Preventive and public health dentistry

Objectives: Elimination of etiological factors is great importance in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH). The aim of this study is to compare the effect of DH etiology and risk factors on different treatment methods [5% sodium fluoride (Duraphat fluoride varnish), 5% glutaraldehyde-35% hydroxyethyl methacrylate (Gluma desensitizer), 8% arginine and calcium carbonate-containing desensitizing paste (Pro-Argin) and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser]. Methods: 40 patients (16 male and 24 females) with 200 teeth affected by DH and bruxism were included in this study. The patients were divided into two main groups. In the first group, there were patients who could not regularly use the night guard for bruxism due to individual reasons, and who could not complied advices on nutrition and oral hygiene habits (Group-A). The second group consisted of patients who could regularly use the night guard and could complied advices (Group-B). Then, both groups were divided into five subgroups: Group 1: Duraphat fluoride varnish, Group 2: Gluma desensitizer, Group 3: Pro-Argin, Group 4: Er:YAG laser Group 5: Control. DH was assessed with a visual analog scale (VAS); before the treatment, immediately, 1, 4, and 12 weeks after the treatment. The obtained data were evaluated statistically. Results: In both groups, it was seen that the most effective treatment methods were the Er:YAG laser and Pro-Argin. Gluma desensitizer and Duraphat fluoride varnish were also found to be effective in DH compared with control group, but they were not found to be as successful as the Er:YAG laser and Pro-Argin in the long term. It was found that all treatment methods, including the control group, applied to Group-B significantly increased their activities compared to Group-A in the 4 and 12 weeks (p<0.05). Conclusions: It has been found that the success rates of all treatment methods are increased when the etiological factor can be eliminated. It was also observed that Er:YAG laser and Pro-Argin demonstrated statistically similar success rates in both groups. It was seen that Er:YAG laser and Pro-Argin could have hope for long-term DH treatment.

Background and Aims: Application of fluoride products is known as one of the most successful interventions to prevent dental caries. This study aimed to
compare the costs of in-office fluoride therapy versus salt fluoridation in Iranian population.
Materials and Methods: In this study, the costs relating to the use of in-office fluoride therapy were analyzed using Activity Based Costing during 2011 from
two perspectives. From the perspective of service provider, direct medical costs and indirect costs and from the view of service recipient, three parts: direct
medical and non-medical costs and indirect costs, were considered.
Costing for public consumption of salt fluoridation was estimated based on salt processing costs, including purchase, installation, monitoring, maintenance
and repair of machinery, equipment, personnel expenses and cost of raw materials, used in this study.
Results: Costs relating to performing a single in-office fluoride therapy was estimated to be 245, 032 Rials from the perspective of service providers, and
239, 600 Rials from the patient view. Estimated total cost to produce fluoridated salt for a unit of 10 million populations, was calculated to be 35 billion and
940 million Rials or 3, 594 Rials per person per year.
Conclusion: It was concluded that per-capita costs of community based salt fluoridation was far less than in-office fluoride therapy. Salt fluoridation could
be advised to be an affordable way to prevent dental caries in Iranian population.
Keyword(s): COST, OFFICE, FLUORIDATION
©

Background: Although the oral health status is improved over the past years, the dental caries is still the most common chronic disease in childhood. Oral health affects many aspects of life such as ability to speak, mastication and well being. Aims: to determine the prevalence of caries of the first permanent molars (FPMs) and to compare the caries incidence between maxillary and mandibular arch, and to determine the most affect segment by the decay in the dental arch. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted of 375 children aged 6 to 12 years in Benghazi city of Libya. The clinical examination for dental caries was based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. It has been calculated the frequency of caries free (CF) and the DMFT index in terms of decayed teeth (DT), filled teeth (FT) and missing teeth (MT). Data were analyses using SPSS version 16, Chi-square test and the Kruskal-Wallis tests were used. Results: A significant difference was found between sound and carious FPMs in all dental arch segments (P =0.001). The DMFT index of the sample was (1.80±.081) whereas; the highest rate was in left side of the mandible (0.51±.026). The DT component was the highest rate (92.6%) of the DMFT index. Conclusion: The DMFT in the mandible was higher than the maxilla. The caries prevalence of FPMs was similar in both sides of the dental arches, thus the intensive preventive and health service activities should be promote in Libya to decrease caries risk in school children.

