Land Management and Urban Planning

In Ethiopia, since 1993, urban land lease policy has been in place to facilitate land transfer for residential, commercial and industrial purposes. As a result, many cities, including Addis Ababa, have witnessed enormous boundary expansion mainly through farmland conversion. Over the past two decades, though Addis Ababa experienced rapid spatial boundary expansion, very little is known about urban land use efficiency (ULUE) of the city. This paper analysed ULUE using remote sensing data. Emphasis was given to the assessment of spatiotemporal land use changes since 2004. Satellite imagery analysis was done using ArcGIS software. Besides, quantitative and qualitative data from secondary sources were studied. Moreover, field observation was conducted. Research findings showed that in almost all expansion frontiers (Bole and Akaki-Kaliti sub-cities) there is a prevalence of urban land use inefficiencies, i.e. pervasive practices of land hoarding and land use fragmentation. Urban sprawl is rampant with a significant part of the land transferred being left vacant or underutilised for years. The problem of ULUE in the country could be mainly attributed to institutional weaknesses, i.e. urban land lease policy gaps, particularly, in areas of lease policy implementation. To improve land productivity, limit eviction and ensure sustainable urban growth, the city should emphasise on improving ULUE. This study highlighted that a mere policy formulation is not enough to ensure efficient urban land use. To achieve land lease policy goals, strengthening institutions, working towards improving institutional functionality, is what policymakers should focus on.

Abstract 
Land management is so matchless for land the precious natural resource which is vital for gainful agricultural production that calls for improved and efficient management practices. Thus, in order to utilize it in a sustainable manner, numerous management practices can be involved at a given farmland. The intention can be to control soil erosion, insects and weeds and to maintain its fertility which is vital to maximize productivity. There are various indigenous farmland management practices in Sayo Nole Woreda (District) which serve as a base to carry out improved land management systems. There are some also newly introduced management practices as well. Nevertheless, the Woreda is still characterized by poor farmland management practices. Accordingly, this research was aimed to assess the practical indigenous and modern farmland management practices and aspects, to examine positive and negative impacts of each of the land management practices in terms of agricultural productivity and environmental protection and to assess the major determining factors of adoption and implementation of improved land management practices. In the study area with special reference to two sample Kebeles (Samaro Qarsa and Abbichu). Through employing questionnaires, key informant interviews, field observation and key informant dicusion,  it was found that although different introduced farmland management methods are put in practice. Traditional management practices take the dominant share to their implementation, and some of environmentally adapted and less costly indigenous management methods. To some extent Organic fertilizers help to maintain soil fertility with less cost on farmlands and the surrounding environment. On the contrary, inorganic fertilizers help to achieve crop productivity within a short period of time but maintain usually for a single cropping season.
Age, sex, number of labor forces, size of land plots, technical assistance of extensions, training, access to information regarding land management, educational status, economic standard of farmer’s, topography of the land  and farmers’ participation on community forums and panel discussions with regard to farmland management are the main determinants of the adoption and implementation of improved land management practices. Government policies, sources of fuel energy, problem of properly integrating indigenous and modern management practices, absence of other alternative engagements, grazing and plowing systems and farmers’ willingness for carrying responsibility are the other related factors.

In July 2017 the City of Cape Town committed to releasing 11 pieces of well-located public land in the inner-city, Woodstock and Salt River for the development of social and transitional housing. However, four years after these commitments, not enough progress has been made in the context of the housing crisis Cape Town faces. Only one of the projects - the Pickwick Road transitional housing project, which offers temporary housing to just 19 families - has been completed. None of the other 10 projects have even broken ground. While a few of the projects have shown signs of progress (including the Pine Road, Dillon Lane and Pickwick Road projects), many have stalled or made no apparent headway. In some cases, it is unclear how long it will take for the projects to be completed or if they will be completed at all. Well-located affordable housing is one of our most powerful tools in the struggle to overcome the legacy of spatial apartheid and promote social, racial and economic inclusion. Given the urgent and escalating affordable housing crisis, many are frustrated  by the slow progress on these promises.

The Spatial Justice Delayed? report documents the progress that has been made on each of the 11 sites earmarked for the development of affordable housing and tries to understand the political and technical obstacles that have hindered or slowed the delivery of the social and transitional housing projects on these sites. The report reveals that key obstacles include a lack of clarity about the release of public land, financial viability, time-consuming development processes, inadequate government resources and capacity, conflicting incentives for government officials and an overall lack of drive and hunger for affordable housing from local government and politicians.

