Leisure Constraints

School excursion tourism is a relatively under-researched and poorly understood segment of the tourism industry despite its strong economic potential. This paper draws on the leisure constraints theory to examine barriers to overnight school excursions in Australia. A self-completed online survey by 1,314 school excursion decision-makers measured the importance of these constraints to overnight school excursions, together with information on the schools’ characteristics. The results reveal a four factor structure instead of a three factor structure, with structural constraints divided into destination and school-based structural factors. Intrapersonal and interpersonal constraints were also found to be important in undertaking overnight school excursions. Our analysis also revealed that constraints differ based on school characteristics, re-confirming that the school market is not a homogenous one. The paper concludes with recommendations for destination and attraction managers interested in increasing school excursion visitations.

The purpose of this study was to examine university students’ perceptions of leisure
constraints and to compare these with regard to some demographic variables. The sample
of this study was 650 (413 female and 237 male) university students from different
universities in 2011-2012 Spring Semester. In this study, Leisure Constraints
Questionnaire-18 (Gürbüz et al., 2012) was used as a data collection tool. In Order to
demonstrate whether there were significant differences between the scores of some
independent variable acquired from the scale, t and One-Way Anova tests were processed.
The findings of the study showed that there were significant differences between university
students’ perceptions of leisure constraints and some demographic variables which were
gender, university, economic level and the state of being interested in any sport branches in
the past. // Bu araştırmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin boş zamanlarında rekreatif
etkinliklere katılamamalarının önündeki algılanan engelleri belirlemek; bu engellerin bazı
bağımsız değişkenlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmaya
2011-2012 Eğitim-Öğretim Yılı bahar yarıyılında farklı üniversitelerde öğrenim gören
413’ü kadın ve 237’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 650 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır.
Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Boş Zaman Engelleri Ölçeği-18 (Gürbüz ve
diğerleri, 2012) kullanılmıştır. Akademisyenlerin boş zaman engel algılarının bağımsız
değişkenlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğini belirlemek için bağımsız gruplar için t
ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (Anova) testleri yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları üniversite
öğrencilerinin boş zaman engel algıları ile cinsiyet, öğrenim gördükleri üniversite, gelir
durumu ve geçmişte herhangi bir spor dalı ile ilgilenme durumu değişkenleri arasında
anlamlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir.

ÖZET Bu çalışmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerini fiziksel aktivitelere katılıma güdüleyen ve engelleyen faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Betimsel araştırma modelindeki çalışmanın örneklem grubunu 255 erkek (Ortyaş = 21.97± 2.06) ve 307 kadın (Ortyaş = 20.80± 1.70) üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmuştur. Fiziksel aktivitelere katılımının önündeki algılanan engelleri belirlemek amacıyla Türkçeye uyarlaması Gürbüz, Öncü ve Emir (2012) tarafından yapılan " Boş Zaman Engelleri Ölçeği-18 (BZEÖ) " kullanılmıştır. Bireyleri fiziksel aktiviteye katılıma motive eden faktörleri belirlemek için ise Türkçe uyarlaması Aşçı ve diğ., (2012) tarafından yapılan " Fiziksel Aktivite ve Serbest Zaman Etkinliklerine Katılım Güdüsü Ölçeği " (FASZEKÖ) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde, tek faktörlü MANOVA, ANOVA ve değişkenlerarası ilişkilerin belirlenmesinde Pearson Correlation testleri kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerin alt boyutlarının güvenirliklerini belirlemek için Cronbach Alpha iç tutarlık katsayıları hesaplanmıştır.MANOVA sonuçları, cinsiyet değişkeninin FASZEKÖ ve BZEÖ'nin alt boyutları üzerindeki temel etkisinin anlamlı olduğunu göstermektedir [p<0.05]. ANOVA sonuçlarına göre, cinsiyet değişkeni ana etkisi açısından FASZEKÖ'nin " Eğlence " ve BZEÖ'nin " Zaman " [p<0.05], alt boyut puanlarının anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, katılım sıklığı değişkeninin çalışmada yer alan her iki ölçeğin alt boyutları üzerindeki temel etkisinin anlamlı olmadığını göstermektedir [p>0.05]. Yapılan ANOVA analizi sonuçlarına göre ise, FASZEKÖ'nin yalnızca " Ustalık " ve BZEÖ'nin " Zaman " alt boyutunda grupların ortalama puanları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Katılımcıların etkinliklere katılım sıklıkları arttıkça ortalama puanları da artmaktadır. Benzer şekilde, katılım şekli değişkenin her iki ölçeğin alt boyutları üzerindeki etkisinin anlamlı olmadığı (p>0.05) belirlenmiştir. Buna karşın, yapılan ANOVA analizine göre, FASZEKÖ'nin " Eğlence " ve BZEÖ'nin " Zaman " alt boyutlarında anlamlı farklılık olduğu görülmektedir (p<0.05). Her iki alt boyutta da etkinliklere aktif olarak katılan bireylerin ortalama puanları diğerlerinden daha yüksektir. Bununla birlikte, FASZEKÖ'nin alt boyutları ile BZEÖ'nin alt boyutları arasında pozitif yönde ve anlamlı ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur (p<0.05).Sonuç olarak, bireylerin fiziksel aktivitelere katılımlarını engelleyen en önemli faktörün " Tesis " , katılıma motive eden temel motivasyonun ise " Fiziksel Durum " olduğu söylenebilir.

