Public Sector Reforms

Despite the introduction of a Public Private Partnership Policy Implementation Framework a decade ago, Botswana has implemented only a handful projects under the Public Private Partnerships (PPP) arrangement. Known PPP projects include the two office buildings in the capital city Gaborone and pockets of other PPP infrastructure that have been completed within and outside the capital city. One of the concerns in Botswana regarding PPPs is that the PPP Unit in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED) has had a very limited and in some instances, no role in the implementation of some of the PPP projects in the country. Another major concern regarding the implementation of PPPs in Botswana is limited knowledge on PPPs, by government officials. The leadership and government officials require adequate understanding of PPPs in order for government to consider fully, PPP as an alternative and viable procurement method of public infrastructure and services. As a central advisor, depository, approver and guarantor of PPPs projects, government should, through the PPP unit always be involved in any PPP project. The unit should be capacitated to function effectively to enable it to take ownership of relevant responsibility towards its mandate. This study advances short term PPPs as a preferred means of public procurement in the government of Botswana's trajectory towards implementing long term PPPs.

In this book, the author analyzes e-government reforms in Kazakhstan from a multitude of dimensions, including, but not limited to, political, social, economic and technological ones. It examines the adoption of a wide range of technology-driven public sector projects and identifies key drivers, challenges, regulation policies and stakeholders of e-government policies in this transitional society. Taking into account recent changes in public sector affairs, such as the development of mobile government, the growth of civic engagement trends and advent of the open data-driven movement, and the overall progress of the national digital government project, this book addresses the emergence of new challenges and concerns associated with the advancement of the e-governance concept in Kazakhstan. Furthermore, it suggests that a universal framework can be applied when investigating e-government reforms in other countries, too.

Offering a wide range of practical recommendations on how to overcome the issues associated with the adoption of e-government reforms, this book will be a valuable resource for anyone wishing to improve their understanding of the multidimensional nature of the phenomena. It will be especially of key interest to academics studying Public Policy, Public Administration Studies, Digital Politics, Open Governance, Technology Reforms, Development and Central Asian Studies.

e-Government is often hailed by both scholars and practitioners as a tool for reforming the service delivery system in the public sector. Governments around the world aimed to modernize and reform their public sector with the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) to attain greater efficiency in public sector. The benefits of e-Government are numerous and yet is faced with implementation challenges and barriers especially in developing countries. For developing countries especially those in Africa, it is important to know their e-Readiness and draw lessons from the success and failure of the various e-Government projects in both developed and developing countries. Current knowledge in e-Government is mainly based on research done in developed countries. Although this might have been a great learning process for developing nations but often cultural, institutional, ICT infrastructural and economic factors are neglected and as a result lead to many e-Government projects being failed. Using exploratory method, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.

Öz
Tüm yönetim sistemleri gibi kamu yönetimi de kendini çevre ve koşullara uygun olarak yenilemeyi ve güncellemeyi hedeflemektedir. Türk Kamu Yönetimi, Cumhuriyetin ilanından bu yana çok sayıda idari reformun öznesi olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Türk Kamu Yönetiminin yüzyılında yapılan idari reform çalışmalarını dönemsel olarak ele almakta ve bu çalışmaları, kamu yönetimi alan yazınında önemli bir çalışma konusu olan karar verme yaklaşımları çerçevesinde değerlendirmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, söz konusu idari reform çalışmalarının karar verme yaklaşımları içerisindeki yönelimlerine dair büyük resim görülmeye çabalanmakta ve gelecekte yapılacak idari reform çalışmalarının bu çerçevedeki olası yönelimlerine dair öngörülerde bulunulmaktadır. Abstract
As all management systems do, public administration also aims to renew and update itself in accordance with the environment and changing conditions. Turkish Public Administration has been the subject of numerous administrative reforms since the proclamation of the Republic. This study, periodically analyzes the administrative reform studies conducted in the last hundred years and assesses them in the scope of decision making approaches and models which is an important field of study in public administration. In the conclusion part of the study, the big picture that picturizes the orientation of administrative reform studies in the scope of decision making approaches and models is being tried to see and predictions about the administrative reforms which will be made in the future are given.

