Public Health education and promotion

State officials in early republican Turkey framed malaria as both a medical and a political issue. In doing so, they engaged in public health education campaigns not only to resolve medical concerns but also to better govern the country’s population and promote a broader modernist agenda. This article employs primary sources from Turkish archives and other collections in order to examine the governmental and the biopolitical implications of this experience. We thus scrutinize the civilizational discourse employed by politicians and physicians as they dealt with this “village disease,” the peoples who they encountered -- and taught, and the obstacles that they perceived to exist within the traditional curative beliefs and practices found throughout rural Anatolia. Emphasizing modernist ideals in their medicine as much as in their politics, we conclude that health officials’ lessons for waging an effective “war” on malaria targeted not just the disease but also its perceived societal sources of origin and -- hence -- the very populace it presumably sought to protect.

Background: Physical activity is that aspect of public health education with determinant factors (i.e. personal, social and environmental) that deals with human kinetics of the musculoskeletal systems, which requires both energy or calorie intake and expenditure for improved and sustainable physiological and psychosocial fitness, wellness and healthy lifestyle. This study only aimed at scoring the measured and evaluated factors under physical exercise self-efficacy (PESE) for college students' level of motivation in physical activity.
Methods: Physical Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale Questionnaire (PESESQ) was adopted as survey instrument. The variables were analyzed using IBM SPSSv.23 Statistics, with sampled participants of N=500; mean and standard deviation (M±SD) age of 28.5±9.5 ranged from 19-38 years with a response rate of 100% undergraduate students, selected using a simple random sampling method.
Results: A significant difference was recorded and displayed regarding all scored and tested variables in the results with " when I am busy " scored highest [F = 9.540 with sig. (.002), t =-3.089 with 2-tailed sig. (.002)] and " when I feel tense " scored lowest [F = .013 with sig. (.909), t = .114 with 2-tailed sig. (.909)], in tables 5&6 respectively. The results were scored and tested @ significance level of p<0.05.
Conclusion and Recommendation: In conclusion, the greater majority of the overall participants responded more to " I can manage to carry out my exercise intentions even when I am busy " under physical exercise self-efficacy, meaning amidst all busy schedules including study pressure, respondents were determined to engage in physical activity. Recommendationwas made that, a mandatory course or programme in health and physical education or literacy be instituted to help educate the barriers of self-efficacy regarding physical activity for all college students before graduation to help maximize the level of motivation in physical activity.

Effective health promotion requires models that support a critical approach. The Red Lotus Health Promotion Model was the first model to go beyond the technical aspects of practice and incorporate modern health promotion philosophical and ethical values and principles, and critical reflection components. Review of the model identified the need to also incorporate its critical theoretical foundations.

Methods
Document analysis was used to identify, source and analyse health promotion literature in order to develop the critical theoretical foundation of the Red Lotus Health Promotion Model.

Results/discussions
The revised Red Lotus Health Promotion Model has eight interrelated components that align with the tenets of critical theory and commitments to critical systems theory. Components include: the technical knowledge of needs assessment, planning implementation and evaluation; conceptual knowledge of understanding health and sustainability; a values and principles system, and critical reflection. Critical reflection is the central component that connects the conceptual and technical components with the values and principles system. The values and principles system is both the foundation of modern health promotion practice and a heuristic tool to critically reflect on health promotion programs, policies and practice for alignment with the technical, philosophical, and ethical values and principles of modern health promotion.

Conclusions/implications
The Red Lotus Health Promotion Model is the first health promotion model to incorporate theoretical foundations that are grounded in critical theory and critical systems theory.

Key message
The revised Red Lotus Health Promotion Model fills a gap in the suite of health promotion models available to practitioners to support a more critical approach to practice.

Introducción
El desarrollo normativo de la Ley 44/2003, a través del Real Decreto 639/2014, inició el proceso de reorganización de la Formación Sanitaria Especializada (FSE). El objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar una propuesta de competencias específicas para la especialidad de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública mediante un análisis comparado y proceso participativo.

Métodos
Cuatro fases: 1) análisis y extracción de competencias de documentación de organismos oficiales; 2)consulta dirigida a personas clave; 3)consulta abierta a residentes y personas implicadas en la FSE, y 4)difusión a la Comisión Nacional de la Especialidad y público general.

Resultados
1) Se extrajeron 543 competencias y 67 categorías de 7 fuentes primarias (Austria, Canadá, ECDC, Estados Unidos, Francia, Reino Unido y OPS). Se produjeron 126 competencias en 12 categorías. 2)Participaron 10 personas clave, 64 competencias fueron modificadas, 10 eliminadas y 9 nuevas. 3)Hubo 32 respuestas: 132 competencias en 12 categorías. Propuesta final: 145 competencias en 21 categorías, organizadas en 3 bloques: competencias genéricas, técnicas y específicas.

