Local Governments

Local governments nationwide have been adopting a variety of sustainability practices in the absence of strong federal guidance. The collection of these practices, which differ in design, forms the local government's sustainability strategy. Some local governments may develop a more focused sustainability strategy to achieve more predictable environmental benefits around a narrower array of environmental issues. By contrast, other local governments are developing a more comprehensive sustainability strategy that is more broadly focused to address complex, interconnected environmental issues. However, the external conditions that give rise to these different strategies is not well understood. Drawing on data for more than 950 U.S. municipal governments, this study provides important evidence that local governments' comprehensive sustainability strategies are influenced more by their community constituents and external environmental settings, with greater pressures in particular from constituents in new economy industries and environmental NGOs. These strategies are also more strongly related to higher disaster risk in the external environmental setting than more focused sustainability strategies. These findings broaden our understanding about why local governments' sustainability strategies differ in their design, which may provide a starting point for understanding how different sustainability strategies relate to actual environmental performance outcomes.

This paper presents the results of an empirical study aimed at evaluating the cost efficiency of 108 Italian major municipalities, and investigating to what extent the municipality efficiency is also associated to the effectiveness of public expenditure, and consequently to quality of services offered to citizens. The study implements Data Envelopment Analysis to calculate the efficiency score and understand if it is influenced by scale economies and determine the type of these economies. For this purpose, every municipality was modeled as a production function using 6 cost item inputs and 2 outputs. Finally, the study implemented a truncated regression equation using the bootstrapped efficiency estimate as the dependent variable, and a selection of indicators measuring the quality of public services offered in the context as the independent variables.

Results reveal that there exist important scale inefficiencies in a number of municipalities, but unexpectedly a great amount of inefficiencies are caused by decreasing returns to scale. Additionally, the study suggests that a trade-off between expenditure efficiency and effectiveness, i.e. the quality of public service, seems to exist.

تعتبر كندا واحدة من الدول الفريدة فى نظامها السياسى و الإدارى مقارنة ببقية دول العالم و سنتناول فى هذه الورقة البحثية كيف أن طريقة إستقلالها أثر على مستقبل الدولة فى العصر المعاصر و سنحاول فى هذه الدراسة إلى توضيح دور السلطة التشريعية و التنفيذية و القضائية و نظام الحكم المحلى فى كندا و الدستور الكندى كإشكالية منذ العديد من العقود و قضية إستقلال إقليم الكيبك كقضية إستراتيجية .
وتواجه الباحث مشكلة قلة الأبحاث التى إتخذت من كندا كدراسة حالة بالنسبة للحكم المحلى مما دعا الباحث للإجتهاد فى وضع و تحديد ما هية النظام الكندى و الحكم المحلى و يهدف الباحث إلى الوصف أكثر من التحليل و وضع إشكالية بحثية .

The paper provides a general discussion on strategic planning regarding the conceptual issues, the contextual background and practical application in Local Governments.  It generally reviews literature for this purpose and in addition to the above, discusses the benefits of a good strategic plan and the characteristics it should satisfy to make it functional and practical. The paper recognises the need for Local Government administrators and other stakeholders to start thinking strategically as a panacea to some of the problems that have bedevilled this important tier of government.  This paper believes that beyond the corporate bodies and other higher tiers of government, the Local governments considering their importance and being closer to the grassroots, should engage in proper planning with strategic focus.

