Local Governments

After 2000s significant change and transformation in local government has been achieved in Turkey and as a result, a lot of legal arrangement has been put into operation. As a result of these changes, which can be called as “local government reform”, it has been tried to form a local government structure that is powerful in view of authority, duty, source and has accountability, transparency, public participation. In this framework, local government units have been reshaped and their structure, duties, authorities have been redefined. While some units were abolished, some of them were united. In this study, 6360 numbered law is focused on. In this framework, it is aimed at shedding light on the change in local governments by examining municipalities, special provincial administrations, local government unions and villages. Keywords: Local government, 6360 numbered law, Localization.

Although the Grassroots leadership potentials of rural local governments of any country or state are currently of great interest to researchers, few studies have specifically spoken these issues. However, previous research has found quality of leaders as a key issue in government–citizen relations, especially for rural local governments in the state of tamilnadu, India. Therefore, the present research objective is to test the significance in the relationship among the grassroots leadership’s potentials variable with the other independent variables which are influence the leadership potentials in the local governments. The current study was inferential statistical method. The population of the research includes all the leaders at the local governments of tamilnadu state (831 people). Once conducting pilot survey and confirming reliability and validity, the sample of 500 participants was calculated on the basis of the ‘Multi-stage Stratified Random Sampling’ technique. Also, to analyze the sample data with SPSS, it was established that the grassroots leadership potentials tested have positive relationship on other independent variables in the local governments. The confirmation coming from the data analysis discovered that there is a significant and positive relationship among the variables (P < 0.01). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) one way classification test is also completed. This inferential statistical study is that provides insights into the grassroots leadership potentials in the tamilnadu state rural local governments and a grassroots leader should to bring about higher levels of organizational commitment, managerial attitudes and job satisfaction towards the upliftment of the grassroots level livelihoods.

В статье на основе широкого круга архивных источников анализируется деятельность всех структур власти, направленных на организацию и расширение военного производства, включающих в себя модернизацию имеющихся предприятий, строительство новых заводов, создание качественных кооперативно-производственных связей, активизацию творческих начал, повышение эффективности научных исследований оборонного назначения, решение кадровой проблемы.

La actividad se realiza de enero a marzo del 2005. Acceso al texto completo de la mayor parte de los documentos.  El Diplomado consta de cuatro actividades académicas:
*Seminario Académico (con valor curricular):  "Estado del Arte y Frontera en la Investigación Jurídica.- Aspectos Puntuales".  17 al 21 de enero del 2005. 
*Seminario Académico (con valor curricular):  "Continuidad-Discontinuidad en las Cúpulas de la Burocracia Pública.- Impacto en proyectos de nación y movilización de los factores de desarrollo integral".  24 al 28 de enero del 2005.
+Simposium (con valor curricular):  “Una Agenda Real de Gobierno para Quintana Roo.-  Decisiones, respecto a la encrucijada del 2005-2011”  27 y 28 de enero del 2005.  Constituye, además, la vertiente práctica del Seminario “Continuidad-Discontinuidad en las Cúpulas de la Burocracia Pública”. 
*Simposium (con valor curricular):  “Las Elecciones Locales del 6 de Febrero del 2005.-  Factores Determinantes y Efectos Previsibles sobre el Ejercicio Quintanarooense de Autoridad, Poder e Ideología.”  4 de marzo del 2005,  de 8:45 a 15:00, Sala de Juntas de la Dirección de la DCSEA, Edif. “K”, UQROO en Chetumal

Artykuł prezentuje współczesne bariery zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym, charakterystyczne dla polskich gmin. Do ich identyfikacji wykorzystano metodę jakościowych badań terenowych, a badania przeprowadzono w latach 2000-2015. Na wstępie artykułu zaprezentowano przesłanki, genezę, cel, metodę, techniki i przebieg badań. Następnie omówiono kluczowe dla artykułu pojęcia: rozwoju lokalnego, zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym i zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym. Główną część artykułu poświęcono prezentacji 9 grup zidentyfikowanych barier, tj. barier metodologicznych, prawnych, partycypacji społecznej, informacyjnych, kadrowych, wsparcia merytorycznego, barier współpracy i wzorców, a także barier związanych z cechami osobowymi władz lokalnych. Artykuł kończą zalecenia w zakresie kontynuacji badań nad omówionymi barierami. [The article discusses contemporary barriers in strategic governance of local development characteristic for Polish local governments. These barriers were identified by means of using the participant observation method in the period 2000-2015. The introduction to the article presents the reasons, origins, purpose, method, techniques and the course of conducted research. Next key article categories are discussed: local development, local development governance and strategic governance of local development. The core part of the article is devoted to presenting 9 groups of identified barriers, i.e. methodological, legal, social participation, informational, staff, substantive support, cooperation, patterns barriers and also barriers resulting from personal qualities of local authorities. The article is concluded by providing recommendations regarding the continuation of research covering these barriers].