In the 21st century most African countries have embraced the third wave democracy.
Good governance, sound public policy and sustainable development are associated
with political liberalisation, and efficient and effective Public Administration. However,
a critical analysis over the years shows that in some cases, encouraging gains have been
made, while in others there are risks or threats of complete reversals or stagnation. A
significant number of governance challenges are still stuck in the governance system.
These have sometimes threatened sustainable development. The gains made have
not adequately facilitated the achievement of fundamental policy, legislation and
constitutional demands. Service delivery remains a thorny issue in most African countries
and beyond, as numerous public sector reforms have miserably failed to achieve their
purposes. The increase in the scope of Public Administration has been punctuated by
an increase in cases of corruption which have seriously eroded state legitimacy and
undermined development efforts.
With the rapid expansion of Public Administration, the need for literature on governance,
policymaking and development nexus experiences is increasingly felt. This book, which
draws experiences from Botswana, Malawi, South Africa and Uganda relating to issues
of governance, policy implementation and development is an effort in the direction
of filling this gap. The overall mission of this book is to encourage and promote the
advancement of scholarship, practice and research into public administration topical
areas, which include governance, policymaking, implementation and development
studies. The aim is to attain effective public service delivery and promote excellence in
Public Administration theory and practice for sustainable development. A comprehensive
understanding of the dimension of good governance and linkages with public sector
service delivery, including the promotion of ethical conduct and accountability, is crucial
for the contemporary public policymakers, practitioners, academics and students of
Public Administration. This book underlines the fact that Public Administration is an
instrument of governance and an important mechanism for preserving and promoting
sustainable development and putting the ideals of the state, policy and laws into practice.
Public Administration is a vital social process charged with the responsibility of policy
implementation.
This book is a cooperative academic venture which presents the latest developments
in the field of Public Administration and development. It reflects the complex nature of
sustainable development and public service delivery in developing countries in Africa
and beyond. Several scholars have shared their rich experiences by contributing well
researched chapters which have undergone a triple blind peer review process. The
authors acquaint readers with the African and beyond experience, and the challenges
and prospects on major strands relating to governance, policymaking, implementation
and development. The book underlines that the process matters, as the ends do not
always justify the means. Among other aspects, the authors also show that improving governance in Africa has drawn increasing attention as a new approach to solving a
variety of problems, such as poverty, unethical conduct and slow economic development.

This paper examines the use of performance measurement information in the Tanzanian public sector by focusing on one public organization; the National Housing Corporation (NHC). In most countries, public organizations are now engaged in producing performance measurement information and our aim in this paper was to understand how performance information is used, for what purpose and by whom. Addressing these questions is important if we want to understand the implications of the introduction of performance management system in public organizations. Our main findings indicate that public organizations are still struggling to implement performance measurement system and that performance measurement information are somehow being used by many important actors, including and the NHC itself. The information is used for various reasons including for the purpose of improving the agency's internal operation. In the context of this study, we can therefore say that performance measurement will continue to be part and parcel of most public organizations' management.

Using digital technologies as an integrated part of  service delivery mechanism by the state cannot be overemphasised. Besides improving governance through greater transparency and accountability of government functionaries, it helps governments to ensure efficient and effective provision of services and  create an open, participatory and trustworthy public sector.

However, despite recognizing the need for the digitization of public services, governments in the developing countries are not giving it the importance it deserves.  I believe it is the capacity deficit of the public servants coupled with their inherent tendency to resist the change which are hindering progress in digital transformation of the public sector. Consequently, unless the bureaucracy is sufficiently motivated, educated and if need be, compelled to go for accelerated digitization, their urge to resist change will keep the country at lower levels of modernization.