This study aimed to investigate the underlying dimensions of travel constraints tourist satisfaction and destinations website image on behavioral and attitudinal intentions of travelers. This study contributes to the body of knowledge that how tourist organization can retain their customers by studying antecedents of travel constraints, satisfaction and web image. In addition to that, this study extends the previous research by examining the role of travel constraint, satisfaction and web image within emerging economies like Pakistan. Deductive approach and positivism paradigm is used for research design. Data is collected through questionnaires from those customers who have travelled recently on selected destinations. For sampling, simple random sampling technique is used. A pilot study is conducted with 100 respondents. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized relationship. This study is unique in its nature as it examines the dimensions of travel constraints and destination image in South Asian context.

This essay, or rather collection of essays, draws together three distinct streams of thought, time and space into a single river of understanding concerning labor, leisure, human-nature relations, city and town planning and human evolution at both the individual and collective levels. From Daoist tales of effortless leisure under 'useless trees' to Pieper's eulogy of leisure in the Modernist world(view) of total work and onto the planning theory and practice of Sir. Patrick Geddes, this ambling and nomadic stream seeks to problematize hegemonic contemporary conceptions of evolution, order, labor, leisure, nature and human-nature relations and to plant the seeds of a new principle, a new mythos, to which human evolution and being can be oriented in ashes of the charred edifice of Modernity. Can we transcend the materially rationalist, labor centric conceptions of humanity that reign in contemporary hegemonic culture for a more holistic perspective in which the infinite and finite aspects of human being can co-exist without either one interfering with the other? Can human-nature relations, especially as cultivated through city and town planning, transcend the present order of hierarchical domination, objectification and callous consumption of nature for an order of relations in which nature acts upon us as a teacher and we consume nature in harmony with its own natural order rather than through creation of an artificial order?

The aim of this study was to reveal the factors that constraints and facilitators health and fitness club members in Ankara to attend the leisure activities. The population for the research consists of large-scale health and fitness club members in Ankara. Research samples include 389 participants of 190 (Mage= 31.26; SD= 8.86) women and 199 (Mage= 31.31, SD= 9.06) men selected with convenience sampling method from four large-scale health and fitness club members in Ankara. Leisure Constraint Questionnaire was used in the study to determine the participants’ constraints and Leisure Facilitators Scale to determine the facilitators they face while attending leisure activities. It was determined that though the health and fitness club users have constraints on leisure activity attendance, they use the facilitators to a considerable extent. While the most significant facilitators that enable the participants to attend the leisure activities were the intrapersonal facilitators, the least significant ones were interpersonal facilitators. When the constraints were analysed, the participants were seen to face these, the most on facility level and the least on lack of interest level. It was concluded that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the participants’ leisure constraints and facilitators, and also between the sub dimensions of the scales. This matter shows that the participants face constraints during leisure attendance but still attend or continue using the facilitators.