The article is devoted to strategic planning issues in communes and districts. The author presents his own model procedure for the construction of territorial self-government unit development strategy. It was constructed based on self-government experiences, professional literature, as well as research and implementation studies conducted in a few dozens of European selfgovernment units. The main body describes nineteen stages of territorial self-government unit development strategy construction.

Political budget cycles have been studied at the national and local level, separately. However, when local governments depend on national resources, the central government may have incentives to manipulate intergovernmental transfers to favor politically aligned mayors, in order to use their help to mobilize voters in the next national election. This generates an indirect Political Budget Cycle (iPBC). This paper documents the presence of an iPBC in Chile. We show that, during municipal election years, the government increases the overall amount of transfers to municipalities (local governments), and that these additional resources are allocated to the politically aligned mayors. We also report that transfers to aligned mayors are higher when the local races are tighter, suggesting that the government prefers to deviate resources towards swing municipalities. Finally, we show that transfers are correlated with municipal spending during electoral years, and with both local and nation...

The COVID-19 lockdown reduced human mobility and led to immediate insights into how humans impact nature. Yet the strongest ecological impacts are likely to come. As we emerge from the pandemic, governments should avoid prioritizing short-term economic gains that compromise ecosystems and the services they provide humanity. Instead, the pandemic can be a pivot point for societal transformation to value longer term ecosystem and economic sustainability.

Türkiye’de idari sistem yaygın kanıya göre merkeziyetçi olarak tanımlana gelmiştir. Bahsedilen
merkeziyetçiliğin Fransa’dan esinlenilerek oluşturulduğu fikri, ampirik olsun olmasın, bu alanda
yapılan bazı çalışmaların ortak görüşünü oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 1928-1930 yılları arasında
İdare Mecmuası’nda (İM) yayımlanmış erken Cumhuriyet devri elitlerinin makaleleri incelenmiştir.
Buradan hareketle söz konusu elitlerin, salt Osmanlı idarî sisteminden devralınan Fransız modelini
kopyalamaktan ya da devam ettirmekten öte Cumhuriyet idaresini ve reformlarını ülke genelinde
pekiştirmek ve yaymak, şehirleşmeyi sağlamak kaygıları ile merkeziyetçilik fikrini savundukları
gözlemlenmektedir. Çalışmanın temel hipotezi nitel araştırma yöntemine dayalı olarak bu makalelerin
incelenmesiyle doğrulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Sonuçta, vilayet idaresindeki düzenlemelerin ve 1930
Belediye Kanunun, elitler tarafından merkeziyetçi bir bakış açısıyla Batılılaşma, ulus-devlet, hükümet
otoritesi ve şehirleşme gibi konular üzerinden fikri bir zemine oturtulması söz konusudur

In recent years in France and Italy sub-national government authorities have been reformed, mainly for financial and political reasons. Those changes share the goals of rationalizing State administration, rendering the production of public goods more efficient, and containing public expenditure. They have followed similar paths, characterized by a top-down imposition of a new institutional framework, the anticipated elimination of the second tier of local government (provinces and departments), and the strengthening of metropolitan and inter-municipal governments. However, the specific political contexts of the two countries have produced fairly different outcomes for the reforms enacted in 2014 and 2015.

The purpose of this research study is to examine theoretical findings and, based on them, to identify the problems in implementing the Quintuple Helix approach for rural and regional development in Latvia. The research was based on the theoretical concepts of the helix model and the data gained from a survey of all Latvia's local governments and rural community representatives, and the experience of Latvia University of Agriculture in using the Quintuple Helix approach for rural and regional development. The main conclusions are that cooperation among institutions of various natures, which is the basic idea of the helix model, leads to positive results; it gives an impulse to increasing economic activities in many rural municipalities of Latvia; the experience of the Technology and Knowledge Transfer Center (TEPEK) of Latvia University of Agriculture shows that there are good practices and successful outcomes from implementing the Quintuple Helix approach.

