Maximum Power Point Tracking

The increasing energy demand and the target to reduce environmental pollution make it essential to use efficient and environment-friendly renewable energy systems. One of these systems is the Photovoltaic (PV) system which generates energy subject to variation in environmental conditions such as temperature and solar radiations. In the presence of these variations, it is necessary to extract the maximum power via the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. This paper presents a nonlinear generalized global sliding mode controller (GGSMC) to harvest maximum power from a PV array using a DC-DC buck-boost converter. A feed-forward neural network (FFNN) is used to provide a reference voltage. A GGSMC is designed to track the FFNN generated reference subject to varying temperature and sunlight. The proposed control strategy, along with a modified sliding mode control, eliminates the reaching phase so that the sliding mode exists throughout the time. The system response observes n...

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is necessary for photovoltaic (PV) systems to collect the maximum photovoltaic array power under variations in the insolation and temperature. This paper presents an artificial neural controller for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic system based on back- propagation algorithm. The tracking algorithm changes the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter so that PV module voltage equals the voltage corresponding to the MPPT at any given insolation level and temperature conditions.

Pada penelitian ini dirancang sepeda portable charging station dengan menggunakan sebuah generator untuk menghasilkan energi listrik yang bersumber dari energi mekanik. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah sistem MPPT yang biasa digunakan pada sel surya dapat juga bekerja pada sistem yang berbeda yaitu menggunakan generator (dinamo sepeda). Alat ini mendapatkan masukan berupa energi mekanik yang berasal dari kayuhan pedal sepeda yang memutar roda sepeda dan mengakibatkan generator juga ikut berputar. Sistem yang dirancang berupa generator yang dihubungkan dengan roda sepeda, rangkaian rectifier, DC-DC konverter, PWM, dan mikrokontroler. Pembahasan masalah difokuskan pada pembuatan energi terbarukan dengan menggunakan energi mekanik melalui generator yang tegangannya akan di kontrol menggunakan metode Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Berdasarkan sistem yang dirancang didapatkan hasil keluaran dari generator ketika sepeda tidak dikendarai memiliki rentang daya rata-rata sebesar 4-6 Watt, setalah dipasangkan dengan MPPT memiliki rentang daya rata-rata sebesar 5-6 Watt. Sedangkan ketika sepeda dikendarai dengan tambahan beban si pengendara memiliki rentang daya rata-rata sebesar 4-6 Watt, setelah dipasangkan dengan MPPT memiliki rentang daya rata-rata sebesar 3-6 Watt. Sistem charging yang dibuat sudah dapat mengisi daya baterai, namun kurang begitu efektif. Hal itu dikarenakan kapasitas dari baterai lebih besar terpakai untuk menghidupkan sistem charging itu sendiri.

The integration of distributed generation like solar and wind are increasing nowadays due to fossil fuel reduction and increased carbon emission. Many integration issues arise of connecting Solar PV to the grid out of which power quality is the important factor. Higher PV injection causes undesirable technical impacts on the distribution networks which leads to power quality issues. This paper studies the impact of PV on the power quality of the utility grid with different levels of penetration of solar energy into the grid. The power quality of the grid is studied using the Total harmonic distortion (THD) by performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. This paper deals with the development of controllers for boost converter and grid tied inverters which minimizes the harmonics due to solar PV system and power converters in grid connected PV system. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) for boost converter and Hysteresis current control (HCC) for inverter has been designed and implemented in grid connected PV system. The hysteresis current controller for the inverter has been specifically designed to reduce the THD of the system meeting IEEE519_1992 regulations. The simulation model of the grid connected PV system has been designed in MATLAB 2018b version. The comparison studies are carried out in the PV system with and without hysteresis current controller, after which it can be concluded that, after the incorporation of the hysteresis current controller, the performance of the system is better in terms of power quality.