Educational tourism, and school excursion tourism in particular, is a relatively under researchedand poorly understood segment of the tourism industry. This growing potential market for thetravel and tourism industry amongst schools, universities and other educational institutions isone that needs to be better understood. This paper examines constraints to overnight schoolexcursions in Australia. A self-completed online survey measured the importance of constraintsto overnight school excursions, together with information on various school characteristics.Participants were registered schools (primary and secondary) Australia wide from a database of 7,196 with deliverable email addresses. Responses numbered 1,314, a response rate of 16%.Analysis revealed the nature of overnight school excursion constraints, and compared overnightschool excursion constraints within school characteristics, re-confirming that the school marketis not a homogenous one, and that target marketing is vital to convert latent demand into actualdemand. The study produced recommendations for destination managers who are interested inattracting or increasing school excursion visitation to their region.

The concept of recreation with its dynamic structure and the elements of recreational needs were heavily influenced by communication technology especially after the 2000s (Torkildsen, 2005; Torkildsen, 2012; Spracklen, 2015; Sintas, de Francisco, & Álvarez, 2015; Choi & Dattilo, 2017; Valtchanov & Parry, 2017). The game, one of the oldest known leisure activities (Spracklen, 2011), has been moved from offline to online and further into computers and mobile devices in the 21st century (Chen & Leung, 2016). The preference of mobile games, which have become one of the most popular entertainment tools due to the growing popularity of mobile devices and applications, has made the concept of leisure more digital than ever (Spracklen, 2015; Redhead, 2016; Pink, Hjorth, Horst, & Nettheim, 2017). There are great similarities and common points between the motivations of individuals to participate in leisure activities and the motivation to play mobile games. From this point forth; mobile games, which can be regarded as a recreational activity, can also be considered as leisure constraints from the point of leisure evaluation view (Crawford, Jackson, & Godbey, 1991; Tsai & Coleman, 1999). The aim of this study is to show the possibility of evaluating mobile games, having a very important place in the digital world and game market, as a leisure constraint in the with the help of literature review.

Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district. Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the relation between leisure boredom and leisure constraints in individuals, who are participants/non-participants of recreational activities and living in Ankara, and the relation between leisure boredom and leisure constraints in terms of demographic variables. 238 people who living in Turkey, Ankara city (Altındağ, Çankaya, Etimegut and Mamak)-participant/non-participant of recreational activities-152 women and 86 male participated in this study. As a data collection tool, " Leisure Boredom Scale " and " Leisure Constraints Questionnaire-18 " , were used. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical methods, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation test. In addition, research results showed that participants " scores obtained from " Leisure Boredom Scale " and " Leisure Constraints Questionnaire-18 " , there was a statistically significant difference in gender, marital status and age variables, and there was a significant relationship between these variables (p<0.05). As a result, it was determined that there was a statistically significant and positive relationship between leisure boredom and leisure constraints (p<0.05).

Studying the factors that contribute to the development of skiing loyalty holds particular interest for ski resort managers and marketers, since it has been reported that recreational skiers’ dropout rates are considerably high. This study examines how intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural constraints, influence the development of skiers’ stage-based attitudinal loyalty (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance stages), as conceptualised by the psychological continuum model, and further tests if constraints can be used for classifying skiers into the three stages of the model (Attraction, Attachment and Allegiance). Two hundred and thirty (N = 230) recreational skiers from one ski resort in North Greece participated in the study. The results indicated that the intensity of perceived constraints decreased from the lowest (attraction) to the highest (Allegiance) stage of the model. However, the hierarchical influence of constraints was not entirely confirmed, since all three types of constraints contributed to the stage classification of recreational skiers. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are discussed.

