Local Autonomy

An inventory of training programs and modules for local special bodies in the PH in the last 10 years, conducted under the auspices of the Local Government Academy, Department of the Interior and Local Government. The inventory report provided one of the bases for the drafting of a ladderized training program. The researcher was commissioned by PHILDHRRA, one of the DILG's partners in its project Vigilance to Volunteerism (V2V PIPELOG).

This study aims to analyze and describe the role of Malang Regency Government in improving the local economic development through the tourism sector, in this case Balekambang Beach particularly. To analyze this problem, the researchers used the perspective of the New Public Management. This research uses qualitative type of research, descriptive analysis approach, and the interactive data analysis methods of Miles and Huberman. The research results showed that in improving the local economic development through the tourism sector, Malang Regency Government has to play its role as an entrepreneur, coordinator, facilitator, and stimulator with as much as possible to be able to boost regional economic development. Despite in the fact cannot be denied that there are still obstacles or barriers that must be faced in playing the role of the government.

The realities as experienced by the communities in the ground after the series of mining-related disasters, harnessed and refined by the realization of the imperatives of faith and finding remedies in local legislation and assertion of local autonomy by local government officials led to the conviction of coming up with a collective decision to declare the whole island of Marinduque as a mining no-go-zone through the mining moratorium policy. However, despite the declaration and existence of the policy on moratorium, various notices of mining applications which include Buenavista and various areas in Marinduque are still being sent to Punong Barangays. This brings to the test the relevance of the mining moratorium and on how they are being respected or implemented by the agencies of the government that are supposed to be the herald of environmental integrity and protection, and implementor of mining and environmental-related policies, i.e., the local environment office and the provincial mining regulatory board. The project hoped to look at the implementation of the mining moratorium policy through a participatory approach using the lenses of social accountability with the aid of Community Scorecard as a tool of assessment with representatives of the communities, the local government officials of Buenavista and the provincial mining regulatory board as the stakeholders.

In our country, which is governed by representative democracy; Although the main purpose of supporting participatory democracy, transparency, accountability, citizenship that is sensitive and responsible for the life and the environment in which it is living, the locality that is guided by national policies as well as facilitating the realization of its unique potentials, correct policies have not been produced in this way. For this reason, the Local Governments have tried to intervene in the spatial policies towards creating sustainable, livable and populist living environments.
Board policies with a process in national and regional management; A planning approach in this comprehensive planning will not take the cities towards its room; rural settlements, rural-urban integrity will also be aimed at internal and rural development, and will also include tools and those around them. The management and planning approach is approaching, a process that is closed to open groups, starting from the national scale, will be realized in the level and integrity of regions, regions, provinces, districts and rural areas.

This research focuses on public poor relief practices concerning foreign migrants residing in Brussels in the third quarter of the nineteenth century. The starting point is the specific section of law that forms the legal framework for this relief. The exact interpretation of this article, by both the legislator as well as the local relief institutions, will be the main focus of our inquiry. I will argue that the interactions between the central government and the local relief institutions within this domain are tainted by underlying motives that steer de respective actions of both parties. These motives are aimed at preserving the own interests and at passing the responsibility for the reimbursement of relief costs for foreign migrants to the other level of government.

Título completo: Sobre la aplicabilidad del grupo B del artículo 76 del Texto Refundido del Estatuto Básico del Empleado Público como grupo de clasificación profesional del personal funcionario de carrera en las Administraciones Públicas con especial referencia a las Administraciones Locales / About the applicability of B group of article 76 of the Consolidated Text of the Basic Statute of Public Employees as a professional classification group of career staff personnel in Public Administrations, with special reference in Local Administrations.

La creación del grupo B en 2007 por el EBEP como grupo de clasificación de los cuerpos /escalas y categorías de funcionarios para los que se exige como requisito de acceso la posesión de la titulación de "Técnico superior en formación profesional" no ha venido acompañada precisamente por una regulación legislativa o normativa de desarrollo del mismo, pese a las evidentes presiones de algunas categorías profesionales, a la espera de un ámbito propio de promoción profesional y de las propias centrales sindicales. Los Ayuntamientos son los que más directamente ha sufrido esta inacción del legislador pero poseen herramientas para afrontar el reto.