The first part of this paper intends to give an overview of the maximum power point tracking methods for photovoltaic (PV) inverters presently reported in the literature. The most well-known and popular methods, like the perturb and observe (P&O), the incremental conductance (INC) and the constant voltage (CV), are presented. These methods, especially the P&O, have been treated by many works, which aim to overcome their shortcomings, either by optimizing the methods, or by combining them. In the second part of the paper an improvement for the P&O and INC method is proposed, which prevents these algorithms to get confused during rapidly changing irradiation conditions, and it considerably increases the efficiency of the MPPT

Switched reluctance (SR) machines have several advantages like simple and rugged construction, lighter rotor, lower rotor losses and lower cost. A wind energy conversion system (WECS) with maximum power tracking (MPPT) using a SR machine operating as a generator is presented. MPPT of the wind turbine is achieved by sensing the wind speed and adjusting the wind turbine shaft speed for optimal tip speed ratio. MPPT using Hill Climbing Technique by perturbing the wind turbine shaft speed in the direction of increasing power is also implemented in the hardware setup. Outer speed loop using PI control generates the current reference used by the inner current loop. Hysteresis current control using softchopping is used to control the switched reluctance generator (SRG) phase currents. Initial excitation is provided by a low voltage battery and rated voltage is built-up by self-excitation. A chopper controlled dump resistor is used to maintain the output dc voltage at rated value. Power electronic circuit for the SRG is implemented in hardware using IGBT switches and DSP controller. Wind turbine is emulated using an induction motor and a vector controlled AC drive operating in torque control mode.

Real implementation of new isolated multiport dc–dc converter for simultaneous power management of multiple renewable energy sources, which can be of different types and capacities, has been done in this project. The dc–dc converter only uses one controllable switch in each port to which a source is connected. Therefore, it has the advantages of simple topology and minimum number of power switches. Its principle and operation are analyzed. The converter is applied for simultaneous maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control of a wind/solar hybrid generation system consisting of three separate dc sources.

This paper proposes a compact Thévenin model for a rectenna. This model is then applied to design a high-efficiency radio frequency harvester with a maximum power point tracker (MPPT). The rectenna under study consists of an L-matching network and a half-wave rectifier. The derived model is simpler and more compact than those suggested so far in the literature and includes explicit expressions of the Thévenin voltage (Voc) and resistance and of the power efficiency related with the parameters of the rectenna. The rectenna was implemented and characterized from −30 to −10 dBm at 808 MHz. Experimental results agree with the proposed model, showing a linear current–voltage relationship as well as a maximum efficiency at Voc/2, in particular 60% at −10 dBm, which is a remarkable value. An MPPT was also used at the rectenna output in order to automatically work at the maximum efficiency point, with an overall efficiency near 50% at −10 dBm. Further tests were performed using a nearby tra...

In this project the main focus is on using MPPT control of standalone-PV with battery to supply power to the loads. The system comprises of a battery, PV panel and a boost converter circuit. The project consists of both software and hardware design. The boost converter tracks the maximum power point(MPP) of the PV panel by controlling the duty cycle and giving it as gate pulse to the boost converter whereas the function of battery is to maintain a constant dc-link voltage. The inverter is used to supply ac power to the loads. The filter is also designed to reduce the harmonics and to obtain perfect sinusoidal output, which may otherwise damage the loads, so that total harmonic distortion is according to IEEE STANDARD. Perturb and observe method is used as MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control algorithm. MATLAB SIMULINK is used to create a simulation model of the Standalone-PV system and the output is verified. After verification of simulation, the whole set up is designed in h...

This paper presents an intelligent control technique for the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic (PV) system using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) under variable solar irradiation conditions. The MXS 60 PV Module specifications is considered for the analysis and models of solar PV module and a DC/DC Boost converter are developed in MATLA/SIMULINK environment. Initially, an MPPT controller is designed using Perturb and Observe (P&O) method. However, this conventional method cannot track rapid changes in the solar irradiation effectively. Hence, an intelligent controller is designed using ANFIS which draws much energy and fast response under continuously changing operating conditions. The PV module with proposed MPPT controller is analyzed in stand-alone mode.  The major disadvantage with PV system is its uncertain and intermittent power output which depends on weather conditions. PV module alone cannot supply reliable power to the isolated load effectively. To overcome this, PV module can be connected to the grid. It serves two purposes; in case of deficit solar irradiation, power can be taken from the grid and when there is surplus irradiation, power can be fed to the grid.  In order to predict the power supplied to the load and grid under different operating conditions sensitivity analysis has been carried out for the PV system with designed MPPT controller is simulated using HOMER Pro Software.