İBB İstanbul Planlama Ajansı İPA'nın düzenlediği 'Güvencesizlik, Yeni Eşitsizlikler ve Çözüm Yolları' Konferansı çerçevesinde, işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği alanındaki uzmanlar, sendikacılar, örgütlenen işçiler, İBB İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Şube Müdürlüğü katılımı ile yapılan 3 Haziran 2021 tarihli tam günlük çalıştayda yapılan çerçeve sunum:

Bu sunuma İstanbul İşçi Sağlığı ve İş Güvenliği Meclisi'nin 2011'den beri tuttuğu iş cinayetleri raporlarından derlenen, BELEDİYE İŞ KOLUNDAKİ işçilere dair iş cinayeti verileri,

Ceza Mahkemeleri'nde görülmüş ölümlü iş cinayeti davalarından belediyelerin sorumluluklarını ortaya koyan savunma ve kararlar (Davutpaşa Davası başta olmak üzere),

asbest ve kentsel dönüşüm ile depremlere bağlı yıkımlara dair görgül veriler/uzman raporları

ve Büyük Sanayi Felaketler Yönetmeliği'nin yerel yönetimlerle ilgili düzenlemelerinden çıkarsanan müdahele alanları eşlik etmiştir.

İBB başta olmak üzere, tüm yerel yönetimlerin işçi sağlığı ve iş güvenliği alanında etkin ve yaşam kurtaran politikalar tasarlaması ve uygulamaya geçirmesi için gerekli atılımın, araştırma ayağına katkı sağlaması için hazırlanmış ve sunulmuştur.

This research, conducted by the author when a Senior Researcher at Newcastle University, UK, was funded by a UK governance organisation to help them assess, integrate and improve their understanding of the governed population.

ABSTRACT: Governance organisations have been urged to develop more holistic evidence-based approaches with partners to better deal with issues affecting the governed population. This presupposes an understanding of the population, yet there has been little research work addressing how governance organisations come to understand their governed population, nor how this understanding can be improved upon within such organisations.

This case study examined in-depth how understanding of a governed population was developed within one UK local governance organisation and it explored how such understanding might be developed and improved through more holistic and evidence-based organisational learning within the organisation and its governance partnerships.

The research methodology involved placement within the governance organisation, participant observations on several projects and innovative initiatives, observations within, across, and outside the organisation, and also interviews with varied key stakeholders.

The study examined:

- stakeholder engagement and networks
- current and varied understandings of the population
- mechanisms actually used for developing understandings
- the influence of context on organisational learning

and analysed these to arrive at a recommendations to improve organisational understanding of the governed population.

In the case studied, significant strengths were found: including innovative past learning trials for development, extensive ongoing networking activities, and many varied and accumulating quantitative datasets available across partnerships.

However, entrenched organisational approaches and practices constrained the development of holistic evidence-based understanding, for instance: the absence of systematic maintained collective learning processes; weak recording and forgetting of understandings; methodological exclusion of stakeholders from the development of understanding; the relative neglect of qualitative data, explanations, investigations, interpretations, and reflexivity; and also implicit organisational acceptance of such limitations and low aspirations.

Nonetheless, untapped opportunities existed to enable change including: latent practitioner knowledge and innovative management champions, the desire for improvement and raised aspirations within learning networks, and the development potential of alterative learning approaches.

It was concluded that more holistic evidence-based understanding was possible, but required new learning approaches beyond those then in use in both local government or academia.   

Recommendations are made to utilise and develop improved organisational learning approaches trialed and reported in the case study.

It is argued that the case study findings, conclusions, and recommendations may be applicable to other similar local governance organisations and partnerships that seek to better understand local populations, services and interventions.

The work was also submitted for, and awarded, an MPhil (at Newcastle University, supervised by Prof. Patsy Healy)

This study addressed the problem of determining the services provided by the RHUs in the municipalities of Aliaga, Licab, and Quezon and the factors that influence the delivery of these services. With the use of the descriptive method and employing a set of questionnaire, it was revealed that the three municipalities provide primary health care services but lack facilities for Level 1 hospital. Further, the factors of inadequate facilities, personnel complement, and unsound fiscal management affect the delivery of health care services to the residents in the municipalities concerned. From these findings, it was recommended that there should be a policy of the lead agency, the Department of Health, to prescribe penalties for the local governments to at least compel them to achieve the least requirement for healthcare provision. The healthcare services should be insulated from political control for it can be used as a tool for political gains. Finally, this study should serve as a ref...