Sebagai salah satu instrumen dalam pengendalian pemanfaatan ruang, insentif dan disinsentif belum banyak diterapkan. Naskah ini bertujuan untuk mengelaborasi peluang dan tantangan penerapan kebijakan insentif dan disinsentif dalam penataan ruang. Kabupaten Sleman dijadikan lokasi penelitian dengan pertimbangan bahwa produk-produk penataan ruang di wilayah ini relatif lengkap. Content analysis digunakan untuk mengungkap peluang di dalam regulasi yang ada dan metode analisis keruangan digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan zona perkotaan dan perdesaan sebagai objek dalam penerapan insentif dan disinsentif. Metode development change digunakan untuk merumuskan formulasi tarif pada setiap zona berdasarkan tipe perubahan pemanfaatan ruangnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) pemerintah Kabupaten Sleman memiliki peluang regulasi dan kemampuan teknis untuk menerapkan kebijakan insentif dan disinsentif pemanfaatan ruang dalam bentuk peraturan bupati; (2) tantangan yang dihadapi adalah perlunya ketersediaan RDTR sebagai instrument utama sebagai rujukan; (3) teridentifikasinya beberapa bentuk insentif dan disinsentif dalam pemanfaatan ruang; dan (4) terformulasikannya rumusan dasar pengenaan insentif dan disinsentif. Pengenaan tarif kompensasi ini akan menjadikan suatu perubahan yang sering terjadi dapat dikontrol sehingga memerlukan landasan hukum yang memadai dalam bentuk suatu peraturan daerah.

This essay engages with the commodification of land in an urban periphery of India. It argues against the tendency to reduce commodification of land to “primitive accumulation” or “accumulation by dispossession.” It presents an ethnography of the process of the commodification of land under speculative conditions. The growing demand for land for urbanization and industrialization, along with the availability of speculative finance capital in the real estate market, has made land a scarce commodity. In this land market, local capitals piggyback on finance capital and bid up the prices exponentially in the micromarkets. Speculation makes it impossible for the state to match the market price, and its compensation for the land losers is always quite low, which the latter refuse to accept. The landowning farmers, on the other hand, have developed a capacity to adjust to the speculative conditions and to control the supply of land in the market. Even though they can receive a very good price for their land, they show no urgency to sell it. As a consequence, the state’s plan to urbanize a given area, to create a stable arrangement of clear property titles, and to control land prices become uncertain.

Expansion of industrial areas, aquaculture, settlements, and limited knowledge of the community about the function of mangroves allegedly led to the conversion of mangrove functions in the early 1990s. This study aimed to map the condition of mangroves from 1988, 1990, 1995, 2008, to 2021 and their effect on the widespread of tidal flooding in three villages (Mangkang Kulon, Mangunharjo, Mangkang Wetan) in Tugu subdistrict, Semarang City. The research method was carried out by using spatiotemporal analysis of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 imagery through the supervised approach (Maximum Likelihood algorithm). In order to map the correlation of mangrove damage with the widespread impact of tidal flooding, an overlay analysis of land use maps was carried out in 1988, 1990, 1995, 2008 and 2021. The results of the study showed that mangrove damage is correlated with the widespread of tidal flooding that drowns settlements, ponds, and agricultural land. Data analysis showed that the mangrove area in three villages has decreased from 1988 to 2021, covering an area of 242.66 ha. This condition is one of the triggers for the increase in tidal flooding area from 1988 to 2021, covering an area of 253.135 ha. As a natural barrier to prevent abrasion and tidal flooding, mangrove conservation is very necessary, considering the impact of tidal flooding on the coast of Semarang City is increasingly widespread.