Conclusión
La propuesta final es producto de la participación de residentes y personas implicadas en la FSE, partiendo del actual marco y del análisis del desarrollo de la especialidad en el contexto internacional. Se han incorporado conceptos presentes en países de nuestro entorno y cercanos a la práctica.

Background: Physical activity can be expressed as a public health factor or determinant (personal, social and environmental) that relates to human movement skills of the musculoskeletal systems that requires the intake and expenditure of kilocalories for improved wellness and healthy lifestyle, which prevents and minimizes cardiovascular related diseases, mortality and morbidity amongst college students. This study only aimed at scoring the measured and evaluated factors under motivational level of college students' in physical activity: a concern for public health education.
Methods: Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ), Motives for Physical Activity Questionnaire (MPAQ), Decisional Balance Scale Questionnaire (DBSQ) and Physical Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale Questionnaire (PESESQ) were adopted as survey instruments. The variables were analyzed using IBM SPSSv.23 Statistics, with sampled participants of (N=500); mean and standard deviation (M±SD) age of (28.5±9.5) with a response rate of (100%), ranged from (19-38) years, selected using a process of simple random sampling method.
Results: A significant difference was recorded regarding the variables tested with highest scores displayed as follows: under behavioural regulation in exercise, intrinsic motivation scored [t = 2.496]; under motives for physical activity, competence scored [t = 9.332]; under decisional balance scale, disadvantages (cons) scored [t = 5.419] and under physical exercise self-efficacy scale, when I am busy (self-efficacy) scored [t =-.079] in tables 2, 4, 6 & 8. The results were tested @ significance level p<0.05.
Conclusion and Recommendation: In the final analysis, the greater majority of respondents recorded significant values with respect to intrinsic motivation, competence, disadvantages and when I am busy. It was recommended that, a mandatory course in physical health education be instituted in schools and colleges to help educate pupils and students about physical activity and therapy before graduation to help maximize motivational level and minimize/prevent cardiovascular related diseases, morbidity and mortality.

Background: School children and adolescents physical activity motive is strategic in ecological and all inclusive conceptual comfort, bodily comfort, communal comfort and sentimental comfort, in so doing upholding the simplicity of the day-today deeds of learners empty of unnecessary lethargy. This survey target to catch a well-adjusted and well-investigated aim of pupil's motives of physical activity: a public health education survey in Sierra Leone, on the integrity of upholding a hale and hearty atmosphere in building a strong and vibrant children, youngsters, and grownups.
Methods: Motives for Physical Activity Questionnaire Revised (MPAQ-R) was the established investigation device. The variables were investigated using IBM-SPSSv.23 Statistics, with a mean cross-sectional average of 12.0±3.0, a 100% reply rate and N = 204 sample participants, stretching from 10-18 years, using a simple random sample. (SRS) choice.
Results: In relations to outcomes, the benefits of engaging in physical activity as motive for pupils physical activity by sex stood out high for very true for males (n=419) and females (n=383) with a mean and standard deviation for males (1.02±0.187) and females (1.04±0.266)). In addition, by level (JSS1, JSS2 & JSS3), shows high for very true JSS1 (n=323), JSS2 (n=279) and JSS3 (n=200) at significant value of 0.358. Conclusion and Endorsement: In deduction, the benefits derived from engaging in physical activity is a fundamental motive for children and adolescents involvement in physical activity amid added issues in relations to sex, and academic level, hence supporting both internal and external enthusiasm of children and adolescents motives of physical activity. In endorsement, that children and adolescents physical activity motives be more geared towards their voluntary involvement into physical activity due to the benefits they derive from it rather than their involuntary involvement into physical activity due to the influence of others ranging from sex (males and females) and academic levels (JSS1,2&3) respectively.

This article describes the collective experience of a game construction by students and teachers at the Polytechnic School of Health Professional Education Joaquim Venâncio (EPSJV/FIOCRUZ), in the context of a subject of the Health Professional Education curriculum. From the discussion proposed by teachers about the relationship between health and social economic development within the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), some principles of Game Design were presented and incorporated in the educational activity. Such principles were applied to enhance practices that comply with the terms of a procedural rhetoric as outlined by Bogost, and most especially, with the terms of tipical games’s procedurality. Thus, this article serves as an account of a wider movement of integration between students and teachers in the practice of creating and developing ludificated systems aiming at promoting knowledge in the context of the aforementioned subject and, more generally, the Health Professional Education. Considering the game as an educational technology that enhances the knowledge construction process, this article presents an engagement situation and the possibility of developing critical subjectivities with and for the agents involved.