A. Ege Yıldırım ve B. Nilgün Öz tarafından kaleme alınan Türkçe-İngilizce Kültürel Miras Sözlüğü, Türkiye'de kültürel miras alanında boşluğu hissedilen, kapsamlı ve pratik bir rehber işlevi görmesi amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Bu Sözlük, hem İngilizce okuyan-yazan Türk araştırmacılar, uzmanlar, yerel yönetim temsilcileri ve kamu görevlileri, hem de Türkiye üzerine çalışan uluslararası araştırmacılar ve uzmanlar için kültürel miras koruma ve yönetimi terminolojisi için öz ve yetkin bir kaynak olmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kitabın dijital kopyasına buradan erişebilirsiniz: http://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/7301366a03164a7ba537ee43b185694c/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-%C4%B0ngilizce%20K%C3%BClt%C3%BCrel%20Miras%20S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.pdf

Urbanization phenomenon has been widely discussed recently with the regard to the rapid growth of world population. The relative importance of fiscal variables among the others, affected by urbanization has come into prominence as a consequence of expanding government sizes in world economies. In this context, we aim to examine the impact of urbanization on the government expenditure indicating the government size by the means of static and dynamic panel data analysis over the 1990-2012 period for 44 developing countries. Keywords: urbanization, government expenditure, panel data analysis An Empirical Overview on the Urbanization and Government Expenditure Policies in Developing Countries Kentleşme olgusu dünya nüfusundaki hızlı artışa bağlı olarak son yıllarda sıklıkla tartışılan bir konudur. Kentleşmenin etkilediği çok sayıda değişken içerisinde mali değişkenlerin göreli önemi dünya ekonomilerinde kamu hacmindeki artışa bağlı olarak ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çerçevede çalışmamızın amacı, kentleşmenin kamu büyüklüğünün bir göstergesi olarak kamu harcamaları üzerindeki etkisinin statik ve dinamik panel veri analizi yöntemleriyle 44 gelişmekte olan ülke açısından 1990-2012 dönem aralığı için ampirik olarak incelenmesidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: kentleşme, kamu harcamaları, panel veri analizi

ÖZET Dünyada ve Türkiye'de büyük kentlerin nasıl bir modelle yönetileceğine ilişkin çalışmalar öteden beri süregelmektedir. Bu konuda birbirinden farklı yaklaşımlar geliştirilmiş, uygulamalar denenmiştir. Bu Çalışmada 6360 sayılı kanunun yerel yönetimlerde ne gibi değişikliklere neden olduğu, bu değişikliklerin Türkiye için yararlı mı yoksa zararlı mı? Olduğu Büyükşehir Belediye Kanunu'nun hukuksal açıdan ve uygulama açısından karşılaştığı bazı sorunların neler olduğu tespit edilmekte ve bu sorunlara nasıl çözümler getirilebileceği konusunda öneriler sunulmaktadır. Bu amaçla Aralık ayında çıkarılan ve başta 5216 sayılı Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kanunu olmak üzere birçok kanunda değişiklik yapan 6360 sayılı Kanun ve ondan önceki düzenlemelerden yola çıkılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda ulaşılan sonuçlar yerel yönetimlerde özellikle Büyükşehir belediyeleri ve Büyükşehir belediye sınırları içerisinde yer alan diğer yerel yönetimlerde kullanılacaktır. ABSTRACT The aim of the study is to analyze how law number 6360 caused changes on local goverment and to find out. Whether this cahnges are harmful or useful for Turkey ?on how the major cities in the world and Turkey is a model for managing been going on since away. Different approaches have been developed from one another in this regard, applications have been tried. This study Law No. 6360 as to what caused the changes in local government, is these changes harmful or useful for Turkey? That some of the problems encountered Metropolitan Municipality Law and legal aspects of what is happening in terms of application being determined and It offers advice on how to be brought solutions to these problems. For this purpose, first issued in December 5216 and amending several laws, including the Metropolitan Municipality Law, Law No. 6360 and set off from her previous regulations. The results obtained as a result of working in local government, especially in metropolitan municipalities and metropolitan areas within the municipal boundaries will be used for other local governments.