Analyse the effect of varnishes containing xylitol alone or combined with fluoride on the remineralization of artificial enamel caries lesions in vitro. Bovine enamel specimens were randomly allocated to 7 groups (n=15/group). Artificial caries lesions were produced by immersion in 30 mL of lactic acid buffer containing 3mM CaCl2·2H2O, 3mM KH2PO4, 6 μM tetraetil metil diphosphanate (pH 5.0) for 6 days. The enamel blocks were treated with the following varnishes: 10% xylitol; 20% xylitol; 10% xylitol plus F (5% NaF); 20% xylitol plus F (5% NaF); Duofluorid™ (6% NaF, 2.71% F+6% CaF2), Duraphat™ (5% NaF, positive control) and placebo (no-F/xylitol, negative control). The varnishes were applied in a thin layer and removed after 6h. The blocks were subjected to pH-cycles (demineralization-2h/remineralization-22 h during 8 days) and enamel alterations were quantified by surface hardness and transversal microradiography. The percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR), the integrated mineral loss and lesion depth were statistically analysed by ANOVA/Tukey&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s test or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s test (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05). Enamel surface remineralization was significantly increased by Duraphat™, 10% xylitol plus F and 20% xylitol plus F formulations, while significant subsurface mineral remineralization could be seen only for enamel treated with Duraphat™, Duofluorid™ and 20% xylitol formulations. 20% xylitol varnishes seem to be promising alternatives to increase remineralization of artificial caries lesions. effective vehicles are desirable for caries control. Xylitol varnishes seem to be promising alternatives to increase enamel remineralization in vitro, which should be confirmed by in situ and clinical studies.

Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black - Pada kesempatan ini saya akan memberikan pembagian / Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black.  Klasifikasi Karies Gigi G.V. Black ini digunakan untuk menentukan perawatan pasien.
http://adifkgugm.blogspot.co.id/2013/08/klasifikasi-karies-gigi-menurut-gv-black.html

La Secretaría de Educación Pública seleccionó la obra para ser distribuido como libro de aula en todas las escuelas de México. (Tiraje 33,600 números). En este espacio se presenta solo el glosario de términos para ayudar a los pacientes sobre "Cómo conservar sus dientes y encía toda la vida".

In a globalized world of cut throat competition the survival of any dental clinic depends on the performance of the dentists. This requires designing enriched forms of occupational environment for increasing the job satisfaction and improving ergonomics. Effective practices of improving the work environment have a positive influence on the occupational health, performance and job satisfaction of the dentist. Work environment can be identified as the place that one works. Setting up the dental clinic in an appropriate environment is bound to influence the work life of the dentist and hence the work spot must be located in an apt and conducive environment. The work place should help free flow of work and free movement of the dental staff. If there is no sufficient work space, there will be unnecessary movement of staff and cause delay in completion of work schedule, resulting in crowded and cramped work space creating an adverse psychological impact on the dentist. The dental staff must be routinely reviewed on how important professionalism and demeanor is to a patient's perception of the dental clinic. Dental instruments must be stored in sealed paper pouches and kept in a storage area which contains a separate enclosed storage for sterile items and single-use disposable items. Instruments and dental supplies must never be stored under sinks or in wet areas. Holders must be used to insert and remove sharp instruments to minimize the risks of self-injury. The dental practitioner must be constantly aware of the risk of exposure to blood-borne infections during dental procedures with needles and drilling instruments and tools such as burs and drills. The dentist a pivotal personality in the dental sector organization performs his dental procedures within the context of his relevant environment. This study is exploring the various factors that are going to influence the occupational environment of the dental professional inside his dental clinic like locality, ambience, dental staff, instruments, dental chair, noise, ventilation and lighting which will eventually have an impact on his improved performance and job satisfaction.

Dentists' self-reported attitudes towards patients with HIV/AIDS might not reflect their actual behaviour. In this study 2 observers posed as HIV-positive patients and directly evaluated the behaviour of 300 dentists in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran. Two months later another observer interviewed the same dentists at their offices regarding AIDS-related knowledge and self-reported attitudes. Only 14.9% of dentists agreed to treat the simulated HIV-positive patients, 78.5% referred and 6.6% rejected them. Older age, longer work experience, graduation from a non-Iranian university and not having additional degrees were significantly related to adverse behaviours. Mean scores were 8.3 (SD 9.7) (out of 18) for knowledge and 17.5 (SD 7.1) (out of 39) for attitude. There were no significant correlations between dentists' knowledge and attitude or between knowledge and behaviour, but there was a weak positive correlation between self-reported attitude and observed behaviour.

Dental transposition is a form of ectopic eruption with change in position of normal adjacent teeth. Its prevalence is very low in general population and could be frequently missed on oral examination. We present a rare case of dental transposition between left mandibular canine and first premolar in a 22 year old Libyan male patient.