In my article, I will be discussing the four areas to focus, four public policy issues to tackle and four steps to take for putting a country to its long-term trajectory of digital transformation

This study was aimed at evaluating the Performance Management Package (PMP) in the Zambia civil service. More specifically, it examined the key elements of the PMP and its implementation and attempted to determine the extent to which work plans and targets have been established and were adhered to in the Zambian civil service. The linkages between performance appraisal and the application of rewards, sanctions, training and skills development were also explored.
In order to do so, a stratified random sample of 236 civil servants drawn from three ministries (i.e. Agriculture and Co-operatives, Local Government and Housing and Finance and National Development) and two government institutions (i.e. Cabinet Office and the Public Service Management Division) were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. In addition"to this were two members of the Performance Improvement Team (PIT) at the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (where the team was found to be in existence). For these two PIT members at the Ministry of Local Government and Housing an unstructured questionnaire was administered so as to get more qualitative data.
The results presented in this study show that although the PMP launch, briefing meetings and installation workshops had been carried out in the sampled organisations, no further work had been done to ensure that every employee had a work plan to follow and targets to achieve against which their performance could be evaluated. This was mainly due to inadequate financial and physical resources, on the one hand, and lack of visionary and committed leadership to continue with the PMP implementation, on the other. In addition, the government has never conducted a review of the PMP implementation in the ministries and institutions.
Similarly, although 78 percent of the respondents had work plans created for their jobs only slightly over half of them (i.e. 55.5 percent) claimed that their work plans were completely followed or adhered to. The main reasons cited for the failure to adhere to work plans were poor funding, increased workloads due to manpower shortages and the absence of strict follow-ups by managers to ensure that work plans were being followed. As regards performance appraisal, slightly over half of the respondents (i.e. 53.8 percent) had the view that the
IV

PMP had introduced or helped put in place a more objective annual performance appraisal system (APAS). Furthermore, the study also found weak linkages between APAS and the application of rewards, sanctions, and training and skills development in the civil service today. As a result of this, the majority of the civil servants interviewed (i.e. 58.5 percent) argued that the administration of the performance appraisal system in the civil service today was just a matter of routine and served very little purpose. The study noted the absence of any reward or incentive schemes and sanctioning mechanisms in the organisations visited that are required to effectively manage performance.
Therefore, as a way forward, the government can, among others, adopt the following measures to improve the implementation of the PMP: reduction of the five-step implementation strategy to make it more cost effective and easy to apply; provision of financial and physical resources at all levels of the PMP implementation process; introduction of a PMP implementation monitoring and evaluation mechanism; development and implementation of a clear rewards or incentives policy; resolution of the current dilution of authority over human resources and its management in the civil service; educating all civil servants on performance management and its importance

The study sought to identify the traditional political institutions and modern democratic governance in Ghana by using Akim Abuakwa as the case study. Eleven communities in the Abuakwa Traditional area were specifically selected for the study. The study employed the probability sampling technique which is more scientific in selecting forty-five (45) participants to participate in the study. The study employed the institutional model framework as its theoretical approach. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in collecting data from traditional authorities in the selected communities for the study. The quantitative data employed a standardized questionnaire whilst the qualitative data employed an interview guide. These data collection tools were used to collect primary data for the study. Secondary data was collected through articles, journals and online materials that related to the topic under study. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS Package and was presented in charts and figures.

The study established that the traditional leaders in the country initiate and embark on a number of developmental projects on their own. It was also established that they partner the government in harnessing development for their various communities. It was again established that the traditional authority system is still relevant in modern society despite the immense changes it has encountered. The study again established that there is the need for the chieftaincy institution in the country to be refined in order for it to be abreast with the changing trend of society. The study concluded by making some recommendations for stakeholders in the institution. One major recommendation is that NGOs and stakeholders in the traditional establishments in the society should come on board and help the traditional authorities in developmental projects in the various communities.