A Federal system is the conglomeration of independent entity who have agreed together to form a central government usually with two or more levels of government.
In the case of Nigeria Federal System setting, it is between the Federal, State and Local government so as to give an ease access to the government.
Over time, there are different issues on the nature of Nigeria federal system with its up rising issues such as the Local government setting. Local government is government at the grass root level that is set to meet the immediate needs of the masses.

ÖZET Son yıllarda dünyada yaşanan önemli siyasal ve teknolojik gelişmeler, yeni kavramsal tartışmaları doğurmuştur. Bu kavramlardan biri de teknolojik değişimi yaşamış ve çoğunlukla yönetsel sisteminin işleyişini demokratik gereklere göre şekillendirmiş ülkeler etrafında gelişen " küreselleşme " kavramıdır. Günümüzde, küreselleşme sürecinin ekonomik ve toplumsal vizyonunda kentsel sorunlara çözüm arayışları giderek artan bir öneme sahiptir. Özellikle, yerellik 1980'li yıllardan itibaren kent toplumunun demokratik ve sosyal değerlerinin şekillenerek gelişmesinde etkin olan kentlerin yerel temelde, ama küreye açık, yeniden yapılanması yaklaşımıyla irdelenmektedir. Bu yaklaşımın en son açılımını oluşturan marka kent incelemelerinde, kent kimliği, kentsel yenileme ve kentsel tanıtım politikaları vurgulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, küreselleşme sürecinde yerellik temelinde sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel değişimler irdelenecektir. Küresel süreç içinde dönüşerek gelişme uğraşında olan marka kentler tartışılacaktır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Küreselleşme, Yerellik, Marka ve Marka Kentler GRŞ Küreselleşme ile tek bir küre altında birleşmek mümkün olabilmekte ve dünyanın homojenleşmesinden bahsedilmektedir. Dünyayı kendi küresi üstünden bakarak gören anlayışa göre, toplumsal yapıların ve bireylerin yaşamakta olduğu ekonomik, siyasal ve sosyo-kültürel dönüşümler, küreselleşme süreci ile neden-sonuç açısından ilişkili görünmektedir. " Yenidünya düzeni " olarak adlandırılan sürecin, uluslararası düzeyde tek merkezli ekonomik, siyasal, kültürel vb. yaklaşımları çağrıştıran bir yapılanmaya dönük yapısı ulus devletleri tedirgin etmekte ve küreselleşmeye yönelik eleştiriler olmaktadır. Ancak küreselleşmenin farklı açılımlarla yayılan ve süren bir olgu olduğu da yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Küreselleşme sürecinin ekonomik, siyasal ve kültürel açıdan öngördüğü varsayılan yapılanma modelleri, hem uluslararası, hem de ulusal ve yerel kurumsal yapıların demokratik ve katılımcı yaklaşımlarla yeniden biçimlendirilmesi gereğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Küreselleşme süreci, yerel dinamikleri ön plana çıkarmakta ve yerel yapıların konumu, yerinden ve birlikte yönetim anlayışı doğrultusunda önem kazanmaktadır. Küreselleşme sürecine giden yolda demokratik ve katılımcı açılımların yerele uyarlanması, yerelin küresel koşullar çerçevesindeki yerini belirlemek ve yerele verilen rolü ortaya

The paper reports on both methodological and substantive findings. It presents a method for generating simplified representations for regional urban populations, their geographical sub-populations and communities. the method generates greatly simplified high-resolution socio-economic profiles of populated geographical areas from complex large census data sets.