The creation of the group «B» in 2007 by the EBEP as a classification group for the corps/scales and categories of staff –for which a requirement of access to the certification of «Higher technician in professional training» is required– actually has not been accompanied by a legislative regulation of its development in spite of the evidences of some professional categories, attending an own scope of professional promotion and of the own union companies. The City Councils are the ones which have suffered the most from this inaction of the legislator. Anyway, they have the tools to face the challenge.

6360 sayılı Kanun ile birlikte Türkiye’de büyükşehir belediyelerinin sınırları il mülki sınırı olarak belirlenmiş ve bu sınırlar içinde yer alan köylerin tüzel kişiliği kaldırılarak mahalleye dönüştürülmüştür. Kırsal alanları yakından ilgilendiren bu düzenleme neticesinde yerel düzeyde merkeziyetçilik artmış ve köy halkının demokratik temsil gücü azalmış, belediyelerin sorumluluk alanları genişlemiş ve hizmet maliyetleri artmış, kentte yaşamanın gerektirdiği mali yükümlülükler köyler için de geçerli olmuş ve tarımsal üretim olumsuz yönde etkilenmiştir. 6360 sayılı Kanun’un kırsal alanlarda meydana getirdiği sorunlar, büyükşehirlerde mahallelerin kırsal ve kentsel olarak yapılandırılmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Bu noktada 7254 sayılı Kanun ile birlikte büyükşehir sınırları içinde mahalleye dönüştürülen köylere kırsal mahalle veya kırsal yerleşik alan statüsü verilmesinin önü açılmıştır. Böylece kırsal niteliğini devam ettiren yerlere mali açıdan bazı ayrıcalıkların tanınması ve mevcut sorunların çözüme kavuşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Ancak kırsal mahalle düzenlemesinin de çeşitli aksak yönleri bulunmakta ve 6360 sayılı Kanun’un yol açmış olduğu pek çok soruna çözüm getirmemektedir.

Resulta imprescindible reubicar a las Administraciones públicas en el escenario de cambios y decrecimiento económico que caracterizan a la sociedad actual y redefinir la acción pública local mediante el fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional y de la capacidad de autogobierno de la autonomía local. Estas capacidades son necesarias para adaptar dicha acción a los nuevos modelos de gestión pública urbana promovidos por la Unión Europea en torno al cada vez más consolidado modelo de desarrollo sostenible e integrado. Este trabajo pone en valor el componente político de la autonomía local para reivindicar un nuevo modelo de acción local, adaptada a las dimensiones sustantiva y metodológica de la sostenibilidad. / It is essential to relocate public administrations in the scene of change, and economic decline that characterize contemporary society and redefine the local public action through the strengthening of institutional and self-government capacity. This capacity is necessary to adapt this action to the new urban public management models promoted by the European Union around the increasingly consolidated model of integrated and sustainable development. This paper highlights the political component of local autonomy to claim a new model of local action, adapted to the substantive and methodological dimensions of sustainability.

Cette contribution propose une analyse des liens entre autonomie locale et droit européen des contrats publics  dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union. Elle met en évidence une double tendance : d’une part, la Cour s’efforce d’alléger la contrainte pesant sur les collectivités dans le cadre de l’exercice individuel de leurs compétences (I), d’autre part, la Cour manifeste également un souci d’alléger la contrainte résultant du droit européen des contrats publics en ce qui concerne l’exercice conjoint des compétences locales, c’est-à-dire la coopération entre collectivités territoriales (II).