Lifetime physical fitness and wellness could be successful with individual regular physical activity and exercising power of self-determination under physical activity motive, which could require calorie utilization for fitness and healthy lifestyle, whiles physical activity under exercise motive could be linked to public health that relates to utilization of macro-&-micro-nutrients for improved healthy lifestyle. This study aimed at scoring measured and evaluated physical activity motive of college students: factorial motivation for health extension workers. Motive for Physical Activity Measure-Revised Questionnaire (MPAM-RQ) was the survey instrument adopted. IBM-SPSSv.23 Statistics analyzed variables, with mean and standard deviation age of 28.5±9.5, response rate of 100%, sampled participants of N=500, ranged from 19-38 years, selected through simple random sampling method. Significant differences were tested at p<0.05, with highest scores recorded as follows: Enjoyment: females (10.92±4.574), Competence: females (15.14±6.167), Appearance: females (10.70±4.992), Fitness: females (8.56±4.371) and Social: females (9.26±2.515). That more males than females were favoured in the survey. That majority of participants responded to appearance motive, followed by fitness motive, which however displayed evidence of self-determination motive for physical activity for lifetime motor fitness skill development and wellness. It was recommended that college administrators, clinicians, physical and public health educators should jointly collaborate in motivating college students especially undergraduates to offer modules relating to lifetime physical fitness and wellness programmes for healthy lifestyle.

Undernutrition in young children is a major public health concern in countries like Nepal. Despite high rate of chronic malnutrition in young children, very less focus has been given to reduce it, thus affecting the lives of these children during adolescence.
To assess the nutritional status of young children aged between 6 to 12 years in Dukuchhap village in Lalitpur district of Nepal.

Objective The lack of reliable and valid tools for assessing
the factors that influence stretching exercises (SEs) among
Iranian office employees is obvious. This study aimed
to design and evaluate psychometric properties of this
instrument.
Design
Cross-sectional study of psychometric properties.
s
etting
Da
ta were gathered from May to September
2017.
Participants
Participants were 420 office employees who
were working in 10 health centres affiliated to the Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran.
Primary outcome measures

The instrument was
designed on the basis of the constructs of the health
promotion model (HPM) and extant litera
ture. Exploratory
factor analysis (EFA), Cronbach’s α and intraclass
correlation coefficient (ICC) were employed to check the
scale’s psychometric properties.
results
In total,
420 questionnaires were completed. The
mean age of the office employees was 37.1±8.03 years.
Among the 86 items, 77 items had significant item-to-total
correlations (p<0.05). The results showed good internal
consistency and reliability for the whole questionnaire and
each domain. EFA results confirmed 53.32% of the total
variance of the items yielded in 11 subscales. The ICC was
acceptable (0.78, 95%

CI 0.70 to 0.88).
Conclusions
The Stretching Exercise Influencing Scale
(SEIS) can be a reliable and valid instrument for measuring
the factors that influence SEs among office employees.
trial registration IRCT20160824295512N1

This study was aimed at the primary prevention strategy in minimizing the process of ageing among Njala campus athletes. The rationale of the study was to evaluate the knowledge of Njala campus athletes about abstinence from diseases associated with unsafe sexual practices such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome {Hiv/Aids}, gonorrhoea {Gr} and syphilis {Sp}, aimed as primary prevention strategy in minimizing the process of ageing. The participants with a quantum of one hundred and fifty {n=150} for the study were mainly athletes within the undergraduate sector of the university of which, 63% were male {n=95} and 37% were female {n=55}; 27% Christian-male {n=40} and 20% Christian-female {n=30}; 36.6% Muslim-male {n=55} and 16.6% Muslim-female {n=25}; 4% married-male {n=6} and 3% married-female {n=4}; 59% single-male {n=89} and 34% single-female {n=51}; 43.3% south/east-male {n=65} and 23.3% south/east-female {n=35}; 20% north/west-male {n=30} and 13% north/west-female {n=20}, were randomly sampled from four schools using the systematic random sampling i.e. 26.6% male {n=40} from school of agriculture/environmental science and 16.6% female {n=25} from school of agriculture/environmental science; 37% male {n=55} from school of education/technology and 20% female {n=30} from school of education/technology. Also randomly sampled from four levels were 53% male {n=80} from {100-200} levels and 30% female {n=45} from {100-200} levels; 10% male {n=15} from {300-400} levels and 7% female {n=10} from {300-400} levels; 40% male {n=60} were ranked within {18-25} years and 20% female {n=30} were ranked within {18-25} years; 23% male {n=35} were ranked within {26-30+} years and 17% female {n=25} were ranked within {26-30+} years. The results were compared using the dependent t-test {t} and scaled @ p < 0.05 level of significance. Analysis of results about abstinence from diseases associated with unsafe sexual practices such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids), gonorrhoea (gr) and syphilis (sp), indicate a holistic significance differences are highlighted. Conclusion: the results indicate that Njala campus athletes did display professional experience about primary prevention strategic knowledge of minimizing the process of ageing with special reference to abstinence from diseases associated with unsafe sexual practices such as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome {Hiv/Aids}, gonorrhoea {Gr} and syphilis {Sp. This study therefore recommends that availability and accessibility of training workshops, seminars and clinical test be given readily and frequently to Njala Campus Athletes prior to any intercollegiate competitions.