Political Messages

Nas últimas quatro décadas de regime democrático a representatividade política das mulheres tem sofrido uma evolução positiva. A partir de uma perspetiva histórica, esta comunicação oferece uma resenha da legislação e uma avaliação sociológica da classe política portuguesa com o objetivo de abordar a questão do género. Centrando-se no poder local entre 1974 e 2017, analisa a participação ativa das mulheres nas primeiras comissões administrativas nomeadas em 1974 e que funcionaram até às primeiras eleições autárquicas que se realizaram a 12 de dezembro de 1976, a que se seguiram eleições regulares primeiro com intervalos de três anos e, a partir de 1989, de quatro. Em todos os níveis de governo avaliados ainda se verifica uma sub-representação das mulheres nos cargos de representação política em Portugal.
Em 2006 foi aprovada a Lei da Paridade, que obrigou a um mínimo de 33% para cada género nas listas partidárias de candidatos, a qual foi pela primeira vez aplicada nas eleições legislativas e autárquicas de 2009. Não há dúvida que esta lei produziu resultados imediatos, pelo menos na eleição de mulheres deputadas. Contudo, a nível local, apesar de a lei da paridade ser cumprida com a colocação de mulheres nas listas, estas raramente estão em posições elegíveis para presidente.
Apresentam-se alguns dados comparativos que podem ajudar à compreensão da questão do género a nível local, especialmente nas questões da transparência, e analisam-se os programas eleitorais e mensagens políticas das representantes eleitas.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concepts of key messages and key message integrity, and examines their viability for communication management scholars and practitioners in evaluating media relations activities. Key message integrity addresses not only what messages transfer, but also how well.
The authors analyzed 18 nonprofit organizations’ key messages and the messages’ integrity levels using content analysis on one month of their news coverage. In-depth interviews with eight of their media relations practitioners helped validate the concepts and the results.
The authors found five unique categories and functions of key messages: information concerned with dissemination, raison d’être concerned with purpose, categories concerned with positioning, resource management concerned with accounting for resources, and social relevance concerned with legitimacy. Findings also revealed varying levels of transmission and message integrity across the categories. Interviews revealed insights into challenges for communicating organizational key messages to the news media.
This study lays the foundation for additional research on key messages and key message integrity as useful metrics for communication management scholars and practitioners.

Today with the vast technological advancements in the various means of communication, instant messaging applications play a very crucial role in the transmission of messages from one user to another who will be residing at different locations at a minimal cost or with the support of the internet facility. With the advancements in technology comes the need to secure applications from malicious attackers who try to steal user credentials or may also cause passive attacks on the network. The chat application uses the XMPP server for the secure transmission of messages between the users. The defense organizations need a more secure chat application for communicating in a highly confidential manner. Therefore we try to propose a smart and secure chat application for the defense organization. Many existing Android chat applications are compared to analyze their features, security principles, and flaws to bring forward an innovative and secure android chat application.

There was a consensus among the elite journalists, mainstream politicians and Hillary Clinton supporters around the world: Donald J. Trump is a 'dangerous clown'. Not only is he badly informed; he is a liar, a misogynist, a birther and a racist. Ergo, Trump is not fit to be the commander-in-chief. One assumes that all of this is not only obvious, but also exudes a negative message. The counter-strategy was limited to pointing out his lies and his racist and sexist slurs. All the counter-discourse, in essence, conveyed one message: he is a dangerous idiot, a moron. This strategy overlooked the power of his message and failed to construct a potent counter-movement.

Метою дослідження є розробка методики, яка би дозволяла аналізувати ефективність медіакомунікації інформаційних кампаній, що проводяться в комерційному, політичному або стратегічному секторах комунікації. Така методика розроблена в процесі роботи над 63-ма інформаційними кампаніями, досліджених за півтора року функціонування аналітичного відділу Центру контент-аналізу. В процесі дослідження з'ясовано, що цінні результати дає аналіз висвітлення в медіа інформаційної кампанії. Як категорії аналізу використано PR-меседжі. Відповідно до термінології класичної логіки, кожна така теза є судженням, предикат або об'єкт якого стосується змісту інформаційної кампанії. Пропонована методика поєднує в собі елементи контент-аналізу, дискурс-аналізу та наративного аналізу. Наведено приклад використання розробленої методики для аналізу кампанії з протидії популістському законопроекту. Ця методика дозволила з'ясувати, які меседжі (і для яких сегментів медіа-аудиторії) виявилися найбільш ефективними для просування позиції прихильників і критиків законопроекту. Ключові слова: ефективність комунікації; інформаційна кампанія; інформаційна атака; PR-меседж; кількісний аналіз.