Kentsel alanların yönetimi hususunda yerel düzeydeki en yaygın örgütlenme biçimi belediyelerdir. Belediyeler, günlük yaşamın işleyişini doğrudan etkileyen pek çok görev ve sorumluluğu üstlenmiş olan idari ve mali özerk birimlerdir. Ülkemizde, nüfusun yaklaşık olarak % 94’ü belediye sınırları içerisinde ikamet etmektedir. Belediyelerin üstlenmiş oldukları görev ve sorumlulukları eksiksiz bir şekilde yerine getirebilmeleri için yeterli mali kaynaklara sahip olmaları şarttır. Bu açıdan belediyelerin etkin ve kaliteli hizmet üretebilmesi, bu idarelerin mali özerkliğe sahip olması ile yakından ilgilidir. Mali özerklik, belediyelerin kendi öz gelir kaynaklarına sahip olmasını ve bu kaynakları başka bir yönetim biriminin müdahalesi olmaksızın kurumun amaçları doğrultusunda kullanabilmesini ifade etmektedir. Belediyelerde mali özerklik düzeyinin tespitine yönelik pek çok yöntem bulunmaktadır. Bu yöntemler içerisinde en yaygın olanı, yerel öz gelir oranının tespit edilmesidir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, 2014-2017 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde Tekirdağ Büyükşehir Belediyesinin mali özerklik düzeyini tespit etmektir. Yapılan değerlendirmelerde yerel öz gelir oranının ortalama olarak % 16,35 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Söz konusu oran Türkiye ortalamasının da oldukça altındadır. Bu çerçevede Tekirdağ Büyükşehir Belediyesinin mali açıdan özerk olmadığı ve büyük ölçüde merkezi yönetimden gelen yardımlara bağımlı olduğu söylenebilmektedir.

Resulta imprescindible reubicar a las Administraciones públicas en el escenario de cambios y decrecimiento económico que caracterizan a la sociedad actual y redefinir la acción pública local mediante el fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional y de la capacidad de autogobierno de la autonomía local. Estas capacidades son necesarias para adaptar dicha acción a los nuevos modelos de gestión pública urbana promovidos por la Unión Europea en torno al cada vez más consolidado modelo de desarrollo sostenible e integrado. Este trabajo pone en valor el componente político de la autonomía local para reivindicar un nuevo modelo de acción local, adaptada a las dimensiones sustantiva y metodológica de la sostenibilidad. / It is essential to relocate public administrations in the scene of change, and economic decline that characterize contemporary society and redefine the local public action through the strengthening of institutional and self-government capacity. This capacity is necessary ...

Recensión del libro de Manuel ZAFRA VICTOR, La autonomía local en una Constitución reformada. Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. Madrid, 2020. La autonomía local se ha visto convertida en una materia sometida a reparto competencial entre Estado y Comunidades Autónomas, apartándose por este motivo de su concepción original. En la medida en que las Comunidades Autónomas la han intentado interiorizar, ha sido el legislador estatal quien ha salido en su defensa. La salida a esta situación se basa en la propuesta de una regulación de detalle en una posible reforma constitucional, que delimite un núcleo de funciones claras sobre materias concretas que permitan un desarrollo real de la autonomía política de los gobiernos locales. / Review of tho book from Manuel ZAFRA VICTOR, La autonomía local en una Constitución reformada. Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. Madrid, 2020. Local  autonomy  has  been  turned  into  a  matter  subject  to  distribution  of  powers  between  the  State  and  the Autonomous Communities, departing for this reason from its original conception. To the extent that the Autonomous Communities have tried to internalize it, it has been the state legislator who has come out in their defense. The solution to this situation is based on the proposal of detailed regulation in a possible constitutional reform, which delimits a nucleus of clear functions on specific matters that allow a real development of the political autonomy of local governments.

La implantación territorial de determinadas instalaciones que, potencialmente, pueden generar mucha riqueza a los municipios donde se ubiquen, provoca frecuentemente controversias entre los diferentes niveles de Administraciones territoriales a la hora de determinar a cuál corresponde su autorización, y en función de qué criterios y título jurídico. Este trabajo analiza algunos ejemplos y propone la consideración de determinados elementos como medio de resolución de las discusiones competenciales.

The territorial implementation of certain facilities that can potentially generate a lot of wealth to the municipalities where they are located often causes disputes between the different levels of local authorities when determining to which corresponds the authorization, and depending on what criteria and legal title. This paper discusses some examples and proposes the consideration of certain elements as a means of resolving the jurisdictional arguments.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores determinantes de la autonomía local en gestión del trabajo de subsidiarias de empresas multinacionales en Argentina. A partir de la literatura especializada, se plantean hipótesis tomando las siguientes variables explicativas: país de origen, forma de ingreso al mercado local, integración con la casa matriz y otras filiales, existencia de divisiones intermedias de toma de decisiones, grado de transnacionalización y nivel de afiliación sindical. El análisis se basa en una encuesta aplicada entre los años 2016 y 2017 a filiales, y parte por identificar mediante un análisis de aglomeración dos grupos de empresas según su autonomía. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis de regresión logística y adicionalmente se presenta un análisis de efectos marginales que permiten una mejor interpretación de la incidencia de cada variable explicativa sobre la dependiente. Los resultados econométricos indican que las empresas de origen estadounide...

