmission, and stigmatization, research into these mechanisms is scarce. The available research points to parental incarceration being a risk factor with effects partly caused by caretaker stress and weakened family bonds.

Die Überlieferung von Generation zu Generation bildet für das Bestehen von Gemeinschaften auf verschiedenen sozialen Ebenen die Grundlage, denn durch sie werden das historische Gedächtnis und die kulturelle Identität bewahrt. Durch Kenntnis der Lebensläufe aus unser eigenen Familie, unserer Heimatgeschichte und der nationalen Geschichte bestimmen wir unsere eigene Identität, oftmals im Gegensatz zu anderen aus unserem sozialen Umfeld. Nicht immer sind das fremde Gruppen und so kann deren Präsenz zum wichtigen Bestandteil der lokalen Gemeinschaft, ihrer Geschichte und Kultur werden. Andererseits nehmen unterschiedliche, im selben Raum wirkende Gemeinschaften diesen unterschiedlich wahr, behalten ihn in anderer Weise in Erinnerung und geben bestimmten Orten ihre eigene Bewertung. Basierend auf weiteren Lebenserfahrungen bilden wir unsere Identität aus und gestalten sie um. Heute bauen diese Erfahrungen oft auf interkulturellen und transnationalen Informationsströmen, ausgehend von Menschen und als Ideen, auf, die mit Prozessen der Globalisierung wie Migration und Multiethnizität verbunden sind. Zum Vermittler werden immer häufiger Medien und moderne Technologien. Die Bevölkerungsgemeinschaft im Oppelner Schlesien, die seit dem Kriegsende aus einheimischer Bevölkerung, aus Umgesiedelten aus den polnischen Ostgebieten (Kresy Wschodnie) sowie zugezogener Bevölkerung aus Zentralpolen und anderen Regionen gebildet wurde, besteht heute in zunehmendem Maße aus Folgegenerationen. Diese Generationen kennen die Kriegserlebnisse und die Zwangsumsiedlungen eher aus der historischen Literatur als aus den familiären Überlieferungen ihrer Eltern oder Großeltern. Auf der anderen Seite beobachten wir seit mehreren
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Jahrzehnten ein wachsendes Interesse der Gesellschaft an der nationalen und heimatlichen Geschichte. Spezifische modische historische Themenbereiche werden aufgegriffen und Verlage erweitern ihr Angebot um historische Sachbücher (mit den Schwerpunkten Zweiter Weltkrieg und belletristisch-historische Biographien).1 Historische Filme und Spiele oder auch kommerzielle Gadgets verkaufen sich in hohen Stückzahlen. Jugendliche betreiben Ahnenforschung im Internet, nicht selten mit der Hilfe von Fachfirmen, die unter anderem die grafische Gestaltung der Bildbände und Erinnerungstücke übernehmen oder die Familiengeschichten zusammenschreiben. Im nachstehenden Beitrag wird das Problem der Überlieferung von Generation zu Generation und des gemeinschaftlichen Gedächtnisses im Oppelner Schlesien im Hinblick darauf untersucht, was von den Erinnerungen der ältesten Generation weitergegeben wird und was in Vergessenheit gerät. Diese Fragestellung interessierte mich insbesondere im Hinblick darauf, welche sozialen und kulturellen Faktoren die generationsübergreifende Überlieferung in Familien sowie ihren Umfang, ihre Form und ihre Qualität beeinflussen. Ich habe mit Hilfe der Konsultierung soziologischer Fachliteratur sowie von Forschungsarbeiten der Abteilung für Anthropologie und Kultursoziologie des Instituts für Soziologie an der Universität Oppeln versucht die Antworten auf diese Fragen zu geben.2 Die Forschungsarbeiten wurden 2015 begonnen und erfassten bis dahin 67 Befragte, die drei Generationen von Einwohnern des Oppelner Schlesien repräsentieren.

Children whose parents exhibit criminal behavior (CB) appear to have an increased risk of displaying CB themselves. We conducted a systematic review and pooled results from 23 samples in 25 publications (including 3,423,483 children) in this meta-analysis of intergenerational transmission of CB. On average, children with criminal parents were at significantly higher risk for CB compared with children without criminal parents (pooled OR = 2.4). Studies taking into account covariates also showed increased risk for CB (pooled OR = 1.8). Transmission was strongest from mothers to daughters, followed by mothers to sons, fathers to daughters, and fathers to sons. Moreover, transmission appeared stronger for cohorts born after 1981. When we examined methodological quality and other characteristics of studies, response rates, sample size, or use of official records vs. self-or other-reports of parental CB did not moderate outcomes. However, we found stronger transmission for samples that used convenience or case-control sampling, and in studies in which parental CB clearly preceded offspring CB. We discuss mechanisms underlying intergenerational transmission, including social learning, criminogenic environments, biological proneness, and criminal justice bias. Finally, we consider limitations and directions for future research as well as policy implications for breaking the cycle of intergenerational crime.

The prospect of the loss of linguistic diversity on a large scale has prompted scholars such as Fishman and others to propose programs of intervention to ‚reverse language shift’ (RLS). RLS theories and efforts are byproducts of European indigenous minority problems, and the ideological bias of Fishman’s model of RLS privileges intergenerational transmission in the context of stable diglossia. This article examines the ideological underpinnings and utility of this framework as an appropriate model for stabilizing and revitalizing indigenous languages. I question the assumptions and theoretical perspectives underlying terms such as RLS and reconceptualize what it might mean for a language to be maintained and survive without intergenerational mother tongue transmission. As an increasing number of communities around the world face the impending loss of their languages, it is imperative to clarify these issues not just for theory’s sake, but in the interest of providing sound advice.