Ethiopia has experienced rapid urbanization over the past three decades. Several cities expanded rapidly and many satellite towns sprung up around the major cities. The high rate of urbanization and urban growth resulted in high demand for urban land, mainly for industrial, commercial, and residential purposes. In order to meet the demand, an enormous amount of land has been made available for urban use, mainly through land conversion. However, we know very little about how efficiently cities use urban land. This paper investigated the urban land use efficiency (ULUE) of sixteen cities in Ethiopia. Remote sensing data (Landsat 7/8) was analysed with ArcGIS to assess spatiotemporal land use changes between 2007 and 2019. Built-up environment footprints were computed from Google Earth imagery. The ratio of land consumption to population growth rate, and the rate of urban infill were assessed. The findings revealed a prevalence of urban land use inefficiencies in all cities. In most cities, the rate of land consumption far exceeds the population growth rate. Densification (urban infill) is low and slow. A considerable part of the converted agricultural land sits idle within the built-up area for many years. Low ULUE is what fuels urban sprawl, fragmentation and informal settlements. This study emphasised the need to implement urban policies and practices aimed at improving ULUE. Improving ULUE is imperative to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals; ensuring sustainable urban land use; addressing land prices and housing shortages; protecting farmland and ecosystems; tackling land hoarding, urban sprawl and informal settlements.

In response to the global shift in technology, a heavy burden of responsibility is placed on the sciences to act in the best approach. This study reviews from a different perspective about the collaboration of two fields of science: engineering and human geography. In the management of construction on a large scale, it becomes essential for engineers in development planning and the construction process that consider social and environmental impacts. Thus, the involvement of other fields of knowledge that understand the interaction between humans and the environment becomes a crucial point in efforts to preserve the environment and natural resources. Human geography, which studies human interaction with the environment, will play an essential role in bridging for civil engineers to understand better the social and environmental impacts that arise in a construction project.

The concept of geographic information technology is a scientific knowledge that is practically used in spatial location of elements, their sizes and relativity to others which first appeared toward ending of the last millennium. This article assesses the roles of geographic information technology toward the enhancement of urban planning and management by objectively determining four important milestones-mainframe/ server GIS, mobile GIS, desktop GIS, and internet/web GIS. These milestones have technologically formulated to address urban challenges in the areas of transportation and communication, governance, waste management, housing and land use. Others include facility provision and management, social vices, land pollution as well as environmental impact assessment. The paper recommends basic areas in which geographic information system can be applied to enhance technological turning point especially in cities of developing countries. It calls for attention in training and practice to enhance effective urban governance for economic transformation in Nigeria.

En los últimos años, la comunidad internacional ha realizado grandes progresos para integrar la migración por motivos ambientales en marcos estratégicos globales, como los procesos relacionados con la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático, el Pacto Mundial para una Migración Segura, Ordenada y Regular y el Marco de Sendai para la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres. Estos avances reflejan una mejor comprensión de la migración relacionada con el medio ambiente y el cambio climático y de las necesidades de las poblaciones afectadas.

En paralelo, los países de las Américas también han avanzado en la incorporación de referencias a este tipo de movilidad humana en marcos estratégicos y políticas nacionales. Sin embargo, sigue siendo necesario promover una mayor coherencia de las políticas públicas y el desarrollo de intervenciones concretas que den respuesta a los desafíos existentes.

A través de la revisión de fuentes documentales, esta publicación analiza el estado de integración de las referencias a la movilidad en los marcos climáticos e identifica una serie de oportunidades para realizar avances concretos en este ámbito.

Publicado por:
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones
Oficina Regional para Centroamérica, Norteamérica y el Caribe

La autora prepararó este informe como consultora de la OIM. Las opiniones expresadas en las publicaciones de
la OIM son responsabilidad de los autores y no reflejan necesariamente las de la OIM.
La OIM está consagrada al principio de que la migración en condiciones humanas y de forma ordenada beneficia a los migrantes y a la sociedad. En su calidad de organización intergubernamental, las actividades que lleva a cabo la OIM con sus interlocutores de la comunidad internacional tienen por objeto: ayudar a resolver los retos que plantea la migración, promover la comprensión de las cuestiones del ámbito de la migración, fomentar el desarrollo social y económico a través de la migración, y velar por la dignidad humana y el bienestar de los migrantes.
Las conclusiones, interpretaciones y resultados que aquí se exponen no reflejan necesariamente las opiniones o políticas oficiales de la OIM o de sus Estados Miembros. Las designaciones utilizadas y la  presentación del material en todo el trabajo no suponen la expresión de ningún tipo de opinión por parte de la OIM sobre el estatuto jurídico de ningún país, territorio, ciudad o región, ni sobre sus autoridades, ni tampoco sobre sus fronteras o límites.
El Centro Regional de Colaboración ubicado en la Ciudad de Panamá (RCC Panamá por sus siglas en Inglés) es operado por la secretaría de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) en colaboración con CAF-Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina. Este centro refuerza la promoción del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio y el apoyo a los países de América Latina para la implementación del Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático.
Las contribuciones del RCC Panamá pueden contener consejos, opiniones y declaraciones de varios proveedores de información. Las Naciones Unidas y la CMNUCC no representan ni avalan la exactitud o confiabilidad de ningún consejo, opinión, declaración u otra información proporcionada por ningún proveedor de información u otra persona o entidad. La confianza en cualquier consejo, opinión, declaración u otra información también será responsabilidad del lector. Esta publicación puede contener enlaces y referencias a sitios web de terceros.
Los sitios vinculados no están bajo el control de las Naciones Unidas o la CMNUCC, y las Naciones Unidas y la CMNUCC no son responsables del contenido de ningún sitio vinculado ni de ningún enlace contenido en un sitio vinculado. Los enlaces se proporcionan solo para su conveniencia, y la inclusión de un enlace o referencia no implica la aprobación del sitio vinculado por parte de las Naciones Unidas o la CMNUCC. Nada en este documento constituirá o será una limitación o renuncia a los privilegios e inmunidades de las Naciones Unidas o la CMNUCC, que están específicamente reservados.