Resulta imprescindible reubicar a las Administraciones públicas en el escenario de cambios y decrecimiento económico que caracterizan a la sociedad actual y redefinir la acción pública local mediante el fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional y de la capacidad de autogobierno de la autonomía local. Estas capacidades son necesarias para adaptar dicha acción a los nuevos modelos de gestión pública urbana promovidos por la Unión Europea en torno al cada vez más consolidado modelo de desarrollo sostenible e integrado. Este trabajo pone en valor el componente político de la autonomía local para reivindicar un nuevo modelo de acción local, adaptada a las dimensiones sustantiva y metodológica de la sostenibilidad.

Este artículo se inscribe en el proyecto de investigación "Gestión del trabajo, relaciones laborales y sindicatos en empresas multinacionales. Un estudio comparado entre cuatro actividades de la economía argentina" (PICT 2017-0184) en curso, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Nación.

El Tribunal Constitucional ha confirmado en la STC 137/2018 la facultad que tiene el pleno del ayuntamiento de determinar el órgano encargado de asumir las funciones de junta general. Esto le ha llevado a declarar la inconstitucionalidad del artículo 14.1u) de la Ley de Capitalidad de Zaragoza que otorgaba a la junta de gobierno el papel de junta societaria en las empresas municipales. A pesar de la aparente contradicción entre la legislación básica y de desarrollo, el TC quizás se exceda en su argumentación y extiende el contenido de lo básico sin ofrecernos un razonamiento convincente. Criterios competenciales aparte, la STC 137/2018 abre un debate sobre el gobierno de las sociedades mercantiles locales y su criticada politización. Las directrices de la OCDE sobre el Gobierno de las Empresas Públicas alertan de este fenómeno y recomiendan una gestión independiente. Para ello es necesario la entrada de profesionales en los consejos de administración y la sustitución del pleno por la junta, a fin de evitar debates partidistas, en la junta de socios de las sociedades mercantiles locales. / The Constitutional Court has confirmed in its Judgment nº 137/2018 the power of the city council to determine the administrative body responsible for assuming the functions of the general meeting. This made the Constitutional Court to declare the unconstitutionality of article 14.1u) of the Zaragoza Capitality Law that empowered the governing board with the role of general meeting in local companies. Despite the apparent contradiction between basic and development legislation, the Constitutional Court commits few inaccuracies in its argument and extends the content of the basics without offering convincing reasoning. Apart from competence criteria, Judgment nº 137/2018 opens a debate on the government of public local companies and their criticised politicization. The OECD guidelines on the Government of Public Companies warn against this phenomenon and recommend an independent management. This requires the entrance of professionals in the boards of directors and the replacement of the plenary session by the government board, in order to avoid partisan debates, in the board of partners of the local public companies.

España y Perú, desde finales del 70, vienen implementado procesos de descentralización hacia los gobiernos sub-nacionales, a fin de hacer más eficientes las tareas del Estado. El nivel municipal no resulta ser más avanzado que el gobierno regional, pero goza de autonomía local y una esfera de competencias. En los últimos años, la regulación en materia local ha sido cuestionada por falta de claridad de las competencias locales, ya que se han registrado casos de duplicidad de funciones con otros niveles de gobierno. A través de este estudio se analizan, a nivel comparativo, el modelo de descentralización y la duplicidad de competencias locales que ha dado lugar a las reformas emprendidas por ambos países.

Spain and Peru, from the late 70's, are implemented decentralization to sub-national governments in order to streamline the work of the State. The municipal level is not being more advanced than the regional government, but have local autonomy and sphere of competence. In recent years, regulating local matters has been challenged by lack of clarity in local competitions, as there have been cases of duplication of functions with other levels of government. Through this study are discussed, a comparative level, the model of decentralization and local duplication of powers has led to reforms undertaken by both countries.