The current paper reviews research that has explored the intergenerational effects of the Indian Residential School (IRS) system in Canada, in which Aboriginal children were forced to live at schools where various forms of neglect and abuse were common. Intergenerational IRS trauma continues to undermine the well-being of today’s Aboriginal population, and having a familial history of IRS attendance has also been
linked with more frequent contemporary stressor experiences and relatively greater effects of stressors on well-being. It is also suggested that familial IRS attendance across several generations within a family appears to have cumulative effects. Together, these findings provide empirical support for the concept of historical trauma, which takes the
perspective that the consequences of numerous and sustained attacks against a group may accumulate over generations and interact with proximal stressors to undermine collective well-being. As much as historical trauma might be linked to pathology, it is not possible to go back in time to assess how previous traumas endured by Aboriginal
peoples might be related to subsequent responses to IRS trauma. Nonetheless, the currently available research demonstrating the intergenerational effects of IRSs provides support for the enduring negative consequences of these experiences and the role of historical trauma in contributing to present day disparities in well-being.

Despite considerable evidence of the importance of self-esteem and self-efficacy for agentic, goal-oriented behavior, little attention has been directed to these psychological dimensions in the status attainment literature. The present research uses data from the longitudinal, three-generation Youth Development Study (N = 422 three-generation triads) to examine the extent to which adolescent self-esteem and economic self-efficacy affect adult educational and income attainment, and whether these psychological resources are transmitted from one generation to the next, accumulating advantage across generations. We present evidence indicating that both self-esteem and economic self-efficacy are implicated in the attainment process. Adolescent economic self-efficacy had a direct positive effect on adult educational attainment and an indirect effect through educational plans. The influence of self-esteem on adult educational attainment was entirely indirect, through school achievement. We also find evidence that economic self-efficacy was transmitted from parents to children. We conclude that future research should more broadly consider psychological resources in attainment processes from a longitudinal multigenerational perspective.

The paper deals with how different generations talk about relationships in their family, and how they construct and interpret these relationships while being interviewed. The author presents her own perspective of the research of inter-generational family relationships at present, and points out the phenomenon of the ageing of society and related problems. The author analyses the respondents' statements, highlights the evaluation of family relationships from a time perspective, and concentrates on the image of the grandparent as a model for younger generation and on the image of a common predecessor. This image personifies the values handed down in family narrations as characteristic for the family. She observes that the older generation or common predecessors are depicted in the narrations of the family members mainly as model examples. It is also about the seeking of a “prototype” of how to grow older and how to behave in old age, while noting that it is not a manual for life, but rather an endeavour to fill the notion “dignified old age” with content. This notion is linked to the image of self-support and independence from the help of others, especially younger people. She also tackles the current issue of care and nursing with respect to different generations within a family. This is accompanied by help or collaboration between generations within a family and their different forms, as well as care of disabled grandparents or small grandchildren. The transfer of help and care is a bi -directional process working from older generations toward younger ones and vice versa. The family of today fights hard to adapt to the changing living conditions of all its members, and care of the oldest members therefore seems to reach beyond its exclusive competence. The organisation of care can be successful only partially or only in the case of broad or complex families, as we could observe in our territory in the past. Ľ. Voľanská notes that it is very difficult to grasp the conflict and problematic aspects of inter-generational relationships, the feelings of isolation, fear or misuse or even physical abuse by means of ethnological research methods due to the normative pressure of good relationships between generations. The question of how to adapt research to these problems still remains open. In order to overcome the methodological and theoretical problems, she proposes to apply, for example, the concept of ambivalence of inter-generational relationships by Leopold Rosenmayer. In terms of psychological structure, the conflict between generations is structured very differently from the one between other groups. Each of us faces similar conflicts during our own lives – experiencing it in an anticipated or retrospective manner. Younger generations in a family are therefore willing to reflect upon their own life in old age. In our interviews, this topic was mostly mentioned by women who are generally considered to be primarily care givers for their family members who are in need of it. At the end of her chapter, Ľ. Voľanská expresses her conviction that the biographical method used in her research has the potential to grasp the ambivalent relationship between generations in a family from a new perspective.

This article analyses differences in the intergenerational use of the Catalan language as reported by college students from Barcelona, Valencia and Palma. Their replies to a sociolinguistic questionnaire show large territorial differences which correlate to different demo-linguistic vitalities. There are some positive similarities, however, such as a certain attractive power of Catalan, even in places where it seems to be threatened by the Spanish language in the light of the drop in language transmission. The correlation between social characteristics (geolinguistic origin, educational level, socioeconomic status) and language transmission is an indicator of the value of language as social capital.

Continuity and intergenerational transmission of representations of attachment were examined in a longitudinal sample of 88 Mexican immigrant mothers and their children who participated in the local intervention group of the Early Head Start Evaluation Study. The authors interviewed mothers with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and Parent Attachment Interview (PAI). Mothers and children were observed when the children were 14 months old with the Attachment Q-Set (AQS), and children were interviewed at 54 months with the MacArthur Story Stem Battery. Early maternal AAI and PAI scores were associated with toddler-age children's AQS scores and preschool Story Stem scores. Mothers who were more secure in their attachment representations in the AAI had children who were also more secure, as measured by the AQS and in their Story Stem narratives. Mothers' high comfort and low enmeshment PAI scores predicted children's Story Stem security. Mothers' AAI security scores predicted children's Story Stem narrative coherence.

This article is a reaction to the clinical report of Alvarez of a treatment of an anxious, somatizing late adolescent. Approaching this clinical dyad from a relational perspective, transference elements, projected identifications to analyst and to reader are considered. ...