ÖZ
Bu çalışmada suyun metalaşması süreci analiz edilmekte; suyun metalaşması sürecinde yerel yönetimlerin ikili rolüne değinilerek su hakkı mücadelelerinin yeniden belediyeleştirme talepleri ele alınmakta; su hakkı mücadelelerinde bir talep olarak ortaya çıkan suyun yeniden belediyeleştirilmesi süreci suyun mülkiyeti tartışmasından hareketle eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca suyun metalaşması süreci analiz edilirken su sadece iktisadi bir kavram
olarak ele alınmamakta; suyun iktisadi olanın dışında da anlamlara sahip olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla suyun metalaşması süreci sadece suyun alınıp satılabilen bir nesneye dönüşmesi olarak değerlendirilmemekte; suyun metalaşması süreci aynı zamanda suyun anlamının da dönüşmesi olarak da yorumlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: su hakkı, suyun metalaşması, yerel yönetimler, yeniden belediyeleştirme, su hakkı mücadeleleri

Abstract
The process of commodification of water is analysed in this study; addressing the dual role of local administrations in the process of commodification of water; The process of re-municipalization of water, which emerged as a demand for the right to water struggles, is evaluated from a critical point of view, based on the discussion of the ownership of water. Water is not only considered as an economic concept when analyzing the process of commodification of water; water is also claimed to have meanings outside the economic. Therefore, the process of commodification of water is not considered to be merely the transformation of water into a sellable object; the process of commodification of water is also interpreted as the transformation of the meaning of water.
Keywords: right to water, commodification of water, local governments, remunicipalisation, struggles for right to water

The chapter reflects the evolution, institutionalisation and functioning of the local self-governing institutions in the tribal areas of India in the context of the emergence of Globalised Model of development. The decentralised self-governing institutions, otherwise known as Panchayats have been functioning since a long period of time in the country. However, the functioning of these institutions since the last three decades has passed through the era of reforms in which the so called economic reforms under the canopy of globalisation influenced their functioning. Such scenario created implicit and explicit impacts on the functioning of these institutions. Further, the tribal self-governance system, cultural practices, livelihood pattern and above all socioeconomic development programmes also pass through the phase of transition, which creates hope as well as challenges for the tribals.

In our country, which is governed by representative democracy; Although the main purpose of supporting participatory democracy, transparency, accountability, citizenship that is sensitive and responsible for the life and the environment in which it is living, the locality that is guided by national policies as well as facilitating the realization of its unique potentials, correct policies have not been produced in this way. For this reason, the Local Governments have tried to intervene in the spatial policies towards creating sustainable, livable and populist living environments.
Board policies with a process in national and regional management; A planning approach in this comprehensive planning will not take the cities towards its room; rural settlements, rural-urban integrity will also be aimed at internal and rural development, and will also include tools and those around them. The management and planning approach is approaching, a process that is closed to open groups, starting from the national scale, will be realized in the level and integrity of regions, regions, provinces, districts and rural areas.

Local Economic Development Agencies (LEDAs) were established as municipal entities with the institutional support of the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) to address the failures of local government-led development, and to put an impetus to Local Economic Development (LED). However, after a change in the legislative framework and the end of IDC donor funding to LEDAs, municipalities were left with the burden of institutionally supporting LEDAs. This article is based on a qualitative study in which semi-structure interviews were undertaken with key gatekeepers. The article assesses the institutional capacity of local municipalities to support LEDAs through case studies of three KwaZulu-Natal LEDAs. The results reveal that local municipalities do not have the institutional support required by LEDAs, because the municipalities themselves are mired in institutional inefficiencies. Operationally, local municipalities lack the capacity to support LEDAs because of a dearth of competent LED officials, and LED is not regarded as a priority by municipalities. Financially, municipalities also do not have the capacity to support LEDAs, as they barely can support themselves because of a failure to collect revenue. There should be a provincial unit to deliberately and proactively support LEDAs institutionally.