El presente trabajo trata de identificar algunas de las líneas esenciales de la reforma local operada por la ley 27/2013 y analizar cómo, en concreto, es previsible que afecten a nuestro régimen local tradicional y a los fundamentos de su marco jurídico constitucional. En concreto, el estudio se centra en indagar en la efectiva posibilidad de que la noción de autonomía local permita predicar cierta capacidad de resistencia jurídica frente a las pretensiones de reforma del legislador, en primer lugar. También analiza la reforma local a partir de la identificación de una línea, rastreable ya desde hace unos años, tendente a limitar las posibilidades de desarrollo autonómico, esto es, de recentralización jurídica de la regulación sobre el régimen local. Por último, se estudian las consecuencias en materia de prestación de servicios públicos locales derivadas del cambio legal, explicándose las razones por las que se entiende que la nueva ley local, en el fondo, lo que pretende introducir son elementos favorecedores de una creciente privatización de los mismos.

This paper tries to identify some of the main guidelines underlying the Local Law reform made in Spain by law 27/2013 and to analyze how, in particular, this legislative change is expected to affect both the way our local governments had been acting since 1985 as well as the basic foundations of our constitutional framework in relation with local government. Specifically, the paper focuses on investigating whether the notion of local autonomy allows us to preach at least some legal resistance to the changes the 2013 reform is intending to make. It also analyzes the reform as a product of the trend, traceable in recent years, aimed to limit the possibilities of regional legislatures regulating local government, i.e. as a product and evidence of a legal recentralization process. Finally, the paper studies how local public services will be provided as a result of these legal changes, explaining how the new local law, in fact, is intended to introduce measures favoring increased privatization in the provision of local services.

Masalah prospek pelaksanaan  Hak Asasi Manusia menurut UU No 21 tahun 2001 inilah yang menjadi permasalahan yang menarik untuk dibahas, karena dalam pasal 45 ayat (1) disebutkan Pemerintah, Pemerintah Provinsi dan penduduk Provinsi Papua wajib menegakkan, memajukan, melindungi dan menghormati Hak Asasi Manusia di Provinsi Papua, walaupun tanpa penegasan dari UU No 21 tahun 2001 tentang Otonomi Khusus  bagi Provinsi Papua, Negara (pemerintah dan rakyat) wajib menegakkan melindungi dan menghormati Hak Azasi Manusia di Provinsi  Papua, karena hal tersebut telah diatur dalam UUD 1945. pasal 45  ayat (1) diatas merupakan bentuk penegasan, sehingga kita harus mencermati ayat (2) yang menyatakan “Untuk melaksanakan hal sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1), Pemerintah membentuk perwakilan Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia, Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia, dan Komisi Kebenaran dan Rekonsiliasi  di Provinsi Papua sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan”.

Argentina and Brazil are two traditional federations in Latin America. Both countries have a formal institutional setting established by a written constitution that provides the main features of a classical
federal framework. The main feature is the constitutional guarantee of subnational autonomy. In this context, federalism, decentralisation and autonomy are three interrelated terms. How do we know whether those subnational units are (or not) indeed autonomous? Autonomy is a construct that can be measured through indicators that relate to different aspects of decentralization. As a process, rather than a static structure, decentralization can transform the federal setting and widen or restrict subnational autonomy.
The question that arises, then, is how decentralized are these two traditional federations from Latin America? This paper seeks to measure and compare different (formal and informal) aspects of decentralization and fiscal federalism in Argentina and Brazil in order to determine the degree of fiscal decentralization to better understand subnational autonomy and its role within the federation. In doing so, this paper will use a number of variables to help measure the degree of decentralization.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores determinantes de la autonomía local en gestión del trabajo de subsidiarias de empresas multinacionales en Argentina. A partir de la literatura especializada, se plantean hipótesis tomando las siguientes variables explicativas: país de origen, forma de ingreso al mercado local, integración con la casa matriz y otras filiales, existencia de divisiones intermedias de toma de decisiones, grado de transnacionalización y nivel de afiliación sindical. El análisis se basa en una encuesta aplicada entre los años 2016 y 2017 a filiales, y parte por identificar mediante un análisis de aglomeración dos grupos de empresas según su autonomía. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis de regresión logística y adicionalmente se presenta un análisis de efectos marginales que permiten una mejor interpretación de la incidencia de cada variable explicativa sobre la dependiente. Los resultados econométricos indican que las empresas de origen estadounide...