The work is dedicated to implementation of DC-DC converter for PV system in medium power Microgrid applications. Due to availability of flexible power management strategies along with effective cost, micro-grids are gaining immense popularity in present days. DC Microgrid mainly consists of PV system and battery system. Battery system plays very important role in improving dynamic response of the Microgrid. While designing power modulators for DC storage system, efficiency is a major concern .This paper proposes a method for modeling, simulation and hardware implementation of PV system and maximum power point tracking using Buck-Boost converter. Since PV cells have poor efficiency it is necessary to operate them at maximum power point using incremental conductance. The converter topology used here is Modified Buck-Boost Converter. All the simulations were carried out on MATLAB using variable parameters and the hardware results were verified on the PV arrays along with PV panel simulator

Maximum power point trackers are so important to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic systems. Many methods have been proposed to achieve the maximum power that the PV modules are capable of producing under different atmospheric conditions. This paper proposed a Perturb and Observe based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm for solar system. The solar panel is simulated and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Photovoltaic system is connected to a DC-DC Buck-boost converter. The Solar panel can produce maximum power at a certain operating point called Maximum Power Point (MPP).To achieve maximum power and to get maximum efficiency, the whole system must operate at that Maximum Power point. Maximum power point of PV panel keeps same on changing with changing solar irradiance and temperature of cell. Then to obtain maximum power from a PV system, MPPT algorithms are implemented. So that, P & O based MPPT is developed and Simulation results show the effective of the P&O based controller to produce more stable power.

Due to substantial generation and demand fluctuations in standalone green microgrids, energy management strategies are becoming essential for the power sharing purpose and regulating the microgrid voltage. The classical energy management strategies employ the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms and rely on batteries in case of possible excess or deficit of energy. However, in order to realize constant current-constant voltage (IU) charging regime and increase the life span of the batteries, energy management strategies require being more flexible, equipped with the power curtailment feature. In this paper, we propose a coordinated and multivariable energy management strategy to control the operation of a wind turbine and a photovoltaic array of a standalone DC microgrid, by controlling the pitch angle and the switching duty cycles, to ensure that they act as controllable generators. The proposed strategy is developed as a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm. It is shown that applying the proposed controller to a sample standalone dc microgrid, the battery bank is charged according to the IU charging regime. The variable load demands are also shared accurately between generators in proportion to their ratings. Moreover, the DC bus voltage is regulated within a predefined range, as a design parameter.

Abstract:- The aim of this work is to analyze a typical configuration of a Wind Turbine Generator System (WTGS) equipped with a Variable Speed Generator. Nowadays, doubly-fed induction generators are being widely used on WTGS, although synchronous generators are being ...

This paper presents the modeling of wind energy systems using MATLAB Simulink. The model considers the MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) technique to track the maximum power that could be extracted from the wind energy, due the non-linear characteristic of the wind turbine. The model consists of wind generation model, converter model (DC-DC converter), and MPPT controller. The main contribution of our work is in the model of DC-DC converter (buck converter) which is developed in rather details, which allows the MPPT controller output (duty cycle) adjusts the voltage input of the converter to track the maximum power point of the wind generator. The simulation results show that the developed model complies with the theoretical one. Further the MPPT control shows a higher power output compared to the system without MPPT.

Maximum power point trackers are so important to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic systems. Many methods have been proposed to achieve the maximum power that the PV modules are capable of producing under different atmospheric conditions. This paper proposed a Perturb and Observe based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm for solar system. The solar panel is simulated and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK. Photovoltaic system is connected to a DC-DC Buck-boost converter. The Solar panel can produce maximum power at a certain operating point called Maximum Power Point (MPP).To achieve maximum power and to get maximum efficiency, the whole system must operate at that Maximum Power point. Maximum power point of PV panel keeps same on changing with changing solar irradiance and temperature of cell. Then to obtain maximum power from a PV system, MPPT algorithms are implemented. So that, P & O based MPPT is developed and Simulation results show the effective of the P&O based controller to produce
more stable power.