The study explored the effects of students' absenteeism on student academic and school performance in Uganda. The study also assessed the effectiveness of class attendance monitoring tool; the challenges faced by the school administration in dealing with absentee student(s); and established the relationship between students' absenteeism and academic performance of students. The relevant literature was reviewed to anchor the methodology and the findings. The study adopted descriptive cross-sectional survey design. A combination of stratified and purposive sampling was applied to accommodate the variety of respondents from Serere, Soroti, Kumi and Ngora districts in Teso sub-region; North Eastern Uganda. The study used questionnaires and interview schedules to collect primary data from 349 respondents who participated in the study out of the expected 384 obtained from a target population of 100,000 giving a response rate of 90.89%. The findings shows that the monitoring tools used for students' attendance are effective (good) and there is a very positive relationship between student attendance and academic performance. The researcher also found that school attendance affects both the students and the school performance. To the students; it leads to poor academic performance, students drop out, graduating half-baked students, poor curriculum coverage and loss of interest in learning whist to the school; it affects the school image, lower the students' enrollment, transfer of students by parents, wastage of teachers' and administrators' time and affects the university/tertiary enrolment. However, the school administration faces challenges of; interruption of lessons, students being hostile/belligerent to teachers, and parents defending their children whilst dealing with absenteeism students. The study also provides the practical and most effective strategies to improve students' attendance. These staregies include; promoting Zero Tolerance to Students Absenteeism, parental involvement and participation, developing students' mentoring programmes, improving " rich " student's programmes, promoting guidance and counseling, promote good communication, reward students with regular attendance, and need to monitor and supervise school attendance. The researcher concludes that, to support students academically in and out of school; administrators, teachers, and families need to have a shared understanding of their children's learning and work as partners to meet their academic and social-emotional needs.

Los laboratorios o equipos de innovación pública constituyen un fenómeno emergente y novedoso en el territorio de las políticas públicas en la región. En este contexto, la innovación ya no es un tema ajeno a los gobiernos y servicios públicos sino que se ha transformado en un imperativo para responder a los complejos desafíos que enfrentan nuestras sociedades en el siglo XXI. Gran parte de las capacidades necesarias para innovar dicen relación con cultivar y aprovechar el enorme potencial existente fuera de las fronteras y paredes del sector público, y aunque parezca contradictorio, la innovación pública requiere, como nunca antes, del talento e inteligencia colectiva que, justamente habita fuera de ella.

Los laboratorios son una excusa institucional que siembra las semillas de un nuevo tipo de vínculo entre los gobiernos, los servicios de interés público (bienes públicos/bienes comunes) y la sociedad, desde una co-inspiración que redunda en ampliar los espacios de posibilidades y de acción desde el entender que la confianza, la complicidad, la participación activa y la corresponsabilidad son elementos fundamentales para promover y desarrollar espacios de colaboración para resolver problemas públicos complejos.

Annotation: This thesis attempts to explore the relationship between the concept of "reform" and "administration" or, in particular, public administration during the financial crisis in Greece. It is well known that in Greece, as well as in many other countries of Europe and the rest of the world, after 2008 and after the global economic crisis, there was a great economic destabilization with unpleasant results for the citizens of these countries and their economies. The survey that we present to you is focused on the administration, especially the public administration and the economy of Greece, and whether the "reform" in the administration will have a positive effect on the correction of the situation and whether the applied policy and state administration are to a certain extent the cause of the financial crisis. As we shall see, in the case of Greece, the state administration participated in the emergence of the economic crisis and helped to spread it. Reforms in the administration and the state can prevent such situations from occurring and can correct such mistakes. Greece presents itself with many administrative problems, with great weaknesses in public administration, which, coupled with the existence of customer relations between the state and voters, create a fertile ground for causing unpleasant situations. In Greece, the ruling political system consumed more than it needed, and took up more than it could have returned, under pressure from

Uno de los principales desafíos de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible consiste en configurar un nuevo marco de gobernanza pública y una renovada arquitectura estatal que permitan promover sociedades pacíficas e inclusivas para el desarrollo sostenible, facilitar el acceso a la justicia para todos y construir a todos los niveles instituciones eficaces, responsables e inclusivas que rindan cuentas (Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 16). En este contexto, el paradigma del gobierno abierto constituye un medio de referencia y un eje fundamental para cumplir los Objetivos de la Agenda 2030.