This paper aims to briefly comment the main constitutional rulings regarding local autonomy during the period between October 2019 and September 2020. As will be seen below, selected case law concerns several branches of law, and rulings have been given in the context of proceedings of a different nature –constitutional challenge, constitutional preliminary ruling, and constitutional complaint–. It should also be underlined that local autonomy has been rarely used as a parameter on constitutional proceedings regarding the validity of legal norms.

The  EuropenCharter  of  Local  Self  Government  was  introduced  and  initiated  in  Turkey  in  1992  however  there were  reservations  placed  on  certain  articles  of  the  agreement.  This  Charter  can  be  said  to  be  considered  as  an essential reference paper for the agenda of Turkish Public Administration for the discussions of “reformation in local governments”, “empowering local governments” and “creating autonomous local governments”. The Charter  has  continously  been  present  in  the  agenda  of  Turkish  Politics  before  almost  every  elections,  during preparation  of  a  new  constitution,  the  peace  period  and  democratisation  issues.  These  discussions  are  in relevance to removing or maintaning the reservations placed on the articles of the Charter.The  Council  of  Europe  has  initiated  the  Charter  and  has  started  working  in  1997  towards  creating  similiar documents  at  regions.  The  Council  initially  accepted  the  European  Draft  Charter  of  Regional  Self  Government and  in  accordance  accepted  the  Reference  Framework  Document  for  Regional  Democracy  in2009.  The  Draft Charter states that the recognition of the autonomy of regional governments  will not be allowed to impact the policy  of  loyalty  to  the  state  in  any  way  and that  the  regions  will  not  be  able  to  negatively  impact  the  national unity.The  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  research  and  present  the  discussions  of  the  autonomy  of  local  governments  in Turkey  in  regards  to  the  mentioned  papers.  The  study  will  be  limited  to  the  impact  caused  or  the  impact  that may be caused by the above mentioned documentsand agreements in regards to autonomous local government discussions in Turkey. The above mentioned articles will not be examined in detail.

El presente trabajo trata de esclarecer el sistema de atribución de las competencias municipales. Para ello parte del concepto de autonomía local haciendo hincapié en su aspecto competencial, delimitando las funciones que al respecto corresponden al legislador básico y al legislador sectorial. Estudia particularmente el artículo 25.2 de la LBRL delimitando su función en el ordenamiento jurídico. Bajo el epígrafe "la crisis del sistema" analiza diversos pronunciamientos judiciales y novedades legislativas (SSTC 31/2012, 240/2006 y LRSAL) que parecen alterar el sistema de atribución de competencias. Asimismo estudia las Disposiciones Transitorias 1ª, 2ª y 3ª de la LRSAL y defiende la posibilidad de que el legislador básico pueda delimitar negativamente el ámbito competencial de la autonomía local, impidiendo al legislador sectorial atribuir competencias a los municipios en determinadas materias. Termina proponiendo un sistema que garantice la adecuación de las obras y servicios municipales a las necesidades sociales.

The aim of this document is to clarify the system to assign the town hall governments' competences. To achieve it, the argument line foundations are underpinned in the local autonomy concept, stressing on its competence aspect. Furthermore, the roles' allocation among overall and specific issues lawmakers is defined in this section. Later, this paper came focused on the article 25.2 of the LBRL, outlining its role concerning the legal system. In the chapter titled "the system's crisis" this essay studies several judgement assessments along with the legal system novelties (SSTC 31/0212, 240/2006 and LRSAL) which seem to change the competences allocation system. Likewise, this paper embraces the examination of the transitional legal regulations and concurs the thesis regarding with the capability of the overall lawmaker to restrict the local government competence scope, rejecting to the specific issues lawmaker capability for empowering to the town hall government to rule regarding certain matters. To come to an end, this paper suggests a method to guarantee that works and local facilities match with the social necessities.

Reseña del libro de José Luis REVERTER VALLS, Los conflictos en defensa de la autonomía local, obra que realiza un repaso por la institución creada por la Ley Orgánica 7/1999, de la que se cumplen ahora 30 años. Se realiza un estudio de los caracteres de esta institución, sus orígenes y algunos puntos de mejora, además de por su desigual uso en estas tres décadas.