In 2006, the Chinese central government abolished the agricultural tax. This came after several years of intense focus on the growing rural crisis, sparking a new debate on the shape of rural society. Putting these contemporary debates in the context of 100 years of rural governance reforms, this paper argues that contemporary rural advocates find themselves in a situation similar to that of the first half of the twentieth century, and their reimagination of rural governance draws on the ideas of that time as well. It focuses on the contemporary visions for rural reform of Xu Yong, Dang Guoying, Yu Jianrong, Wu Licai, Li Changping, Cao Jinqing and He Xuefeng.

Multiple authors argue that the digital infrastructure of municipalities and regions, such as websites, have an important role to play in local and regional development since they enable the access and sharing of information, knowledge and the provision of certain services. Functioning as an entrance way to a territory, the websites provide important contributions in the knowledge and intellectual capital management activities. In this sense, an evaluation of websites is a core activity for the updating of content and delivery of services, contributing to their best management in the context of e-government. However, there are a limited number of studies on evaluation of websites from the perspective of intellectual capital, although the importance of this asset, either in business or public sector, and also to the development of territories is recognized. So, this study intend to show the importance of intellectual capital in the public sector, more specifically on local government...

El objeto de este trabajo es indagar sobre la realidad política, económica y social de la Provincia de San Luis, tratando de dar una explicación a un distrito que en estos momentos necesita ser explicada, si no es en todos sus términos, por lo menos de manera global. Para ello se partirá de un análisis estructurado en torno a cuatro ejes centrales: "Ideas", "Imágenes", "Resultados" y "Éxito: ¿Realidad o Construcción?". El primero de los ejes, pretenderá desarrollar cuál es el cuerpo de ideas y preceptos básicos en los que se ha amparado el Gobierno Puntano para poder llevar adelante todas las medidas que hasta el momento han implementado, ya sea en materia económica, social, política, cultural, etc. Por medio de un análisis comparativo entre el peronismo puntano actual y el peronismo tradicional, pretenderemos comprender cómo es que el peronismo puntano se posiciona frente a las materias anteriormente mencionadas. El segundo de los ejes, intentará analizar de qué manera las ideas y principios del eje anterior se han corporizado en las distintas políticas públicas que se han llevado adelante desde 1983 hasta 2013. El tercer eje, buscará establecer cuáles han sido, y son, los resultados de las políticas públicas y medidas políticas que ha implementado el Gobierno de San Luis en estos años, para terminar definiendo, ya en su cuarto eje, si la idea de "Éxito" que se maneja respecto del Gobierno Provincial, es una "Realidad", siendo que la provincia a podido crecer y desarrollarse a lo largo de estos treinta (30) años o es una "Construcción", entendiendo que la idea de "gobierno exitoso", "provincia exitosa" es una imagen construida por parte del oficialismo puntano; o comprender, en su defecto, cuánto es lo que hay de "exitoso" y cuánto de "construcción" en dicho Gobierno.

This paper provides an overview of the approach to and application of the creative city concept in Finnish local government. The discussion revolves around how local governments have utilised the creative city concept in local economic development. The empirical part focuses on local governments’ approaches to creative city with special reference to two cases: the cities of Helsinki and Tampere, which are at the forefront of the Finnish creative city movement. The analysis shows that only a few small and remote local communities have given creativity, culture and arts a major role in their economic development policy, whereas larger cities are increasingly incorporating the creative city concept into their development strategies. Finnish local governments’ approach can be described as institutional, even if the business-oriented approach is gradually gaining ground, as exemplified by the case of the city of Tampere. In all, it appears that so far the idea of creative city has been applied in Finnish cities on a partial and ad hoc basis.