This paper focuses on the recently promulgated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the community under the auspices of the United Nations. It  lays particular emphasis on the need for local action in order to achieve the SDGs, and the crucial role that local governments will have to play to localize the SDGs. The paper presents a matrix that will enable stakeholders to understand the role of actors at the local level.

This thesis wish to contribute to the extensive research field of Europeanisation literature, with a specific focus on EU-policies impacts to the local governments’ levels.

With a theoretical basis in Europeanisation literature, the thesis conducts a case-study of three Danish local governments’: Aalborg, Hjørring and Frederikshavn to undercover the complex and increasingly developing relationship, between the cases and EU.

Furthermore, the thesis works from three particular aspects, 1) to highlight the EU - local governments relationship 2) utilise Europeanisation literature theoretical framework to locate domestic change 3) evaluate if EU-policies matters.

The analysis differentiates between different conceptual tools, to observe how local governments’ filters change and response to adaptation pressures created by EU-policies. 

The conclusions made are drawn from empirical studies, where extensive inter-views have been conducts from 16 individual- and grouped interviews from re-spondents in main-cases of Aalborg, Hjørring and Frederikshavn and shared po-litical- and administrative organisations NordDenmark EU-Office and BRN: Business Region North Denmark. The obtained data and conclusions, challenge mainstream Europeanisation literatures constellations and determines that local governments’ are increasing reshaping own political strategies to bend EU-requirements and programs to strengths local moderations initiatives and ambitions.

Furthermore, ‘Europeanisation of local governments’ are increasingly filtered by mediating factors and controlled by a shared political culture based, in traditional models of governance, while local governments’ engage in EU-activities to exploit possible political, economic and networks opportunities.

Abstract The smart city is a growing multi-dimensional and systematic urban model that offers smart, technological, and sustainable solutions for urban challenges and is separated into various conceptual main and sub-dimensions. In this paper, the smart city concept is addressed by developing a hybrid methodology consisting of two phases. In the first phase, a qualitative analysis is established to determine the smart city concept. In the second phase, the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) technique is used to examine smart city focusing on the dimensions derived from the literature in the form of six main and 33 sub-dimensions. Data is collected by contacting ten academia experts through a questionnaire specifically designed; open-ended questions and DEMATEL technique assessments. Results indicated that both phases had different outputs. While technology was highlighted and possible managerial issues emerged in the qualitative section, on the contrary, in the quantitative section, ‘smart people’ has emerged as the most important predictor of the smart city while ‘smart governance’ was the least. By the DEMATEL, not only the most and the least important dimensions within each group revealed but also the causer and receiver effects of each dimension. Further, the results and implications of the study are discussed.

Abstract Popular reporting is a means of bringing local government financial information closer to citizens. Nevertheless, the interest of citizens on popular reports appears to be less than optimal. In this paper, we assess whether the use of modern technology and the Internet could boost citizens&#39; interest in popular reporting, which in turn would potentially motivate them to have a more active participation in public issues. More specifically, we examine whether the presentation format of a given popular report has different value to users. Our analysis is based on earlier works performed in relation to reporting formats in the private sector. For this purpose, we develop a concise popular report for a hypothetical municipality under three different formats (traditional PDF, flipping book and website) and we set up a questionnaire to evaluate an array of aspects namely completeness of information, clarity of information, visual appearance, navigation, usability, overall satisfaction and municipality image in each one of them. The questionnaire was answered by a sample of 165 respondents. The findings show that the website format outperforms the traditional ways of a popular report presentation in the majority of aspects examined. Therefore, this study provides collaborative evidence that the use of ICT as a means of making popular reports more attractive and useful to citizens would yield positive results with possible spillover effects to democratic participation.

Розглянуто концептуальні положення використання податково-бюджетних інструментів для забезпечення розвитку соціальної сфери регіонів, які базуються на сучасній економічній теорії децентралізації. Запропоновано напрями децентралізації бюджетних доходів з урахуванням європейського вектора розвитку економіки України, які сприятимуть підвищенню ступеня фінансової автономії органів місцевого самоврядування і прискоренню розвитку соціальної сфери регіонів.