From the dimension of a state of autonomies, Spain has now become a formal unitary political structure, functioning on basis of the principles of fiscal federalism. The asymmetrical character of regionalism, especially the special statute of the autonomous historical communities, makes the Spanish state have an administrative architecture similar to the ones of the federal states, which does not exclude contestations and especially the fiscal federalism claims which become more and more visible, leading towards secession.

O processo de implantação do liberalismo em Portugal representa, de certa forma, uma tentativa de consolidação de realidades múltiplas, regionais e locais, em algo de mais homogéneo. De uma realidade poliédrica, marcada por autonomias locais em maior ou menor grau e por particularismos regionais, o Estado liberal vai tentando caminhar no sentido de uma organização política e administrativa que pretende racional e monolítica, derivada de um centro político que define linhas, direitos e deveres comuns. Municípios e regiões integrar-se-iam num todo nacional abstrato, como peças de um puzzle, e os indivíduos, antes organizados de múltiplas formas (em ordens, corporações, redes familiares), transformar-se-iam em cidadãos, em teoria iguais perante a lei. Mas esta ideia de homogeneização é, em larga medida, aparente: as resistências locais ao centro, patentes no exemplo português em vários momentos da primeira metade do século XIX, e as várias propostas de modelos políticos assentes nos exemplos virtuosos das autonomias locais do mundo antigo e da medievalidade, que nunca saem verdadeiramente do campo do debate político, mostram justamente que a tentativa de uniformização racional levada a cabo pelo modelo liberal não é encarada de forma tão linear quanto à primeira vista poderia aparentar. Como se relacionam as novas realidades espaciais e administrativas com a vivência da res publica pelos cidadãos? Qual a relevância da dimensão local e regional neste processo? E como se cruzam estas reflexões com a questão da cidadania em si e de como foi pensada no contexto concreto da primeira metade do século XIX português?

El estudio compara los sistemas de gobierno local en Canadá y en España. El análisis se centra en cinco ámbitos significativos: estructura de la planta local; autonomía; democracia; forma de gobierno; y financiación. Aunque inicialmente se podría pensar que los regímenes locales en ambos países son muy distantes, visto con más profundidad hay tanto diferencias claras (en la planta local, las formas democráticas y la forma de gobierno) como también similitudes importantes: en el nivel de autonomía local real y en el sistema financiero. / The study compares local government systems in Canada and in Spain. The analysis focuses on five significant areas: tiers of local government; autonomy; democracy; governing bodies; and financing. Although initially one might think that local schemes in both countries are very distant, seen in more depth there are both clear differences (in the tiers of local government, the democratic arrangement and the governing bodies) as well as important similarities: in the levels of real autonomy of municipalities and as to the financial system.

Reseña del libro de José Luis REVERTER VALLS, Los conflictos en defensa de la autonomía local, obra que realiza un repaso por la institución creada por la Ley Orgánica 7/1999, de la que se cumplen ahora 30 años. Se realiza un estudio de los caracteres de esta institución, sus orígenes y algunos puntos de mejora, además de por su desigual uso en estas tres décadas. / Review of the book from José Luis REVERTER VALLS, Los conflictos en defensa de la autonomía local, which makes a critical apprailsal to this institution, created by the Organic Law 7/1999, thirty years ago. It makes an analysis of the features of this institution, its origins, some areas of improvement and the uneven use of it in these three decades.

In South Korea, policy tools and priorities are set at the national level and are controlled through both budget allocations and audits conducted on an annual basis. I look at the degree to which local officials adapt their budget allocations to address local rather than national concerns in securing better air quality, using three different theoretical models: principal-agent, representative bureaucracy, and democratic responsiveness. I raise questions about the degree of control a unitary state can exercise over local problems and how this is reflected in local policy choices, especially in areas where the national government's zone of indifference is large, such as environmental policy. Panel data across 5 years (2007 to 2012) and from 9 geographically and socioeconomically diverse areas within South Korea indicates that local officials respond to local environmental conditions by allocating more resources when needed. I discuss the implications for autonomy in a local policy space.