Background: Besides providing professional information to clinicians, journals have also become tools in the process of qualifying researchers. Bringing credits to authors has become one of the main tasks of scientific publishing. This shift from a main focus on the reader as the recipient of information to greater emphasis on the author, who gets merits for publishing scientific papers has resulted in inflation of the authors and quantity of journal rather than quality.
Aim: To analyze the publication trends of articles in JIAPHD over a period of eleven years (from 1998 – 2013).
Objectives: To describe quantitatively the number of  articles published in each issue, the type of articles and place of the institution from where the work originated and to assess the quality of the journal.
Methodology: The issues of JIAPHD  for the past eleven years (1998 – 2013) were obtained from the library of the Mamata Dental College to analyze the publication trends of  articles in JIAPHD. The articles published were analyzed for the number of articles published in each issue, type of the articles – original article, review article and case report and place of the institution from where the work originated.
The results: Total number of articles published from 1998 - 2013 are 642. The maximum number of articles were published in the year 2011 (345) followed by the year 2010 (84). The original articles (464) constitute the major type of articles followed by review articles (157) and case reports (21). Karnataka has ranked first with 264 (40.84%) articles followed by Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh with 111 (17.37%) and 96 (15.02%) articles respectively.
Conclusion: Analysis of published articles in JIAPHD has revealed publication trends of the journal and demonstrated the increasing trend of publications per year. Original articles are major type of research articles with maximum contributions from Karnataka state.

BACKGROUND: In Dentistry as a part of curriculum basics of statistics are taught at undergraduate level. Thus, for the challenges faced by students in understanding these biostatistical concepts requires a help from skilled teaching professionals, especially for monitoring, motivating as well as for making this subject interesting and clear. Henceforth, this study is undertaken with the main aim: To determine the perception and attitude of dental teaching professionals towards Biostatistics. Objective: To assess fundamentals and training of dental teaching professionals on biostatistics
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study is designed on dental teaching faculty at Mamata Dental College, Khammam, in January 2014.
All questionnaires included in this survey are close-ended, fifty eight filled questionnaire were returned from 78 faculty members (response rate 73%) Data Analysis-Data was collected over a period of one month. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0; to make the Chi-Square test a valid test, strongly agree and agree responses were merged for some questions.
RESULTS: 47.3% (n=37) agreed that biostatistics is difficult than other subjects in dental training, whereas28.1% (n=16) felt that the current level of training in biostatistics to be adequate. Few teaching faculty (including junior and senior faculty members) believed in conducting one’s own research analysis with confidence [19.3%, n=11, p < 0.05]. 88% (n=50) of participants were in favour that biostatistics is an important part of evidence based dentistry.79% (n=45) believed that knowledge of biostatistics is necessary when evaluating dental literature
CONCLUSION: In our view, there is a need for proper training in Biostatistics at undergraduate, postgraduate, clinicians as well as those at research level. If this need is clarified, then an advanced statistical training be implemented, but unfortunately these issues have been overlooked till date
KEY WORDS: Attitude, Biological statistics, Biostatistics course, Biostatistics Knowledge.

Beauty in itself is a combination of reality and personal
perception. As the mouth is the centre of communication in the
face, the smile plays an important role in facial expression and
appearance. Facial and smile attractiveness appear strongly
connected to  each other. Attractiveness is suggested to influence
personality development and social interaction. Our ultimate goal,
as clinicians is to achieve a pleasing composition in the smile-to
create an arrangement of the various esthetic elements to proper
proportion or relation according to known principles.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the microleakage of Class V restorations filled with a 7th-generation self-adhesive composite.

Materials and methods: In 40 permanent premolars and 80 primary canines, 160 Class V cavities were prepared, which were filled with four restorative materials (n of each material = 20 permanent and 20 primary restorations): control: nonbonded composite (Heliomolar), GI: glass ionomer (Fuji IX GP), BC: bonded Heliomolar, SC: self-adhesive composite (Embrace WetBond). Dye penetration was scored 0 to 4 at 160 coronal and 160 gingival margins under 40× magnification by two examiners. The data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test (α = 0.01).

Results: The mean microleakages of the materials (in the order of ‘control, GI, BC, SC’) at each margin-dentition (n = 20 margins) were: coronal-permanent (3.25 ± 0.72, 2.75 ± 0.72, 0.35 ± 0.59, 2.7 ± 0.73), coronal-primary (3.3 ± 0.66, 2.85 ± 0.88, 0.55 ± 0.76, 2.65 ± 1.14), gingival-permanent (3.35 ± 0.67, 0.85 ± 0.67, 2.95 ± 0.83, 1.55 ± 1.23), and gingival-primary (3.25 ± 0.72, 0.85 ± 0.59, 2.85 ± 0.89, 2.85 ± 0.93). Compared with the control microleakage at each margin-dentition (each group’s n = 20 margins), BC microleakage was significantly lesser at coronal margins only (p = 0.000), GI microleakage was lower at gingival margins only (p = 0.000), and SC microleakage was smaller at gingival margins of permanent teeth only (p = 0.000). After combining coronal/gingival margins, only SC microleakage in primary dentition (n = 40 margins) was not significantly lesser than the control in primary teeth (p = 0.018); and microleakage of all other material-dentitions were lesser than corresponding control-dentitions (p = 0.000). Permanent and primary teeth had similar results for all material-margins (p > 0.5) except for SC at gingival margins (p = 0.001).