One crucial issue in the present Online Social Networks (OSNs) is to enable clients to control the messages that are posted individually private space to evade that undesirable substance is shown. Up to now, OSNs give little help to this necessity. To fill the hole, in this paper, we propose a framework that permit OSN clients to have an immediate control on the messages that are posted on their dividers. This is accomplished through an adaptable standard based framework, which enables clients to change the separating criteria that is connected to their dividers, and a Machine Learning-based soft classifier consequently naming messages in help of content based filtering.

This analysis of the Black Lives Matter movement (hereafter: BLM) attempts to illustrate how a hashtag, set up by three women, could mobilize the outrage of an oppressed group of people across the US. Special attention will be paid to how a movement that found its origins online, can strongly impact the offline world. I will also emphasize that the movement has flourished in the way that it has, because of the influence of new types of media formats that are available nowadays. The mobilizing ability of the BLM movement is analyzed using the concepts of networked social movements (Castells, 2013), addressivity (Bakhtin, 1984; as quoted by Maly, 2014) and choreography of assembly (Gerbaudo, 2012). Furthermore, the discussion about the identity of the BLM movement is also addressed within the framework of discursive battle (Maly, 2014; Maly, 2016), ideology (Blommaert, 2005) and message (Lempert and Silverstein, 2012).

Siyasal iletişim, demokratik siyasal sistemlerin içerisindeki medya ve siyasi aktörler ile seçmenler arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen disiplindir. Bu anlamda siyasal iletişim sürecinin ilk ayağı siyasi aktörler, mesajlarını ulaştırmak istedikleri hedef kitleye yönelik bir takım siyasi mesaj stratejileri belirlerler. Stratejilerin belirlenmesinde kullanılan belli başlı teknikler, özellikle siyasi aktörlerin ulaşmak istediği seçmen tipine göre şekillenmektedir. Seçmenlerin bu mesajların kodunu çözmeleri ve algılamaları sonrasında oy vermeleri yoluyla (geri besleme) siyasal iletişim süreci tamamlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada; siyasal iletişimde kullanılan siyasi mesaj stratejilerinin güncel bir tartışması yapılmıştır. Bu anlamda, siyasal iletişim ve siyasi mesaj stratejileri ile ilgili temel kavramlar ve fikirler üzerinde durulmaktadır. Aynı zamanda çalışmanın alanyazındaki söz konusu kavramlar ve fikirler ile ilgili bir değerlendirme olması hedeflenmiştir. Ele alınan kavramların ve fikirlerin sonucunda, siyasal iletişim faaliyetlerinin sadece seçim dönemlerinde ortaya çıkan bir etkinlikler bütünü olmadığı, dolayısıyla siyasi mesaj stratejilerinin siyasi aktörler tarafından sürekli ve dinamik bir şekilde üretildiği görülmüştür.

"1988 Şili plebisitini ele alan No filmi; hayır kampanyasını aşırı basitleştirerek ve gerçeği bozarak ele aldığı, adeta “hayır”ın zaferini, esas olarak reklam kampanyasının bir sonucu olarak gösterdiği eleştirisine maruz kalır. Film tarihsel olaya dair bütün hikayeyi anlatmamak ve/veya yanlış sunmakla suçlanır (Jung, 2013). Ancak bütün bu eleştirilere; geçmiş ve bugün arasındaki sürekliliği görsel olarak ifade eden filmin temel sorusunun, “gerçekten ne değişti?” olduğu belirtilerek karşı çıkılır."