Conceptual positions of the application of fiscal instruments with a view to ensuring the development of the social sphere of the regions based on the modern theory of economic decentralization have been considered. On the basis of the principles of fiscal balance and subsidiarity the allocative powers that are advisable to assign to the different levels of sub-central government have been determined as well as the appropriate revenue sources that are able to provide funding for these powers. The distribution and financial provision of the powers of sub-central authorities have been examined by the example of the European experience, which is founded by the choice of the European vector of social and economic reforms in Ukraine. It has been established that in a situation of recession or slowdown in economic growth the decentralization opportunities related to the transfer of spending authority to the local governments are limited. And conversely, prolonged periods of economic recovery that occurred in recent decades in many EU countries as a whole have contributed to decentralization processes. The structure and revenue sources of the sub-central authorities in particular countries of the European Union have been studied, the degree of their fiscal autonomy has been determined. It was found that in cases of the division of powers between the central government and sub-central authorities connected with provision of social services (which are characterized by a "blurred" sphere of benefits and the presence of significant external effects) it is necessary to follow the requirements of the economic theory of decentralization. It is proved that the key proposition of fiscal decentralization at the present stage of development of the Ukrainian economy should be focused on the decentralization of budget revenues aimed at increasing the relative importance of own sources of sub-central authorities at the expense of increasing their tax opportunities and reducing the volume of inter-budgetary transfers. For this purpose it is advisable to analyze and revise the current distribution of the tax powers and the tax bases between the levels of government taking into account the major conceptual and administrative provisions of the economic theory of decentralization aimed at the increasing the real degree of sub-central financial autonomy.

The smart city is a growing multi-dimensional and systematic urban model that offers smart, technological, and sustainable solutions for urban challenges and is separated into various conceptual main and sub-dimensions. In this paper, the smart city concept is addressed by developing a hybrid methodology consisting of two phases. In the first phase, a qualitative analysis is established to determine the smart city concept. In the second phase, the DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) technique is used to examine smart city focusing on the dimensions derived from the literature in the form of six main and 33 sub-dimensions. Data is collected by contacting ten academia experts through a questionnaire specifically designed; openended questions and DEMATEL technique assessments. Results indicated that both phases had different outputs. While technology was highlighted and possible managerial issues emerged in the qualitative section, on the contrary, in the quantita...

This end line survey report of the Capacity Development of New Municipalities (CD-Mun) project implemented
by GIZ in coordination with MoFAGA was working in nine Municipalities such as Dubahi, Kabilashi, Bidur,
Nilkantha, Besisahar, Bheriganga, Bansgadhi, Ghodaghodi and Nepalgunj Sub-Metropolitan City. The project
was conceived to support the capacity development for implementing local governance reforms by establishing
a culture of coordination and cooperation to promote, strengthen and evaluate capacity development approaches
to improve the service delivery system of the local government. The specific supports are Comprehensive Town
Development Plan (CTDP), Revenue Improvement Action Plan (RIAP), Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB),
Integrated Property Tax (IPT), Ward Office refurbishment, Solid Waste Management (SWM), building code and
by-laws, and inclusive planning and budgeting.
The end line survey was foreseen in the project document and was conducted for both accountability and learning
purposes. It aimed at generating useful information to improve project implementation and future decisionmaking by the project oversight committee and GIZ. In particular, it had the following objectives: (i) to assess
the relevance of the strategy and quality of the design and implementation arrangements; (ii) to assess progress
and gaps in achieving established outputs and outcomes, including any initial or preliminary results, and
opportunities or risks for future implementation and; (iii) to identify lessons and opportunities from project
implementation and propose any corrective or opportunistic measures and/ or adjustments to the implementation
strategy.
The evidence provided by the end line survey could be useful to implement capacity development support to
governance (CD-SG) in Nepal, which would be the carryover the best practices of the current activities of capacity building that directly link with development objectives and ongoing transformation processes in demand-driven approach of GIZ-CD-Mun.
The end line survey adopted a results-focused approach and was conducted through an inclusive and transparent
process. It had attempted to point out the existing status of the project with relation to its relevance, effectiveness,
and sustainability. Several methods, techniques, and tools for data collection were used to answer the questions,
including a review of existing documentation, semi-structured interviews with key informants, focus group
discussions, direct observation and a partner’s survey. The triangulation of evidence and information gathered
underpins its validation and analysis, and supports the conclusions and recommendations