Conclusion: SC should be used only at gingival margins of permanent teeth.

Clinical significance: Application of self-adhesive composite should be limited to gingival margins of permanent teeth.

Human jawbone represents a unique morphology due to its connection with the teeth, which are initiated by epithelial ingrowth that can form remnants and are crucial for proper bone persistence. Within this bone fatty degenerative osteonecrosis can occur and lead to inflammation and can persist with or without symptoms. Surprisingly, diagnosis and therapy of this condition are still a controversy in modern dentistry. In this review of the literature the history of this condition was redrawn. A multitude of names confused symptoms and pathophysiological ideas lead to communicative problems. Radiography is unfortunately not the most reliable imaging tool and therefore has to be supported by trans-alveolar ultrasonography. This novel method is now standardized and ready to be tested by larger groups. The most reasonable treatment is to remove the necrotic tissue. The numerous arguments and denial of the main dental community is not convincing, and the fatty degenerative osteonecrosis should be more in focus of clinical trials to improve the patients' needs and care.

Objective: To assess and compare the erosive potential of commercially available beverages and to evaluate the relationship between mineral loss and physiochemical properties (pH and titratable acidity) of different beverages. Material and Methods: Seven commercially available beverages [4 soft drinks, 1 chlorhexidine mouthwash and 2 controls (Amul milk and human saliva)] were tested. The pH and tritratable acidity of the beverages was determined. Fifty-six human premolars were sectioned into enamel and root surface (total 112 specimens) by using diamond-cutting machine. The specimens were immersed in each beverage for 24-hour intervals at 37 0 C. The weight loss of the specimens and mineral loss (calcium, phosphorus and fluoride) was determined at pre and post immersion and was subjected to statistical analysis at p<0.05 level of significance. Results: All beverages included in this were acidic. Nimbooz exhibited significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to all other beverages. Fanta shows significantly (p<0.05) high loss of phosphorus and calcium for enamel and root surface respectively. There was a week correlation with pH and tritratable acidity and loss of minerals. Conclusion: The erosive potential of Fanta and Nimbooz was significant compared to other beverages. However, it must be considered that there are numerous factors, which may influence the erosion rate in the intra oral environment; hence the result of this in vitro study should be applied with caution.

The science of informatics has transformed the
healthcare profession by the extraordinary revolution in
information technology, and continues to do so. Oral health
profession is no exception to this and the discipline of dental
informatics is influencing it in clinical care, education, and
research. The scope of dental informatics has not yet been
extended to the use of artificial intelligence expert systems in
diagnosis and treatment plan, effective tutoring systems, and
continuing dental education programmes and research. The
exchange of information among different healthcare
professionals through networked computing is bringing the
world together as a true global village. This can help in
improved communication among experts, besides forming an
interdisciplinary collaboration. Dental teaching institutions
need to reshape the dental curriculum encompassing the
science of information technology (IT) and informatics to
better equip students in their ability to use IT tools in their
training as well as future clinical practice and research
endeavours. Dental informatics is of enormous benefit to
research in dentistry, which only indicates the tremendous
changes it can impart to clinical care as well as educational
research. Hence, it is inevitable to continue to embrace dental
informatics effectively in all spheres of oral health education,
research, and clinical care.

Hemangiomas are mesenchymal lesions, represent 7% of benign childhood tumors, can occur anywhere in the body, are more frequent in the head and neck, representing 60% of cases, followed by their presence in the trunk in 25% and 15% in the extremities; appear after birth and go hand in hand with the growth of the patient, are of idiopathic etiology, have a predilection for the female gender, and are usually diagnosed as a clinical finding, reporting in mostly as a red-violet spot or tumor. They usually disappear spontaneously due to their self-regulation, however their persistence, cosmetic or functional affection, as well as the involvement of orificial structures or with systemic compromise could require simple or compound specialized management. A literature review was conducted in order to highlight the generalities and characteristics of intraoral hemangiomas, as well as to estimate the most appropriate treatment.