Access control policies are used to restrict access to sensitive records for authorized users only. One approach for specifying policies is using role based access control (RBAC) where authorization is given to roles instead of users. Users are assigned to roles such that each user can access all the records that are allowed to his/her role. RBAC has a great interest because of its flexibility. One issue in RBAC is dealing with constraints. Usually, policies should satisfy pre-defined constraints as for example separation of duty (SOD) which states that users are not allowed to play two conflicting roles. Verifying the satisfiability of constraints based on policies is time consuming and may lead to errors. Therefore, an automated verification is essential. In this paper, we propose a theory for specifying policies and constraints in first order logic. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive list of constraints. We identity constraints based on the relation between users and roles, between roles and permission on records, between users and permission on records, and between users, roles, and permission on records. Then, we use a general purpose theorem prover tool called Prover9 for proving the satisfaction of constraints.

Leisure constraint research has been prominent within the leisure field since the mid 1960s. Constraints to participation are generally categorised as intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural. Previous research has addressed snowsports (e.g., skiing and snow boarding) in limited ways. This study is concerned with Physical Education students as tourists and the implications of their experiences of taking students on ski courses (often overseas) in their subsequent careers as PE teachers. The current study involved interviewing (n=36) students training to teach Physical Education within a UK higher education institution. Participants were grouped by sex and whether or not they had previously participated in snowsports. Interviews were analysed for both deductive themes (from the above mentioned three categories) and inductive themes. Findings suggest that issues concerning “time”, “hassle”, and “anticipation of expense” were of little relevance while interpersonal issues were the main consideration. Implications for snowsport development and encouragement are discussed and suggestions for further research made.

This study deals with the role of social sanctions in exploring the leisure-tourism engagement in Nepal. It then examines how people respond to societal norms and partake in leisure tourism vacations. The study applies the qualitative method and data is collected through in-depth interviews of purposely selected samples of 18 individuals in Kathmandu. The findings identify that the Nepali conception of leisure is subject to a degree of negative social sanctions, which people negotiate through their religious values and obligations. The paper establishes the centrality of social sanctions on leisure in understanding the incentives for tourism in a non-western society.

Giriş ve Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, farklı sosyo-ekonomik düzeyleri temsil eden kadınların fiziksel aktivite deneyimlerini, katılım engelleri ve çözüm önerileri çerçevesinde incelemektir. Yöntem: Nitel araştırma yönteminin kullanıldığı bu araştırmada, örneklem grubu, ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ve kolay ulaşılabilir durum örneklenme metodu kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Çalışma, Ankara ilinde yaşayan, farklı sosyo-ekonomik düzeyleri temsil eden semtlerde yaşayan, yaşları 20 ile 55 arasında değişen, evli ve fiziksel aktiviteye katılmayan toplam 12 kadından oluşmuştur. Araştırma sürecinde literatür ve iki uzman görüşü doğrultusunda 6 soruluk yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu hazırlanmıştır. Katılımcılar ile yüz yüze görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiş ve toplanan veriler içerik analiz yöntemi ile çözümlenmiştir. Araştırmanın geçerliğini ve güvenirliğini arttırmak için, görüşme formu uzman görüşüne başvurularak sağlanmış, görüşmeden elde edilen veriler yorum yapılmadan aktarılmış ve araştırma sürecinde yapılanlar ayrıntılı bir şekilde ilgili bölümlerde açıklanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre; katılımcıların serbest zamanlarını genellikle aile ve çocukları ile birlikte televizyon izleyerek vakit geçirdikleri görülmektedir. Katılımcıların fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarını engelleyen en önemli unsurların başında bireylerarası engellerin (eş ve çocuk sorumlulukları) geldiği saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, fiziksel aktiviteye katılımda bireysel engellerin (motivasyon eksikliği ve sağlık sorunları) ve yapısal engellerin (tesise ulaşım, zaman ve maddi durum) olduğu da tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcılar, fiziksel aktiviteye katılımlarının ailevi sorumluluklarının azaltılması ile kolaylaşacağını belirtmişlerdir. Sonuç: Fiziksel aktiviteye katılımı engelleyen en önemli unsurun çocuk sorumluluğu olduğu görülmekle birlikte, tesislerde çocuk bakımevlerine yer verilmesinin bu engele çözüm olacağı katılımcılar tarafından belirtilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, medeni duruma ait uzantıların ve kadınlığa ilişkin kültürel bakış açısının fiziksel aktiviteye katılımı engelleyen en önemli faktörler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler : fiziksel aktivite-katılım engelleri-kadın