Local Government being the third-tier in Malaysian government has been identified as one of the government agencies mandated to drive the economic growth and development of a particular district and its residents. For years, local governments have been plagued with public complaints as the issues of inefficiency of service quality and service delivery has yet to meet the expectation of the public. Thus, the objectives of this study were to explore the extent to which the quality of leader-member exchange (LMX) affected the subordinates' organizational citizenship behaviors' (OCB) and job satisfaction as well as the role of job satisfaction in mediating this relationship. Data from a sample of 212 employees of local government through a structured questionnaire using disproportioned stratified sampling procedure were used to examine the hypothesized model. Result proved that, after controlling for selected demographic variables, the quality of LMX has a positive impact towards the subordinates exhibiting citizenship behavior and their level of job satisfaction. Furthermore, the finding confirmed that job satisfaction partially mediated the relationship between LMX and citizenship behavior. In conclusion, to fulfill the mandated objectives and to instill public confidence towards efficiency of the various services provided by the local government, fostering quality dyadic relationship and improving satisfaction among the workforce should be given priority as these elements have proved to be significant in elevating the citizenship behavior among the local governments' employees.

W niniejszym artykule skoncentrowano się na specyfice kształtowania się społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w gminie Pałecznica znajdującej się na obszarze województwa małopolskiego. Rozpatrzono jak pod wpływem różnych bodźców: religijnych, politycznych, czy ekonomicznych kształtowało się społeczeństwo obywatelskie. Ludzie zrzeszali się i podejmowali wspólne działania pod wpływem strachu, walcząc o wolność, o swoje prawa, przekonania, wyznania. Grupy te były nieformalne, tworzone na potrzebę chwili, niejednokrotnie w celu zrealizowania jednorazowych, określonych zadań. 
Celem publikacji jest nadto ukazanie jak ważnym czynnikiem kształtującym i rozwijającym społeczeństwo obywatelskie są Fundusze Europejskie. Dostępność Funduszy Europejskich i możliwość finansowania działań zmierzających do zaspokajania potrzeb społeczeństwa, do realizacji inicjatyw oddolnych, przyczyniło się bowiem do sformalizowania tychże grup, a także do wzrostu świadomości społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Bazując chociażby na danych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego oraz prowadzonych w starostwach powiatowych rejestrach organizacji pozarządowych wskazać można, iż w Polsce w latach 2007-2013 nastąpił dwukrotny wzrost liczby formalnych organizacji pozarządowych – było to wynikiem szeregu działań, w tym głównie dostępności do unijnych środków co potwierdza analiza danych statystycznych, raportów dot. n/n przedmiotu, w tym badania własne opierające się na obserwacji i rozmowie. Doskonałym takim przykładem rozwijającego się pod wpływem właśnie dostępności do Funduszy Europejskich społeczeństwa obywatelskiego jest gmina Pałecznica, w której obserwuje się trzykrotny przyrost organizacji tworzących trzeci sektor. 

La aplicación de la Ley de Racionalización y Sostenibilidad de la Administración local debe superar muchos e importantes obstáculos: la generación por la ley de dudas interpretativas, la falta de previsión en ella de un adecuado régimen transitorio, su aplicación territorial asimétrica o diferenciada y el rechazo generalizado que su aprobación ha causado. El presente estudio, tras examinar estos motivos, entra a analizar en profundidad la aplicación que de esa ley están realizando las comunidades autónomas.

The put in practice of the Law 27/2013, of 30 December, on the Rationalization and Sustainability of Local Government, must beat various and important obstacles: doubts on its interpretation, the lack of an adequate transitional regime, asymmetric measures for different territories and the commonly known rejection to its pass. In this article we will study deeply the way the autonomous communities are putting in practice this Law.

La designación del puesto de alcalde, es facultad del Presidencia Municipal en funciones, de Othón Pompeyo Blanco.  A principios de mayo del 2005, a efecto de tomar una decisión que implique altos niveles de legitimidad, la titular requiere conocer la percepción social que en tres localidades existe, respecto a quiénes ahí quisieran, pudieran y/ó debieran ocupar este puesto.  A llenar esta laguna cognoscitiva, es que se orienta la presente propuesta.