Aim: The aim of this prospective cross-sectional study was to investigate the morphological variation and sexual dimorphism
of Palatal Rugae (PR) in Libyan Subjects.
Materials and Methods: The sample comprised dental casts of 103 Libyan school children, aged 6-12 years; 51 males
[mean age (SD): 7.3 (1.1) years], and 52 females [mean age (SD): 8 (1.7) years]. Each maxillary dental cast was explored
for PR morphology (straight, wavy, curved, circular, unification and cross-link) and their prevalence was recorded. Paired
Student t-test was used to assess the symmetry between the paired palatal rugae. Correlation between PR morphology
and males and females was explored employing chi-square analysis.
Results: There was no significant correlation between sex and prevalence of PR as revealed by chi square analysis (P>0.079).
Paired student t-test revealed that there are no significant discrepancies between the shapes of the paired PR. Wavy (38.01)
and curved (24.39) PR were the most prevalent shape, followed by cross-linked (14.96%) and then by diverging unification
(14.96%) and straight (14.28) PR, while, circular and converging PR were not found in Libyan schoolchildren.
Conclusion: Wavy and curved were the most observed PR shape in Libyan subjects. Furthermore, the present findings were
in agreement with the reported similar studies on different populations that there is lack of sexual dimorphism in PR morphology

Fissure sealant is an important tool in the prevention of dental caries. This study evaluated the effect
of treating the enamel with topical fluoride gel prior to acid etching on sealant retention clinically (Part
I) and in vitro (Part II). In part I a split mouth design using contralateral first permanent molars was
conducted. Seventy (35 pairs) molars were sealed. Fissure sealant was applied on one side of the
mouth (control group) and the contralateral tooth received acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (test
group) prior to acid etching. The sealant was evaluated after 6 and 12 months and scored as intact,
partially lost or completely missing.
In part II, the shear bond strength between sealant and buccal enamel of extracted permanent
molars without or with topical fluoride treatment was evaluated. Results showed no statistically significant
differences between the test and control groups either clinically or in vitro. It is concluded that
topical fluoride application prior to acid etching does not have a deleterious effect on sealant retention.
However, further investigations should be conducted using different types of fluoride before
altering the traditional practices

SUMMARY Detection and management of posterior approximal caries lesions are still problematic. Inspection of approximal surfaces is challenging, and bitewing radiographs are used when direct vision is not possible. Unfortunately, there is no definite radiographic appearance to identify lesion cavitation with absolute certainty. Many lesions detected radiographically within the outer half of dentin are not cavitated, often resulting in unnecessary restorative treatment. Our study compared radiographic depth of approximal caries lesions with presence of cavitation in adults using visual inspection following temporary tooth separation (TTS). We conducted this observational descriptive cross-sectional study at two dental schools in two cities in Chile. Clinicians were unaware of radiographic depths of lesions and examined 147 participants (57.3% female and 42.7% male) following TTS. Using the common classification system that consists of E0 (no lesion), E1 (lesion within the outer half ...

The loss of permanent tooth in adolescent patient makes it highly desirable to perform the necessary treatment as expeditiously as possible. When a tooth is lost, space maintenance should be provided immediately after extraction to prevent tipping, tilting, or rotation of the abutment teeth or eruption of the opposing teeth. To ascertain function and esthetics, immediate treatments include interim space maintainer approaches. So this report describes a new technique for the management of the lost mandibular second premolar with a fixed functional interim space maintainer in a 12-year-old boy. The technique offers provision of conservative and cost effective fixed interim space maintainer which can
restore correct, harmonious, and nondestructive occlusal relationships.

These preventive measures go well with the mnemonics
“SAFE.” Hence, these strategies, in tabulated form, will help
the undergraduate and postgraduates students and practicing
dentists in memorizing and refreshing their knowledge of the
preventive measures that can be undertaken.

This paper deals with the flexible job shop scheduling problem with the preventive maintenance constraints where the objectives are to minimize the overall completion time (makespan), the total workload of machines and the workload of the most loaded machine. A fast heuristic algorithm based on a constructive procedure is developed to solve the problem in very short time. The algorithm is tested on the benchmark instances from the literature in order to evaluate its performance. Computational results show that, the proposed heuristic method is computationally efficient and promising for practical problems.

Background and Objectives: Dental caries, caused by oral microbial flora, is considered as one of the most common infectious diseases in human. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of short-term consumption of probiotic yogurt containing bifidobacterium lactis on salivary streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in students with initial stages of dental caries.
Materials and Methods: 66 students (18-30 years old) with initial stages of dental caries were selected in this single blind randomized clinical trial. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups: intervention group received 300g/d probiotic yogurt, and control group received 300 g/d conventional yogurt for 2 weeks. Unstimulated fasting saliva sample was collected pre- and post-intervention. Bacterial counting was performed for salivary streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. Salivarius Mitis agar and Rogosa agar were used as culture media for streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, respectively.
Results: The number of streptococcus mutans in saliva was significantly reduced in the intervention group post-intervention (P<0.001); however, it was not changed in the control group (P=0.71). Streptococcus mutans was also significantly lower in the intervention group compared with the control group post-intervention (P<0.001). Although salivary lactobacilli was reduced significantly in both groups post-intervention (P<0.001), this reduction was not significantly greater in the intervention group compared with the control group (P=0.594).
Conclusions: It is suggested that consumption of probiotic yogurt may be useful to prevent the progression of dental caries.