Lessons from the Post-War Balkans. Part 6 of the book Islam and Tolerance in Wider Europe (ed. Pamela Kilpadi). Includes the articles: * 'Interethnic Policymaking for Interethnic Tolerance' by Islam Yusufi * 'Islam in Southeast European Discourse: Focusing on Traditions of Tolerance' by Simeon Evstatiev * 'Religion, Media and National Security in Albania' by Aldo Bumci * 'Stumbling Block on the Road to Democracy: Security Sector Reform in Serbia' by Mladen Momcilovic * 'Local Governance Reform in Kosovo: Milestones for the Promotion of Tolerance' by Algirdas Petkevicius

In this study, which aims to provide an introductory analysis of the organization of local government in Indonesia being one of the Southeast Asian countries governed by a presidential system, the political-administrative organization of Indonesia is going to be taken as the level of analysis. Today, the state and its institutions are being reorganized after the administrative practices and institutional arrangements developed in the centralist-authoritarian regime of President Suharto, between the period of 1967-1998. In this context, developing and strengthening local administrations has been one of the most significant targets of the post-Suharto period. This study is going to examine the political/social development of Indonesia, the constitutional formality of state organization, and the political and administrative form of the local. In particular, there is going to be discussions on quantitative increase of local administrations after 1999 in Indonesia called “Big Bang”, on transformation of local politics, development of centre-local relations in administrative structure and on distribution of financial resources. With the analysis, it is going to be asserted that the local could not be able to become autonomous against the central government in terms of its power over the distribution and the use economic resources even though the administrative power and responsibilities of the local being strengthened.

Sosyoloji alanında Temellendirilmiş Kuram örneklerini içeren "Özne Hayatı Konuşunca" isimli kitapta yer alan bu makale, bir Temellendirilmiş Kuram denemesi olarak gerçekleştirilen alan çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. Henüz gelişimini tamamlamamış olan kent konseylerinin semt kültüründen etkilenerek nasıl evrildiğini ortaya koyan çalışmada Ankara'da faaliyet gösteren Çankaya ve Etimesgut kent konseylerinin üyeleri ile yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlar farklı düzeylerde kodlamalara tabi tutulmuş ve sosyalleşme gibi kimi ortak amaçların nasıl farklı şekillerde ortaya çıktığı izlenmeye çalışılmıştır. 
Kaynak: Artar, Feray (2015) "Kent Konseyleri ve Katılımın Özgün Halleri", Özne Hayatı Konuşunca: Sosyolojide Temellendirilmiş Kuram İncelemeleri (der. Aytül Kasapoğlu), İstanbul: Ayrıntı.

The term community has long been defined by various scholars in their respective works. The aim of the paper is to highlight the indigenous view of native Punjabis on the term community which brings forth the reality that the social setup and folk-perception kept the nature friendly apprehensions regarding the community that included natural environment, wild life and natural habitat. This paper explores the indigenous interpreting of society as a concept that has to include two essential components which are the sustainable population as dependent variable reckoning for sustainable natural resources that is the independent variable. The native notion of balanced social life and sustainability very much comprised human and non-human resources as well as organic and inorganic resources.

Globalization process that affects all the countries of the world in the twenty-first century has fundamentally affected all cultural, social, administrative and economic systems. Public administration, which has difficulties in responding to the demands of the society and the individual, is also involved in the process of change. Under the
influence of globalization process, reforms that have spread all over the world under the name of “new public administration” have caused significant changes in public administration and local governments. This process, which led to the changes in the concept of classical state as well as in public administration, brought together the two different phenomena such as globalization and locality. The nation-state, which is the decision maker in economic arena, has delegated some powers to local governments, which are the main foundations in terms of economy. This situation forced local governments to undergo structural and functional changes on the axis of globalizationlocalization. It should be noted that strengthening localization, promoting local values and empowering local governments would be of great help in dealing with the inequality that emerges with globalization of liberal policies.
This study will focus on changes and transformations that local governments are exposed to during the globalization and localization process, after defining the concept of globalization in general. Historical and descriptive research methods have
been used together in this research. The literature was reviewed in native and foreign
languages, then, the collected data and findings were processed with qualitative
research techniques. A conceptual and theoretical framework was first established for
the research. The works obtained during the research period were examined through
an understanding of critical resource scanning and findings have been classified and
associated according to their qualifications.