The "techniques of political manipulation" are patterns of behavior identified in the domain of the Romanian politics (political message in mass media, political statements, political interactions - alliances, competitions and so on) whose purpose is to influence the social behavior according to a certain interest, unknown to the audience they target. None of the techniques is my theoretical innovation. My approach aims to identify the cathegories of patterns of behavior which the political leaders perform in order to generate and obtain social symphathy, social acceptance, social influence, and, eventually, votes.

Using YouTube to enforce the Indonesian government’s communication routine is not relatively new. The former Indonesian President had run a YouTube channel and the current Indonesian President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) started to post videos on his YouTube channel named “Presiden Joko Widodo” since May 2016 and has received quite a positive feedback. Therefore, this study aims to enrich the study of political communication by recognizing the political communication style of Indonesian president in social media platform.
The previous study about political communication in video format suggests that images and music in videos appeal to certain emotion, and are believed to enhance the level of persuasiveness to viewers’. Taking those into account, Jokowi’s YouTube videos might employ many emotional appeals such as pride, anger, amusement, compassion, and so on as they are available in various themes and styles; and are presented in certain formats. The content analysis was conducted to examine the employment of emotional message appeals and the Message Sensation Value of 81 Indonesian President’s YouTube videos.
The analysis has shown the following results regarding the political communication style of current Indonesian President: President Joko Widodo accentuates his messages more through the actions and audio/verbal messages and he is promoting transparency by emphasizing on the process of achieving goals. In addition, the finding of disproportion number of the videos communicating the priority programs of current governments suggests that the government need to evaluate their YouTube strategic communication and future plans.

The study is to develop standard tools for review of the power of viral marketing in OTC drug market in particular. The growth of the Indian over-the-counter or OTC market (that is advertised non-prescription medicines) has outperformed globally with a market size of $3.4 billion. With the internet as an increasing locus for consumption, consumer have unparalleled access to information, and the ability to share/receive the messages as ever before, along with the opportunity to interact with other consumers and companies in different ways. Viral marketing is defined as “marketing techniques that use social networks to produce increases in brand awareness through self-replicating viral diffusion of messages, comparable to the spread of pathological viruses” (Kiss and Bichler, 2008). The customers have habituated to receive/share messages exponentially is social network both company’s message content and people’s intent messages. Based on the orientation of Blake Rohrbacher (2002) ORCI, a new operational viral marketing power have been proposed by Gamothaisankar K and Selvarasu A. (2013) as a tool for qualifying viral messages of OTC medicine in social network on internet. The reliability score of the scale has been found with a Cronbach’s alpha value 0.584 and based on standardized items 0.606 with a KMO sample adequacy of 64%. The study is based on multistage sampling that involves random sampling of lottery method have been adhered in the selection of sample respondents. To determine the sample size as 460, the researcher has used the formula of Schaeffer, Mendenhall and Ott (2005). The study tools are pre-tested with Friedman test and shows significant value. The concept of viral marketing power comprises of seven subscales namely self medication value (SMV), OTC drug value (ODV), emergency value (EmV), vital value (VV), guile value (GV), spiral value (SV), and vile value (ViV), six independent variables namely net savvy, social network savvy, click, referral share, see/receive and OTC web content, and eight covariates namely market maven (MM), customer knowledge (CK), product knowledge (PK), time (Ti), treatment (Tr), money (Mo), fun, and attitude (Att) are used to study the effects of viral messages. Individual effects of each subscale have been studied. Also the interaction effects of the subscales in viral marketing power have been studied.