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Results: 1 to 20 of 46
Select item 25878684
1.
Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015 Mar-Apr;12(2):173-80.
Kinetics of pulpal temperature rise during light curing of 6 bonding agents from different generations, using light emitting diode and quartz-tungsten-halogen units: An in-vitro simulation.
Khaksaran NK1, Kashi TJ2, Rakhshan V3, Zeynolabedin ZS1, Bagheri H4.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND:

Application of bonding agents (BA) into deep cavities and light curing them might increase pulpal temperature and threaten its health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate temperature rise of pulp by light curing six BA using two different light curing units (LCU), through a dent in wall of 0.5 mm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:

This in vitro experiment was carried out on 96 slices of the same number of human third molars (6 BAs × 2 LCUs × 8 specimens in each group). There were 6 groups of BAs: N Bond, G-Bond, OptiBond XTR, Clearfil SE, Adper Single Bond 2 and V Bond. Each group of BA (n = 16) had two subgroups of light emitting diode (LED) and quartz-tungsten-halogen light cure units (n = 8). Each of these 16 specimens were subjected to light emitting for 20 s, once without any BAs (control) and later when a BA was applied to surface of disk. Temperature rises in 140 s were evaluated. Their mean temperature change in first 20 s were calculated and analyzed using two-way repeated-measures and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey (α = 0.05). Furthermore rate of temperature increase was calculated for each material and LCU.
RESULTS:

Minimum and maximum temperature rises in all subgroups were 1.7 and 2.8°C, respectively. Repeated measures ANOVA showed that both of adhesive and LCU types had significant effect on temperature rise after application of adhesives. Tukey post-hoc analysis showed Clearfil SE showed significantly higher temperature rise in comparison with Adper Single bond 2 (P = 0.047) and N Bond (P = 0.038). Temperature rose in a linear fashion during first 30-40 s and after that it was non-linear.
CONCLUSION:

20 s of light curing seems safe for pulpal health (with critical threshold of 5.5°C). However, in longer durations and especially when using LED units, the process should be broken to two sessions.
KEYWORDS:

Composite resins; dental materials; differential thermal analysis; polymerization

PMID:
    25878684
    [PubMed]
PMCID:
    PMC4387631

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Select item 25840586
2.
Eur J Orthod. 2015 Apr 3. pii: cjv008. [Epub ahead of print]
Meta-analysis and systematic review of the number of non-syndromic congenitally missing permanent teeth per affected individual and its influencing factors.
Rakhshan V1, Rakhshan H2.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

Dental aplasia (or hypodontia) is a frequent and challenging anomaly and thus of interest to many dental fields. Although the number of missing teeth (NMT) in each person is a major clinical determinant of treatment need, there is no meta-analysis on this subject. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relevant literature, including epidemiological studies and research on dental/orthodontic patients.
METHODS:

Among 50 reports, the effects of ethnicities, regions, sample sizes/types, subjects' minimum ages, journals' scientific credit, publication year, and gender composition of samples on the number of missing permanent teeth (except the third molars) per person were statistically analysed (α = 0.05, 0.025, 0.01).
LIMITATIONS:

The inclusion of small studies and second-hand information might reduce the reliability. Nevertheless, these strategies increased the meta-sample size and favoured the generalisability. Moreover, data weighting was carried out to account for the effect of study sizes/precisions.
RESULTS:

The NMT per affected person was 1.675 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.621-1.728], 1.987 (95% CI = 1.949-2.024), and 1.893 (95% CI = 1.864-1.923), in randomly selected subjects, dental/orthodontic patients, and both groups combined, respectively. The effects of ethnicities (P > 0.9), continents (P > 0.3), and time (adjusting for the population type, P = 0.7) were not significant. Dental/orthodontic patients exhibited a significantly greater NMT compared to randomly selected subjects (P < 0.012). Larger samples (P = 0.000) and enrolling younger individuals (P = 0.000) might inflate the observed NMT per person.
CONCLUSIONS:

Time, ethnic backgrounds, and continents seem unlikely influencing factors. Subjects younger than 13 years should be excluded. Larger samples should be investigated by more observers.

© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Orthodontic Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

PMID:
    25840586
    [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Select item 25709672
3.
Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2015 Jan-Feb;12(1):31-7.
The effect of water fluoride concentration on dental caries and fluorosis in five Iran provinces: A multi-center two-phase study.
Ramezani G1, Valaie N2, Rakhshan V3.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND:

Water fluoride level is unknown in many regions of Iran. Besides, only few non-controlled studies world-wide have assessed the effect of water fluoride on dental fluorosis and caries. We aimed to measure the fluoride level of 76 water supplies in 54 cities and evaluate the effect of fluoride on dental caries and fluorosis in a large multi-project study.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In the first phase (cross-sectional), fluoride levels of 76 water tanks in 54 cities/villages in five provinces of Iran were randomly evaluated in five subprojects. In the second phase (retrospective cohort), 1127 middle school children (563 cohort and 564 control subjects) in the high and low ends of fluoride concentration in each subproject were visited. Their decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and fluorosis states were assessed. The data were analyzed using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and independent-samples t-test (α = 0.05).
RESULTS:

Mean fluoride level was 0.298 ± 0.340 mg/L in 54 cities/villages. Only eight water tanks had fluoride levels within the normal range and only one was higher than normal and the rest (67 tanks) were all at low levels. Overall, a significant association was observed between fluoride level and fluorosis. However, this was not the case in all areas, as in 2 of 5 provinces, the effect of fluoride on fluorosis was not confirmed. In 4 of the 5 areas studied, there was a significant link between fluoride level and DMFT.
CONCLUSION:

Extremely low fluoride levels in Iran cities are an alarming finding and need attention. Higher fluoride is likely to reduce dental caries while increasing fluorosis. This finding was not confirmed in all the areas studied.

KEYWORDS:

Community fluorosis index; Dean's fluorosis index; dental caries; dental fluorosis; water fluoride

This study was conducted on a randomly selected group of secondary school adolescents in the Sadar Upazila under Cox's Bazar to assess the incidence of developmental dental (Deciduous, permanent and Mixed Dentition) anomalies concerning age, gender, and the relationship between jaws and teeth. Methodology: A sample survey by an oral examination of 198 school students, 11-16 years of age, was drawn from a Kalatali, Cox's Bazar District school Bangladesh who were available on October 19, 2019. Our participants were limited to students whose parents were agreed to participate in the survey and provided informed consent. Clinical examination was performed to identify the prevalence of developmental dental anomaly using portable light, dental mirror, and oral explorer. Dental abnormalities were discovered after examining the complete maxillary and mandibular arch. Results: Of the total respondents under the study, 56.6% were female, and 43.4% were male. Among the diagnosed disturbances, developmental anomalies in upper lateral incisors prevailed in 34.3% of cases. The cusp of Carabelli appeared to be the most dominant one covering almost 73.9% of the existing coverage of anomalies. However, the presence of the cusp of Carabelli in the permanent dentition was found in 76.2% of cases. Conclusion: Out of several dental anomalies, cups of Carabelli came out as the most prevalent dental anomaly among the sample shows 11.15 Chi-square value of the study subjects.

Perspectives into Better Communication Practices at this Conference

The "7th International Conference on Public Health and Nursing" scheduled during September 19-20, 2018 at Singapore..

The conference is with the Theme: Focusing on the Global Outbreaks and Upgrades towards Public Health and Nursing

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The oral medicine and healthcare professionals are at the heightened risks of the COVID-19. Each patient needs to be considered infectious with the need for infection prevention measures. Strict adherence of infection prevention practices would be very critical in pandemic situation.

Detection and management of posterior approximal caries lesions are still problematic. Inspection of approximal surfaces is challenging, and bitewing radiographs are used when direct vision is not possible. Unfortunately, there is no definite radiographic appearance to identify lesion cavitation with absolute certainty. Many lesions detected radiographically within the outer half of dentin are not cavitated, often resulting in unnecessary restorative treatment. Our study compared radiographic depth of approximal caries lesions with presence of cavitation in adults using visual inspection following temporary tooth separation (TTS). We conducted this observational descriptive cross-sectional study at two dental schools in two cities in Chile. Clinicians were unaware of radiographic depths of lesions and examined 147 participants (57.3% female and 42.7% male) following TTS. Using the common classification system that consists of E0 (no lesion), E1 (lesion within the outer half of ename...

Detection and management of posterior approximal caries lesions are still problematic. Inspection of approximal surfaces is challenging, and bitewing radiographs are used when direct vision is not possible. Unfortunately, there is no definite radiographic appearance to identify lesion cavitation with absolute certainty. Many lesions detected radiographically within the outer half of dentin are not cavitated, often resulting in unnecessary restorative treatment. Our study compared radiographic depth of approximal caries lesions with presence of cavitation in adults using visual inspection following temporary tooth separation (TTS). We conducted this observational descriptive cross-sectional study at two dental schools in two cities in Chile. Clinicians were unaware of radiographic depths of lesions and examined 147 participants (57.3% female and 42.7% male) following TTS. Using the common classification system that consists of E0 (no lesion), E1 (lesion within the outer half of enamel), E2 (lesion within the inner half of enamel), D1 (lesion within the outer third of dentin), D2 (lesion within the middle third of dentin), and D3 (lesion within the inner third of dentin), a trained dentist evaluated all the processed films. Cavitation was detected in only three sites (0.22%) within the E0 category, seven sites (3.41%) in E1, five sites (14.8%) in E2, four sites (14.8%) in D1, six sites (50%) in D2, and eight sites (61.5%) in D3. Considering that restorative treatment should be indicated strictly for cavitated lesions, our findings support indication for restorative treatment for D3 lesions and the rationale for TTS for D1-D2 caries lesions to allow direct visual inspection to determine whether there is surface cavitation.