Community service aims to provide assistance to the community in compiling a home stay information sys- tem in the Nglanggeran tourist complex. The research meth- od is carried out through participatory mapping in which there are stages of socialization, assistance to community empowerment. The stages of preparing the information sys- tem are carried out through data collection, data processing and data presentation in the form of a spatial/WebGIS- based information system. The results showed that the par- ticipatory mapping method was able to increase the com- munity's capacity to understand the preparation and presen- tation of spatial data. The results of the study are also able to present a more informative home stay information system so as to facilitate tourism management. This study is expected to be able to realize a tourism information system that is ap- plicable and beneficial for the sustainability of tourism de- velopment.

Expansion of industrial areas, aquaculture, settlements, and limited knowledge of the community about the function of mangroves allegedly led to the conversion of mangrove functions in the early 1990s. This study aimed to map the condition of mangroves from 1988, 1990, 1995, 2008, to 2021 and their effect on the widespread of tidal flooding in three villages (Mangkang Kulon, Mangunharjo, Mangkang Wetan) in Tugu subdistrict, Semarang City. The research method was carried out by using spatiotemporal analysis of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 imagery through the supervised approach (Maximum Likelihood algorithm). In order to map the correlation of mangrove damage with the widespread impact of tidal flooding, an overlay analysis of land use maps was carried out in 1988, 1990, 1995, 2008 and 2021. The results of the study showed that mangrove damage is correlated with the widespread of tidal flooding that drowns settlements, ponds, and agricultural land. Data analysis showed that the mangrove a...

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change (Burgess, 2004). It can occur either organically or planned as a result of individual, collective and state action making city living highly beneficial. Therefore, it needs to be prepared to absorb huge increases in urban population and resulting pressure on basic infrastructure and livelihood opportunities. In order to secure a better future and to improve the quality of life of all the citizens, city needs to be reinvented, by incorporating creativity and innovation with the approaches, we use in its planning. This paper presents an overview of the progress, challenges and some key interventions to reinvent the city in South Asian region with the examples of good planning practices adopted in Shanghai and Hong Kong. These cities have been known for its efficient spatial planning p...

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change (Burgess, 2004). It can occur either organically or planned as a result of individual, collective and state action making city living highly beneficial. Therefore it needs to be prepared to absorb huge increases in urban population and resulting pressure on basic infrastructure and livelihood opportunities. In order to secure a better future and to improve the quality of life of all the citizens, city needs to be reinvented, by incorporating creativity and innovation with the approaches, we use in its planning. This paper presents an overview of the progress, challenges and some key interventions to reinvent the city in South Asian region with the examples of good planning practices adopted in Shanghai and Hong Kong. These cities have been known for its efficient spatial planning processes, especially w.r.t land development and execution of plans. By formulating and implementing successful public policies, these cities have shown that better planning of cities can help countries to pave way towards higher economic prosperity, and achieve improved quality of life. Therefore, the selected cities, are taken as the cases, representing a strong form of urban governance and spatial planning being, implemented with relatively high levels of compliance with development control and planning regulations. And for Indian cities not being far away in terms of being developed as global importance, adoption of these good spatial planning practices becomes an inevitable process. There is a need to re-look at the spatial planning regime of Indian cities, and modify it appropriately to not only improve the overall economic growth but to also enhance livability.