Steganography is the art of hiding information in ways that prevent the detection of hidden messages. This paper presentsa new method which randomly selects position in MP3 file to hide a text secret messageby using Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique. The text secret message isused in start and ends locations a unique signature or key.The methodology focuses to embed one bit, two bits, three bitsor four bits from secret message into MP3 file by using LSB techniques. The evaluation and performancemethods are based on robustness (BER and correlation), Imperceptibility (PSNR) and hiding capacity (Ratio between Sizes of text message and MP3 Cover) indicators.The experimental results show the new method is more security. Moreover the contribution of this paper is the provision of a robustness-based classification of LSB steganography models depending on their occurrence in the embedding position. KEYWORDS Steganography, LSB, mp3 data set, hiding a message

Today's speakers strive to secure a positive message to their audience in a manner that will move them and inspire them. This rehoritical situation consists of President-Elect Barack Obama giving his Inaugural Address to the Nation. This intention of the speech will help form the legacy they will posses in history. The audience is America and the World conveyed live via the Nation's Capitol. This is the occasion where our president persuades us he is the Man for the Job. We shall look at the message in fulfilling the author's intentions and discuss the nature of the communication in our culture. Leading right into the speech the sworn in Commander In Chief Obama wastes no time illustrating the status quo with his water metaphor when he describes the Ship of State. The rising tides of prosperity and still waters of peace. President Obama speaks about the gathering clouds and raging storms that the other Commander In Chief's had to face, our history. America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we, the people, have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears and true to our founding documents. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation. But in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. He says the time has come to set aside childish things, but reminds us as Americans what we should believe in as a young nation. The values of equality, freedom, change and to pursue happiness. In reaffirming the greatness of our nation we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted, for those that prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it

Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez was elected to the US House of Representatives during the tumultuous midterm elections of late 2018. Running for the Democrats in the 14th District of New York - including the Bronx and part of Queens - she won a landslide, crushing her Republican opponent with 78% of the vote. Born in 1989, Ocasio-Cortez became the youngest female Congresswoman ever. And not only that: she became a digital media phenomenon of global scope.

Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) consist of powerful actors and resource constraint sensors that are linked together in wireless networks. They mostly rely on actors to make proper decisions and perform desired coordination to achieve the goals of the entire network. They are usually deployed in critical applications and actor-actor network connectivity is thus vital to their effective utilization. Since WSAN applications are mostly deployed in harsh environments, actor nodes may fail and so partition their network. We propose a comparatively more efficient distributed approach, nicknamed AOM, to restore actor-actor connectivity upon the failure of any actor. We identify critical actors by combining the result of determining critical actors using the Stojmenovich's method with the connectivity dominating set (CDS) of the network. This hybrid method of detecting critical actors helps in detecting critical nodes and candidate replacement actors more precisely while minimizing the total number of required messages for network restoration. The failure handling of actors is done in a proactive manner. Our proposed method minimizes both the restoration time of network and the total number of actor movements. When a failed actor is a critical node, actors in its neighborhood are relocated in a coordinated way to reconnect the actor network. The superiority of our approach compared to other works is shown by simulative experiments measuring two important parameters to WSANS, namely, the total number of transmitted messages and the total number of actor movements during actor-actor network reconnection process.

This study investigated the effect of message source labeling (US politician versus Al-Qaeda leader) on citizens' perception of their own values in comparison to their perception of values held by the message source. An experiment conducted on 145 participants found that citizens perceived the values of the political figure as more similar to their own when the political figure was labeled " US politician " instead of " Al-Qaeda leader ". However, when presented with a statement with no source labels, participants perceived the values of the US politician and the Al-Qaeda leader to be similar to one another.

El vehículo de comunicación masiva más utilizado entre partidos o candidatos durante procesos electorales actuales es la propaganda política televisiva. Sin embargo, en términos académicos, es inexistente un marco teórico maestro que contribuya a la consolidación disciplinar del tema en discusión. En este artículo se realiza una revisión sistemática de las tendencias de investigación al respecto. Como resultado de un diseño exploratorio se identificaron, ordenaron y estudiaron los artículos referentes a la materia. Exponemos los postulados teórico - metodológicos de un mosaico de autores, mexicanos y norteamericanos, que han analizado los contenidos y efectos del spot político. El principal hallazgo es que en México no existe una consolidación disciplinar debido a que los autores realizan aproximaciones intermitentes al tema. Además, las metodologías cualitativas dominan las investigaciones emprendidas, y en las de carácter cuantitativo el uso de la estadística ha sido marginal. En ...

