Memory Effect

The synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts, exemplified by supported transition metals, is a field of investigation where a constant dialogue is taking place between the macroscopic level (industrial preparation procedures) and the molecular level (illustrated by a discussion of adsorption mechanisms during the metal deposition step). Interesting problems arising from the molecular view of catalyst preparation are, e.g., the possibility of interfacial molecular recognition on metal deposition, or the control of interfacial kinetics. Studies of the initial steps of supported catalysts preparation has practical significance because of memory effects: the final state of the working catalyst is still influenced by the conditions of initial deposition, as illustrated by the example of Pt-WO x /Al 2 O 3 .

Memory effects in amplifiers can be described as the dependence of the output signal not only to the instantaneous input, but also to previous inputs. In a system where these effects exist, the linearity of the amplifier is degraded by the DC supply impedance, which is affected by changes in the instantaneous bandwidth of the input signal. The resulting nonlinearity is difficult to remove completely, even by the most sophisticated predistortion techniques. This paper describes a circuit technique that is readily applicable to RF amplifiers designed for wideband applications used with or without a lineariser. The memory effect reduction is achieved by placing transmission zeros in the bias network transfer function. Transmission zeros at the output of device are formed by utilizing the series resonance properties of decoupling capacitors. The frequency response is synthesized to lower and even out the impedance of the bias network over the resulting distortion bandwidth.

Basic in the districts where solar energy and wind energy are naturally complementary, the application of wind-solar hybrid energy systems can reduce the storage capacity of batteries and the total cost of the system compared with stand alone PV or wind generation system. But efficient and reliable operation of wind-solar hybrid generation system largely depends on control strategies of the controller. In this study, linear short term prediction of wind and solar will be used in regard with energy management of wind/PV hybrid system with battery storage system and its new control strategy. Due to achieving of this goal at first, each subsystem of this hybrid system should be modeled. Then system control strategy with consideration of memory effect will be modeled and finally if it needs the other prediction methods will be comparing to the result of our system. In this system with short term prediction of wind and solar plus applying suitable control methods, the hybrid system will be optimized economically. Due to this purpose all wind turbine and PV arrays and battery will be modeled in MATLAB-simulink then the strategy of control will be applied to optimize the system.