Mali kurallar, 1990'lı yıllarla birlikte büyük bir ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. Özellikle birçok ülkede meydana gelen bütçe açıkları, mali disiplini yeniden sağlamak için ulusal düzeyde mali kuralların benimsenmesine yol açmıştır. Günümüzde mali kurallar, kamu kesiminde genel yönetimin bir parçası olan mahalli idareler için de oldukça önemli bir araçtır. Mahalli idareler ayrı tüzel kişiliğe sahip aktörler olarak çoğu ülkede kamu hizmetlerinin önemli bir kısmını üstlenmektedirler. Ayrıca söz konusu idarelere son yıllarda yerelleşme reformlarıyla daha çok yetki, kaynak ve sorumluluk devredilmektedir. Mali yönetim içinde ağırlıkları artan mahalli idarelerin mali disiplin içinde kaynaklarını etkin kullanması için özellikle merkezi idare tarafından konulan mali kurallarla yönlendirildiği göze çarpmaktadır. Ulusal düzeyde mali kurallarla ilgili çok sayıda araştırmaya karşın mahalli düzeyde mali kuralları inceleyen çalışmalar sınırlıdır. Bu nedenle makale, mahalli idarelerde uygulanan mali kural türlerini incelemekte ve Türkiye'deki mevcut durumu değerlendirmektedir.

In today’s world, public administrations of the countries have begun to accept the necessity of strengthening the local governments units against the central governments, and accordingly, perform restructuring and reforming activities at the local level. The biggest obstacle in front of such activities is the intense centralist structure of the countries’ administrative customs. Hence, the most important criterion for the success of the intended reform activities is whether the local government units have administrative and financial autonomy as a result of the reforming activities. However, the degree of the importance given to the participation at the local level, transparency and accountability is among the other elements which point at the success of the reform. Azerbaijan is a country where the unitary state structure and centralization are dominant. Such attributes in the structure and operation of a country’s public administration indicate the necessity to perform some reform...

Los fondos Next Generation EU, creados por la Unión Europea para la recuperación y la transformación económica tras la epidemia de Covid-19, requieren de una ingente actividad administrativa de los Estados miembros. No sólo de la Administración estatal, sino también las Administraciones autonómicas y locales. Para la gestión de los fondos europeos, el Gobierno español ha dictado el Real Decreto-Ley 36/2020, con numerosas medidas de agilización y simplificación administrativas. El ámbito de aplicación de estas medidas es muy diverso: algunas se aplican a todas las Administraciones públicas; otras sólo a la Administración estatal. Se plantea a partir de aquí en qué medida las distintas normas del Real Decreto-Ley 36/2020 son directa o supletoriamente aplicables a las entidades locales, cuando ejecuten proyectos financiados con los fondos Next Generation EU. / The Next Generation EU funds, created by the European Union for the recovery and economic transformation after the Covid-19 epidemic, demand an enormous administrative activity from the Member States. Not only of the National Administration, but also of the regional and local authorities. For the management of European funds, the Spanish Government has issued Royal Decree-Law 36/2020 containing many administrative streamlining and simplification measures. The scope of these measures is very diverse: some apply to all public administrations, including the local authorities; others only to the National Administration. It arises the question, to what extent the different rules of Royal Decree-Law 36/2020 are directly or indirectly applicable to local entities, when they manage projects financed with Next Generation EU funds.

While the concept of “cultural heritage” was defined with tangible cultural heritage elements such as buildings and built environments in the past, today, it has broadened in scope to include intangible cultural heritage elements such as cultural practices and expressions as well as handicrafts. In parallel with the expansion of this definition, the conservation process of cultural heritage has transformed into a holistic framework, dealing with both tangible and intangible elements. The preservation of cultural heritage requires an interdisciplinary work in which different specializations coexist, requiring local, national and international actors to work in coordination with the changing definition of heritage. The main subject of this study is to discuss the role of local governments in the conservation process and the reflections of the holistic conservation approach discussed in international documents on
conservation practices at the national level, and to critically evaluate the
deficiencies in practices against this understanding.