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concepts of key messages and key message integrity, and examines their viability for communication management scholars and practitioners in evaluating media relations activities. Key message integrity addresses not only what messages transfer, but also how well. Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyzed 18 nonprofit organizations’ key messages and the messages’ integrity levels using content analysis on one month of their news coverage. In-depth interviews with eight of their media relations practitioners helped validate the concepts and the results. Findings – The authors found five unique categories and functions of key messages: information concerned with dissemination, raison d’être concerned with purpose, categories concerned with positioning, resource management concerned with accounting for resources, and social relevance concerned with legitimacy. Findings also revealed varying levels of transmission and messag...

ABSTRACT
Determining campaign theme and the campaign messages depending upon campaign theme is one of the preparation phases of political election campaigns. Effectivemanagement of this process is an important step for the success of campaigns. Thus, the following points should be determined for campaign messages as significant ones: election atmosphere, strengths and weaknesses of candidate, strengths and weaknesses of opponent candidate, and socio-demographic characteristics and expectations of the electorate
Political election campaign messages can be created according to different strategy or strategies. Some of them are rational, emotional, candidate-centered, and attack message strategies. This paper evaluates perceptions of voters about rational, emotional, candidate-centered, and attack message strategies in the context of a local election.
A scale consisting of 28 items was formed and the data obtained was analyzed with a method of exploratory factor analysis. Accordingly, it was concluded that message strategies were able to group in four factors. These factors were named as rational, emotional, candidate-centered, and attack message strategies. In the study, it was seen that rational message strategy was perceived as the most favorable strategy by electorate. Nonetheless, attack message strategy was least supportedby voters. However, there is a negative correlation between rational, emotional and candidate-centered message strategies and attack message strategy, but they aren’t significant. In addition, the paper revealed two important findingsin terms of socio-demographic factors. First, middle-age voters preferred rational message strategies more than young voters. Second, voters with high level of education generally supported rational message strategies more than voters with low level of education.
Key Words: political communication, political election campaigns, message strategies, local elections.

ÖZET
Kampanya teması ve buna bağlı olarak kampanya mesajlarının belirlenmesi siyasal seçim kampanyası hazırlık aşamalarından biridir. Diğer süreçlerde olduğu gibi bu sürecin iyi yönetilmesi kampanya başarısının önemli bir adımıdır. Dolayısıyla mevcut seçim atmosferinin, adayın üstün ve zayıf yönlerinin, rakip adayın üstün ve zayıf yönlerinin, seçmenlerin sosyo-demografik özelliklerinin ve beklentilerinin tespit edilmesi kampanya mesajlarının belirlenmesinde önemli aşamalardandır.
Siyasal seçim kampanyası mesajları farklı strateji ya da stratejilere göre oluşturulabilir. Bunlar arasında rasyonel, duygusal, aday önceleme ve saldırgan mesaj stratejileri sayılabilir. Bu çalışma yerel seçimler bağlamında seçmenlerin rasyonel, duygusal, adayı önceleme ve saldırgan mesaj stratejileri ile ilgili algılarını ölçmektedir.
Çalışmada mesaj stratejileri ile ilgili yirmi sekiz yargının bulunduğu bir ölçek geliştirilmiş ve elde edilen veriler keşfedici faktör analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Buna göre mesaj stratejilerinin dört faktörde gruplanabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu faktörler rasyonel, duygusal, adayı önceleme ve saldırgan mesaj stratejileri olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada rasyonel mesaj stratejisinin seçmenler tarafından en olumlu algılanan mesaj stratejisi olduğu görülmüştür. Buna karşın en az desteklenen mesaj stratejisi saldırgan mesaj stratejisi olmuştur. Bununla birlikte rasyonel, duygusal ve adayı önceleme mesaj stratejileri ile saldırgan mesaj stratejisi arasında anlamlı olmayan negatif yönlü bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca sosyo-demografik özellikler bakımından orta yaş seçmenlerin genç seçmenlere oranla, eğitim düzeyi yüksek seçmenlerin eğitim düzeyi düşük seçmenlere oranla daha rasyonel tercihlerde bulunması çalışmanın önemli bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Siyasal İletişim, Siyasal Seçim Kampanyaları, Mesaj Stratejileri, Yerel Seçimler,

