Internet Economy

This paper investigates impact of e-economic activities on female employment rates in Turkey over 1994–2016. The analysis unveils three major findings. First, 80.74% of variations in female employment are accounted by e-commerce and control variables. Second, Autoregressive Distributed Lag analysis documents that these series (female employment, e-commerce and control variables) are cointegrated, thus, a unit increase in per credit card e-commerce transactions leads the female employment rate to grow by 0.13 units in long-run at 1% significance level, whereas a percentage increase in internet penetration rate in Turkey augments the rates by 0.33%. Third, error-correction model analysis refers that the system quickly corrects its previous period disequilibrium converging at a speed of 75.43%, and also documents that the lags of per credit card e-commerce jointly have short-run impact on female employment rates. Thus, the study concludes that developing e-commerce incentivizing policies might help to empower women in Turkey significantly.

Most social-science research on algorithms has focused on search engines (Varian 2006; Machill and Beiler 2007; Lewandowski 2012; König and Ramsch 2014) and recommendation systems (Resnick and Varian 1997; Senecal and Nantel 2004; Klahold 2009; Jannach et al. 2011; Ricci et al. 2011; Robillard et al. 2014). This paper extends the scope of analysis and provides a comprehensive overview of this phenomenon, with a special focus on how to think economically about algorithmic selection. It explores the characteristics and implications of a rapidly growing Internet phenomenon that automates nothing less than  the commercialization of reality mining and reality construction in information societies. The following questions are tackled: How can the plethora of algorithmic selection applications on the Internet be analytically grasped and categorized? How does algorithmic selection operate and where is it applied? What market structures and business models are evolving and how do they affect existing media markets? What are the major social and economic benefits and risks of algorithmic selection, and what governance choices are available to minimize risks and thus maximize economic and social welfare?

We consider the historical aspect of the formation of the modern information society as a result of the world information revolution. The main stages of the world information revolution are: the Neo-lithic revolution, iron revolution, the emergence of writing, the invention of printing; the appearance of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television; the emergence of electronic computers, the creation of the Internet. The idea of the information society was formulated in the late 60s-early 70s of the XX century. However, in the 70s of the 20th century there was a convergence of two simultaneously emerging ideologies-the information society and post-industrialism. To date, Information economy is a sector of the information industry of the economic system of the country. The new economic system is highly dynamic, leading to the growth of economic inequality countries, becomes a potential source of conflicts of a different nature. Information, as a reproducible resource, becomes an object of sale and purchase and a source of long-term economic growth. We consider the stages of the world information revolution. The Internet revolution is comparable in its value to the Neolithic and iron revolutions, with the industrial revolution that made the world economy leader England in the 19th century. We distinguish eight characteristics of the modern information society: unique knowledge, strengthening the role of entrepreneurship, digital technologies, creative highly qualified specialists, the growth of the global online population, the lack of ICT skills, the rapid development of the mobile world, the lack of a unified methodology for measuring ICT skills. The authors come to the conclusion about necessity of creation of uniform world information educational environment for people from all over the world due to the low global level of ICT-skills and the lack of a common methodology for the measurement ICT-skills. Генезис современного информационного общества и основные мировые характеристики Исаев А. П.*, Васильева Т. В. Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Рос-сийской Федерации (Северо-Западный институт управления РАНХиГС), Санкт-Петербург, Российская Федерация, *isaev-ap@ranepa.ru РЕФЕРАТ Авторы рассматривают исторические аспекты становления современного информацион-ного общества как результат мировой информационной революции. Основные этапы мировой информационной революции: неолитическая революция, железная революция, появление письменности, изобретение книгопечатания, появление телеграфа, телефона, радио и телевидения; появление электронных компьютеров, сеть Интернет. Идея информационного общества была сформулирована в конце 60-х-начале 70-х го-дов XX в. В 70-е годы XX в. произошло сближение двух одновременно возникающих идеологий: информационного общества и постиндустриализма. На сегодняшний день информационная экономика-это отрасль информационной индустрии экономической системы страны. Новая экономическая система отличается высокой динамичностью, что приводит к росту экономического неравенства стран, становится потенциальным источ