Pamięć Kulturowa

Publikacja, którą oddajemy do rąk Czytelników  jest próbą wypracowania podejścia, które, łącząc tradycję badań kulturowych z narzędziami, jakie oferuje współczesna muzykologia, pozwoli zbudować szersze ramy teoretyczne problematyki kanonu. Tytuł książki zapowiada już interdyscyplinarny wymiar podjętych rozważań i swobodne przenikanie się rozmaitych wątków obecnych w różnych dyskursach. Kanon, zawężony do obszaru muzycznego, został tu bowiem przedstawiony zarówno z perspektywy badań historycznych, pamięci kulturowej, jak i indywidualnych działań czy wypowiedzi kompozytorów oraz krytyków muzycznych. Na rzecz tak sformułowanej analizy przemawia sam charakter omawianych zagadnień, mających swoje źródła w rozlicznych dyscyplinach naukowych. Mówiąc o kanonie nie sposób bowiem pominąć zagadnienia pamięci kulturowej, pojęcia kluczowego zwłaszcza w niemieckiej tradycji badań kulturoznawczych. Te zaś kwestie w nieunikniony sposób łączą się z problemem komplementarności pamięci wobec historii, analizowanym zarówno przez badaczy kultury, jak i samych historyków. Zasadne wydaje się więc odwołanie do owej relacji, częstokroć przedstawianej także jako forma dyskursywnego konfliktu, jak i wskazania na czynniki, które w pewien sposób osłabiły naukowy autorytet badań historycznych. Tu szczególne znaczenie zyskują liczne prace wpisujące się w tak zwany nurt poststrukturalistyczny, który przez kilka dekad zdominował dyskurs naukowy, owocując szeregiem teorii krytycznych. Muzykolodzy nie pozostali obojętni wobec tych tendencji, choć spotkały się one z ich zainteresowaniem stosunkowo późno. W latach osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku istotną rolę odegrały przemiany paradygmatu badawczego prowadzące do zakwestionowana wielu podstawowych założeń historii muzyki, w szczególności powstanie tzw. nowej muzykologii, czerpiącej z badań teoretycznoliterackich, etnomuzykologicznych, czy badań nad muzyką popularną . Głębokie zmiany, jakie zaszły w muzyce II połowy XX wieku, kazały także postawić dodatkowe pytania dotyczące kryteriów wyboru dzieł kanonicznych oraz ich relacji wobec tradycji.

Obertyn, Обертин, אָבערטין — stories of small town life -

This publication is the result of an international academic project focusing on one of the small towns located in the former voivodeship of Stanisławów – Obertyn (today in Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast in Ukraine). The aim of the authors was to describe, on the basis of written and oral testimonies, the three communities living in Obertyn – Poles, Ukrainians and Jews – and to present their recollections on the topic of communal life in the eastern voivodeships of the Second Republic and also the circum- stances of their having to abandon their family homes for good and lose contact with each other during World War II and the post-war period. The agreed chronological scope of the project was defined as the period between 1918 and the end of the 1950s. Research on the community of a small town enables a better description – than is the case with larger and more thoroughly researched urban areas – of the relationships between those people formerly living there and the effects of „great history” on this modest-sized community. During the completion of the project, the international research team succeeded in creating its own Obertyn archive. This consisted, on the one hand, of oral accounts of stories recorded in Poland and Ukraine and, on the other, of documents, recollections and photographs discovered during archive and library searches. The collation of the recollections of all groups living in the town – in this case, in the form of a book – is an innovative attempt at the presentation of the size and complexity of the cultural memories embedded not only in stories but also in aspects of material cultural herit- age. In this respect, it is worth noting that the residents of Obertyn – apart from Poles, Ukrainians and Jews – also included Boykos, Lemkos and Ukrainians who had settled there after the war. The statements of the residents were subjected to an analysis which focused on the explanation of essential concepts and the presentation of the historical and socio-cultural context of the stories. The source materials were the basis for three academic articles: the proximity of Poles, Ukrainians and Jews in eastern Galicia throughout the ages (author: Prof. Włodziemierz Mędrzecki), methodological analysis of field research under taken among former and current residents of Obertyn (authors: Marcelina Jakimowicz and Jolanta Kluba) and space and material cultural heritage of the town (author: Marcin Musiał). Each of the periods within the framework of which are presented the frag- ments of narratives and recollections is also preceded by short historical outlines of the town written by Serhii Gladyshuk, Piotr Zubowski and Pavel Ablamski. Wishing to enable fruitful reading for both Ukrainian-speaking and Polish-speaking readers, the text of the whole book will be published in parallel in these two languages. Thanks to this, the book may serve to help not only Poles but also Ukrainians and Galician Jews to become acquainted with the history of their neighbours and their perspectives on what occurred between them during the period of wartime and postwar migration, including how the fates of residents of Obertyn played out in Ukraine, Poland, Israel and Austria. Individual fragments of recollections complement themselves and sometimes exclude – showing the character of biographical memories – their fluency and dependence on national history and memory. As a result, these fragments come together as a story of experience introducing the atmosphere of life in a small Galcian town. In particular, recollections about the period of the Second Republic present the reader with a multicultural world of Obertyn, a bustling town famous for its markets. However, while the Polish, Ukrainian and Jewish children liv- ing there attended the same schools, different cultural and political institutions developed, such as the Polish Rifleman’s Association, the Ukrainian Prosvita, or the Jewish Gordonia. Remarkably significant objects in this space were also the Roman Catholic church,the Greco-Catholic Orthodox church and the various Jewish houses of prayer. The war represented the beginning of chaos. In this publication, as through a lens, is presented a kaleidoscope of wartime experiences, including the Holocaust, resettlement, exile, ethnic cleansing, removal for forced labour, universal terror and disabling hunger. This was also a period of conflict between neighbours, but also of support and sacrifice for neighbours and loved ones, which – as individual stories demonstrate – sometimes even entailed loss of life. The first years after the end of World War II continued the destruction of communities accustomed to co-existing for centuries. This was effected, above all, by the process of forced resettlements. Especially in the context of this period „Obertyn” is seen not only as a location on a map and a geographical area, but above all as a community of residents who identified with their place of birth irrespective of what part of Europe or the world their lives’ destinies were connected with. This publication on Obertyn is a good point of departure for a discussion in Poland and Ukraine of difficult, controversial and traumatic issues which also still currently exert an influence on Polish-Ukrainian-Jewish relations. Such issues include: the Holocaust, attacks on Poles by Ukrainian nationalists, or the repressive measures implemented by the Soviet authorities of Ukraine against Ukrainian partisans. Thus, this book is not only a monograph of a specific small Galician town, but above all a collection of people’s stories and experiences which might serve as the basis for consideration of the fates of ordinary people in the course of these tempestuous decades of the twentieth century.

Inherited Memory – Vilnius Region in the family stories of young citizens of Lithuania and Poland

The article presents the importance and nature of family histories for the third generation whose ancestors were born and lived before the Second World War in Vilnius region. Based on family stories, the authors contemplate about the influence of family stories on life and identity of the grandchildren generation–young citizensof Lithuania and Poland. The text presents the peculiarity of the oldest family stories, memoirs of their ancestors and family secrets in families with Vilanian roots. The article presents how ancestors’ decisions, sometimes very random, influenced the postwar fate of the family.
Keywords: postmemory, heritage, the third generation, family memory, Vilnius Region.