Renewable Energy is making a noticeable impact especially in the lives of rural masses. Simultaneously however, its utilization for both urban and semi-urban applications is also developing day to day. The power created in such applications relies on the amount of solar energy captured by the solar panel, and accordingly the issue of building up the tracking plans is capable of the accompanying trajectory of the sun over the span of the day on a year. Maximizing power yield from a solar framework is desirable to increase efficiency. Keeping in mind the end goal to maximize power yield from solar panels, we have to track the maximum power point of the panel. Maximum power point tracking is required. In our project we are utilizing Dual axis tracking and Incremental conductance MPPT algorithm. This is more savvy arrangement than purchasing additional solar panels to create maximum power. In our project, a prototype for a Real Time Clock based solar tracking framework is portrayed, which will keep the panels aligned with the sun to give maximum efficiency.

solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). The concentrated solar power system uses lens or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The process of conversion of light into electric current by the photovoltaics is known as the photovoltaic effect. Solar photovoltaic arrays are subjected to partial shading and rapid fluctuations of shading, in most of the portable applications. By partially shaded cells, the residual energy generated, either cannot be collected if the diode is bypassed, or impedes collection of power from the remaining fully illuminated cells, if the diode is not bypassed. The PV system is capable of maximizing the power generated by every PV cells in the PV panel. This system comprises of an array of parallel connected PV cells, a low-input voltage step up power converter and a simple bandwidth MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) tracker. The MPPT operation is to adjust photovoltaic interfaces, so that the operating characteristics of the load and the photovoltaic array match at the maximum power point, no matter what the stand-alone or grid connected photovoltaic applications are.

"The general trends in the past decade of increasing solar cell efficiency, decreasing PV system costs, increasing government incentive programs, and several other factors have all combined synergistically to reduce the barriers of entry for PV systems to enter the market and expand their contribution to the global energy portfolio. The shortcomings of current inverter functions which link PV systems to the utility network are becoming transparent as PV penetration levels continue to increase. In this paper an analysis of solar system connected with the grid has been done. The system is subjected with two types of perturbations, i.e. variable load and the variable irradiance level which changes the output of the solar system. The design, modeling, and analysis of a grid-tied PV system are performed in the MATLAB software simulation environment. Solar cell works on the principle of photo voltaic effect, which has nonlinear voltage and current characteristics. These characteristics are improved with the help of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. MPPT controller helps to feed the inverter with maximum power from the solar system. Results indicate that in the presence of grid disturbances the inverter can react dynamically to help restore the power system back to its normal state. A harmonic analysis was also performed indicating the inverter under study met the applicable power quality standards for distributed energy resources Anjali | Gourav Sharma""Power Quality Improvement in Grid Connected PV System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2196.pdf
Article URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2196/power-quality-improvement-in-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali"

The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a technique used in power electronic circuits to extract maximum energy from the Photovoltaic (PV) Systems. In the recent decades, photovoltaic power generation has become more important due its many benefits such as needs a few maintenance and environmental advantages and fuel free. However, there are two major barriers for the use of PV systems, low energy conversion efficiency and high initial cost. To improve the energy efficiency, it is important to work PV system always at its maximum power point. So far, many researches are conducted and many papers were published and suggested different methods for extracting maximum power point. This paper presents in details implementation of Perturb and Observe MPPT using buck and buck-boost Converters. Some results such as current, voltage and output power for each various combination have been recorded. The simulation has been accomplished in software of MATLAB Math works.

This paper makes a comparative assessment of three popular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms used in photovoltaic power generation. A 120 W p PV module is taken as reference for the study that is connected to a suitable resistive load by a boost converter. Two profiles of variation of solar insolation at fixed temperature and varying temperature at fixed solar insolation are taken to test the tracking efficiency of three MPPT algorithms based on the perturb and observe (P&O), Fuzzy logic, and Neural Network techniques. MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation software is used for assessment, and the results indicate that the fuzzy logic-based tracker presents better tracking effectiveness to variations in both solar insolation and temperature profiles when compared to P&O technique and Neural Network-based technique.

— Electrical machines are devices that change either mechanical or electrical energy to the other and also can alternate the voltage levels of an alternating current. The need for electrical machines cannot be overemphasized since they are used in various applications in the world today. Its design is to meet the specifications as stated by the user and this design has to be an economical one. The design therefore revolves around designing the machine to meet the stipulated performance required, the cost available and the lasting life of the machine. This work aims to eliminate the tediousness involved in the manual hand calculations of designing the machines by making use of a graphical user interface and using iterations in situations where the data would have been assumed.