Abstract: The increasing popularity of personal computers and internet use by the citizens made it necessary for the governments to use the same platforms. The objective of the study is to determine the usage of web 2.0 tools in local governments. The study presented the Web 2.0 tools in general and after, the explanation for the use of the administrative sense is done. Later on, the findings of web 2.0 tools for the information, interaction and transaction based usage of the municipalities of 81 provinces in Turkey were obtained. The results demonstrated that the usage of web 2.0 technologies by the municipalities in Turkey was at a very low level and concentrated on a few web 2.0 technologies. Municipal governments focus on providing information while using web 2.0 tools and the use of web 2.0 technologies to interaction and transaction remain in the background.

Öz: Kişisel bilgisayar ve internet kullanımının vatandaş nezdinde yayılması yönetimlerin de bu platformları kullanmasını zorunlu kılmaya başlamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da Türkiye'deki ye-rel yönetimlerin web 2.0 ve sosyal ağları kullanma durumlarını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada web 2.0 araçları genel olarak tanıtılmış, sonrasında da yönetimsel anlamda kullanımına yönelik açıkla-malar yapılmıştır. Daha sonra, Türkiye'deki 81 ilin belediyelerinin web 2.0 araçlarını bilgilendirme, etkileşim ve işlem temelli kullanım durumlarına yönelik bulgular elde edilmiştir. Sonuçlar göster-miştir ki, Türkiye'de belediyelerin web 2.0 araçları kullanımı çok düşük düzeydedir ve belli başlı web 2.0 teknolojilerine yoğunlaşmış durumdadır. Belediyeler daha ziyade bilgi verme hizmetlerine yoğunlaşmakta, web 2.0 araçlarının etkileşim ve işlem gibi amaçlarla kullanımının ikinci planda kaldığı görülmüştür.

A perceived need for a wider resource base for territorial governance has initiated a new trend for regionalisation throughout the developed world. Local governments are frequently opposed to such a development. This article presents an institutional analysis of how Finland’s tradition of strong localism has affected the forms, processes, and results of regionalisation. We argue that path dependence in the form of localist influence from the mid-1990s until the mid-2010s led to an incremental development of regional structures. However, circumstances changed in 2015 due to a historical decision by the centre-right government to establish a new tier of elected regional government. This was due to the diminished credibility of localism given the realities of contextual pressures and the government’s attempts to improve efficiency and competitiveness. Eventually, this turn will radically undermine the role of local government as a stronghold of representative localism.

The article is devoted to strategic planning issues in communes, districts and regions. The author presents his own model procedure standard for the construction of territorial self-government unit development strategy. It was constructed based on Polish self-government experiences, professional literature, as well as research and implementation studies conducted by the author in a few dozens of Polish self-government units during the last fifteen years. Initial part of the article presents conditions to be met by such plan. The main body describes nineteen stages of territorial self-government unit development strategy construction. The crucial issues covered are: the decision about strategy construction, the choice of its executor, diagnoses, social consultancy, strategic analysis, mission, vision, objectives, strategic tasks, horizontal and vertical compliance, financing, approval and implementation.

Local governments' websites are important gateways for residents wishing to interact with public institutions online, and the establishment and development of such websites stand out among governmental initiatives to improve their performance. Drawing on domestication theory to apply a change-oriented perspective, the paper analyses how Norwegian local governments domesticate website technology to make websites and configure their users, based upon three empirical sources: a survey among information and communication technology managers in local governments, a quantitative mapping of the content of the websites of all 430 Norwegian local governments, and a qualitative in-depth content analysis of 10 websites. The findings show that domestication efforts vary a lot across local governments. However, all local governments engage in domestication. Further, we identify as potential domestication outcomes three ideal types of website assemblages: information, client, and citizen assemblages. They point towards three respective user configurations: information consumers, clients, and citizens. The information assemblage is the only one found in all websites. Finally, linking qualitative and quantitative methods is suggested as a way of advancing domestication studies.

Local Agenda 21 (LA 21) is a democracy project aiming to enhance the public&amp;#x27;s participation in the processes of political and administrative decision-making. E-government, in its own right as a facilitator of participation, is a functional instrument for LA 21s in terms of ensuring ...