The specialty of family medicine is centered on lasting, caring relationships with patients and their families. Family physiciansintegrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. The scope of family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Read more about the history, scope and definition of family medicine by reviewing the following resources.



Public-health-family-medicine



Family medicine is a three-dimensional specialty, incorporating (1) knowledge, (2) skill and (3) process. At the center of the process element is the patient-physician relationship with the patient viewed in the context of the family. It is the extent to which this relationship is valued, developed, nurtured and maintained that distinguishes family medicine from all other specialties.



Family physicians integrate the biological, clinical and behavioral sciences to provide continuing and comprehensive health care. Family medicine encompasses all ages, sexes, each organ system and every disease entity. Family physicians also pay special attention to their patients' lives within the context of family and the community.

Adolescent Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Pain Medicine
Sleep Medicine
Sports Medicine
Sexual Health
Geriatric Medicine
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/events-list/case-reports-on-public-health-family-medicine

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of Dental Public Health (DPH) scientific

publications within core DPH journals over time and to compare DPH journals with DPH content from other journal types. Methods: The Scopus database was used to identify DPH-relevant articles published from 1965 to 2014 in three core DPH journals (DPHJs) and from 2005-2014 in Dental Journals (DJs), Public Health (PHJs) and General Journals (GJs). To identify DPH-relevant articles, a search strategy with words about oral health and public health was applied to each group of journals. Research themes were created by grouping similar keywords, in order to report changes in the focus of articles over time. The most productive journals, countries, institutions and authors were also estimated for each set of journals. Results: In 2005-2014, 60297 articles were identified, of which 2.7% in DPHJs, 10.4% from PHJs, 38.2% from GJs and 48.7% from DJs. DPH-relevant articles published in the core DPHJs, DJs and PHJs tended to share a strong emphasis on dental caries, health care/services research on children and adolescents. Over time, the focus in the DPHJs has increased towards health behaviour/promotion/education, quality of life and socioeconomic factors. In the last decade, those themes were more frequent in DPH journals than in the other groups. Conclusions: DPH research published in DPHJs had some unique features and greater focus on the themes of quality of life, socioeconomic factors and health behaviour/education/promotion than other groups of journals

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different repairing techniques of a fractured sealant on microleakage in vitro. Methods: A nano-filled flowable composite (Filtek Z350) was placed on the occlusal surfaces of 112 intact extracted molars following cleaning by prophylaxis and acid etching. Sealant failure was produced on the entire sample. The teeth were then randomly allocated into 4 groups, each representing a different method of repair: group 1 (control)—prophylaxis brush followed by acid etching and 10 seconds of curing time; group 2—prophylaxis brush, acid etching, application of bonding agent, and 10 seconds of curing time; group 3—prophylaxis brush, acid etching, and 5 seconds of curing time; and group 4—prophylaxis brush, acid etching, and 20 seconds of curing time. Then, they were painted with varnish and immersed in 1% methylene blue. The teeth were then sectioned, and a total of 648 surfaces were scored for microleakage. Results: Statistical analysis did not demonstrate any one method of repair to be superior to the control method. There were no significant differences in microleakage between 10 and 20 seconds of curing time. Conclusion: Prophylaxis brush, acid etching, and light-emitting diode light curing for 10 seconds seems to be the simplest and the most appropriate method of repair and is, therefore, recommended.

Introdução - A Odontologia Legal tem grande importância no processo de identificação, principalmente quando os profissionais da área recebem para análise apenas a porção cefálica do corpo. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o dimorfismo sexual e estimação da idade através do Índice Transverso Craniano. Material e Métodos - Os autores estudaram uma amostra de 160 crânios secos, sendo 80 masculinos e 80 femininos, que pertenceram a indivíduos com idade acima de 20 anos, e com sexo e idade conhecidos com absoluta segurança. Os crânios estudados eram de pessoas cujos familiares não reclamaram os ossos no tempo hábil administrativo estabelecido pelo Cemitério e que estavam sendo encaminhados para incineração. Foram realizadas as seguintes mensurações: distância básio-bregma (altura craniana máxima) e distância éurio-éurio (largura craniana máxima) e a partir destas foi calculado o Índice Transverso. Resultados - De acordo com a análise estatística, houve índice de acerto de 81,5% por re...