Wireless sensor and actor networks (WSANs) consist of powerful actors and resource constraint sensors that are linked together in wireless networks. They mostly rely on actors to make proper decisions and perform desired coordination to achieve the goals of the entire network. They are usually deployed in critical applications and actor-actor network connectivity is thus vital to their effective utilization. Since WSAN applications are mostly deployed in harsh environments, actor nodes may fail and so partition their network. We propose a comparatively more efficient distributed approach, nicknamed AOM, to restore actor-actor connectivity upon the failure of any actor. We identify critical actors by combining the result of determining critical actors using the Stojmenovich's method with the connectivity dominating set (CDS) of the network. This hybrid method of detecting critical actors helps in detecting critical nodes and candidate replacement actors more precisely while minimizing the total number of required messages for network restoration. The failure handling of actors is done in a proactive manner. Our proposed method minimizes both the restoration time of network and the total number of actor movements. When a failed actor is a critical node, actors in its neighborhood are relocated in a coordinated way to reconnect the actor network. The superiority of our approach compared to other works is shown by simulative experiments measuring two important parameters to WSANS, namely, the total number of transmitted messages and the total number of actor movements during actor-actor network reconnection process.

Despite the claims of the recently installed Trump Administration, it certainly was not millions of votes of " illegal aliens " that won Secretary Clinton a commanding lead in the nationally aggregated popular vote. But a slight shift at the margins of polling expectation principally in several Rust Belt states won Mr. Trump the decisive lead in the Electoral College. The structural fact many people forget is that an American presidential election is actually fifty simultaneous state-level elections, however national the mediatized lens on them, and hence that the distribution of the popular votes in respect of state boundaries is what ultimately matters, and ought to matter to those who run presidential campaigns. Many presidential elections have hinged on a small number of state outcomes, even the results in a single state – Tilden vs. Hayes, Cleveland vs. Harrison in the 19th century; Nixon vs. Kennedy, Gore vs. Bush the Youngerin very recent times. But what, I suppose, is gnawingly irksome for Secretary Clinton's supporters in 2016 is the consistent direction of tilt in the Electoral College toward the Republican Party candidate in both 21st century instances, the matter in the year 2000 decided not, as the Constitution prescribes, in the House of Representatives (as was the Tilden—Hayes contest in 1876) but by the U. S. Supreme Court in a one-vote cliffhanger, and in the 2016 election notwithstanding a Democratic popular vote plurality of nearly 3,000,000 votes of some 128,825,223 certified overall. Message need not even be communicated in language. The media, lulled by the proba-ballistics launched by pollsters, have professed astonishment at Mr. Trump's " upset victory " over Mrs. Clinton. But I think that if we retrace matters in the frame of political " message, " we can understand why all along they should have been – and some of us in fact were – preparing for it. " Message, " as I introduced in a little 2003 book, Talking Politics, and as Michael Lempert and I developed further in Creatures of Politics (Indiana, 2012), has nothing inherently to do with positions on issues of public policy; such issues become, at best, useful ingredients for or components of creating a message, and need not even be communicated in denotationally explicit language of committing to a certain position. That is what the metaphorical metapragmatic caption " dog whistle " describes, a political figure's interdiscursive citation as an act of Bakhtinian voicing of a well-known word or phrase (" America first! ") articulated by stereotypic others so as to align the politician with a particular interest group who are, thereby, interpellated, called out by this verbal gesture to targeted them as like-minded

El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la sentencia dictada por la Primera Sala de la Suprema Corte de Justicia mexicana en el amparo en revisión 152/2013 en la que se declaró la inconstitucionalidad de la exclusión de los homosexuales del régimen matrimonial en el Estado de Oaxaca. Esta sentencia refleja un cambio importante en la forma de entender el interés legítimo tratándose de la impugnación de normas autoaplicativas (es decir, de normas que causan perjuicio sin que medie acto de aplicación), dando paso a la justiciabilidad de los mensajes estigmatizantes. En el caso, esta forma más amplia de entender el interés legítimo está basada en la percepción de que el derecho discrimina a través de los mensajes que transmite, situación que la Suprema Corte considera puede combatir a través de sus sentencias de amparo. Asimismo, se plantean algunos retos e inquietudes que suscita la sentencia a la luz del activismo judicial que puede conllevar.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concepts of key messages and key message integrity, and examines their viability for communication management scholars and practitioners in evaluating media relations activities. Key message integrity addresses not only what messages transfer, but also how well. Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyzed 18 nonprofit organizations’ key messages and the messages’ integrity levels using content analysis on one month of their news coverage. In-depth interviews with eight of their media relations practitioners helped validate the concepts and the results. Findings – The authors found five unique categories and functions of key messages: information concerned with dissemination, raison d’être concerned with purpose, categories concerned with positioning, resource management concerned with accounting for resources, and social relevance concerned with legitimacy. Findings also revealed varying levels of transmission and messag...

For many of us, online communication is no longer a difficult process to understand, but on the contrary, it is the key to success both on personal and in business level. Almost nothing can be done without using the internet, the online environment being the tool that distinguishes between profit and loss, between the winner and the loser. Obviously, political life cannot function effectively at the moment without the widespread use of the Internet. Internet communication is generated by a multitude of actions and processes through which a series of messages are transmitted, which then take various forms. The advantage of such communication is the efficiency and easy way in which messages are transmitted to a large mass of voters. In this study, the author examines how the Internet influences the political communication of today's times, as well as the propagation power of political messages it has on the masses of voters.

El vehículo de comunicación masiva más utilizado entre partidos o candidatos durante procesos electorales actuales es la propaganda política televisiva. Sin embargo, en términos académicos, es inexistente un marco teórico maestro que contribuya a la consolidación disciplinar del tema en discusión. En este artículo se realiza una revisión sistemática de las tendencias de investigación al respecto. Como resultado de un diseño exploratorio se identificaron, ordenaron y estudiaron los artículos referentes a la materia. Exponemos los postulados teórico - metodológicos de un mosaico de autores, mexicanos y norteamericanos, que han analizado los contenidos y efectos del spot político. El principal hallazgo es que en México no existe una consolidación disciplinar debido a que los autores realizan aproximaciones intermitentes al tema. Además, las metodologías cualitativas dominan las investigaciones emprendidas, y en las de carácter cuantitativo el uso de la estadística ha sido marginal. En ...

Internet memes represent fundamental practices underlying much of digitally mediated conversation in the current participatory media environment, increasingly playing a prominent role in political contexts online. At the same time, memes’ fleeting nature makes them easily dismissed as insignificant media. To date, there is little published research that focuses on memes from the audience perspective. This study responds to calls to establish effects of political internet memes by examining the role of partisan cues in audience assessment of political internet memes’ message quality. An online quasi-experiment (N = 633) was conducted to assess perceptions of political memes’ message effectiveness and argument quality. The results reveal that internet memes are subject to biased cognitive processing, specifically selective judgment or motivated skepticism. These findings suggest that despite their fleeting nature, political internet memes might be a vehicle for political messages that contribute to a polarized media environment. Suggestions for future research are presented.

Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol is a proactive type of routing protocol that uses Multipoint Relay (MPR) set as the virtual backbone structure. The existing literature has identified various issues with respect to its backbone structure and has accordingly proposed improvements. In this paper, the focus is on improving the OLSR protocol by employing a Connected Dominating Set (CDS) based virtual backbone structure that is dynamically adaptable to rapid topology changes. A new Dynamically Adaptable Improved Optimized Link State Routing (DA-IOLSR) protocol is proposed that uses the local topology information to adapt the virtual backbone to topology changes. This assumes significance especially in networks that experience very high mobility. Changes in the network topology caused by node additions, node deletions and node mobility are taken care of. Simulations are carried out to assess the performance of DA-IOLSR protocol and OLSR protocol. Packet delivery achieved by both the protocols is examined under varying mobility by using various combinations of node speed and pause time values. It is found that DA-IOLSR protocol provides better packet delivery as compared to OLSR protocol, under varying mobility conditions.