El propósito de esta obra pionera es contribuir al debate emergente sobre el tránsito hacia un Estado abierto por medio de múltiples miradas provenientes de la propia CEPAL y de representantes de organismos multilaterales, autoridades y responsables de gobierno, expertos de reconocida trayectoria, académicos y representantes de organizaciones de la sociedad civil de la región, así como de plataformas de innovación y activismo cívico.

The book studies transformations of European universities in the context of globalization and Europeanization, the questioning of the foundations of the «Golden Age» of the Keynesian welfare state, public sector reforms, demographic changes, the massification and diversification of higher education, and the emergence of knowledge economies. Such phenomena as academic entrepreneurialism and diversified channels of knowledge exchange in European universities are linked to transformations of the state and changes in public sector services. The first, contextual part of the book studies the changing state/university relationships, and the second, empirically-informed part draws from several recent large-scale comparative European research projects. Contents Contents: Introduction: Changing Universities and Their Changing Environments - Part I. The Changing State/University Relationships in Europe - Chapter 1. A Panoramic View: The Growing Complexity of the Academic Enterprise in Europe - Chapter 2. The University and the State in a Global Age. Renegotiating the Traditional Social Contract in Europe? - Chapter 3. The University and the Welfare State in Transition: Changing Public Services in a Wider Context - Chapter 4. Reforming Higher Education and Expanding the Regional Mission in the Contexts of the Postcommunist Transition, Accession, and Beyond - Part II. Towards Empirical Evidence: Academic Entrepreneurialism and Knowledge Exchange in European Universities - Chapter 5. Academic Entrepreneurialism and Private Higher Education in Europe - Chapter 6. Academic Entrepreneurialism vs. Changing Governance and Institutional Management Structures in European Universities - Chapter 7. Diversified Channels of Knowledge Exchange in European Universities: Major Parameters of University-Enterprise Partnerships.

Reformar el Estado es un aspecto indispensable para garantizar el desarrollo económico y social de un país, una adecuada inserción internacional y el bienestar de todas las personas que constituyen una sociedad. En este sentido, la urgencia por modernizar la gestión pública en Chile ha sido uno de los ejes centrales de los gobiernos de la Concertación, lo que se refleja en los múltiples esfuerzos implementados durante los últimos años. Además, el concepto de gobernabilidad democrática (que corresponde a las modalidades, reglas e instituciones que configuran el marco en que se desenvuelve la sociedad para lograr sus objetivos en cuanto a bienestar material, cultural y espiritual) implica hacer un gran esfuerzo por adecuar las estructuras del aparato público, y muy en particular los servicios públicos, a las exigencias de un contexto en constante transformación y dinamismo. La nueva relación entre democracia, Estado, mercado y sociedad civil significa ajustar el pensamiento, las estrategias y los estilos de trabajo a los nuevos desafíos que impone el nuevo milenio.

En este contexto, el objetivo de la ponencia es revisar desde una perspectiva crítica y reflexiva la experiencia chilena en materia de modernización de la gestión pública e incremento del capital social, tomando como base de análisis el período comprendido entre los años 1994-2000. Además, se identifican y discuten las principales líneas de acción, las lógicas subyacentes y las lecciones y aprendizajes que permitan pensar nuevas formas de enfrentar el mejoramiento permanente de las instituciones públicas chilenas en estrecha relación a las nuevas distinciones sobre fomento de la participación ciudadana y el fortalecimiento de la sociedad civil, en el marco de la generación e incremento del capital social.

La exposición dejará en evidencia que si bien las líneas de acción desarrolladas tuvieron frutos relevantes, faltó mayor apoyo político y un involucramiento más estrecho de los servicios públicos con los ciudadanos — usuarios, lo que adicionalmente se ve agravado por la persistencia de ciertas rigideces que inhiben la generación de una nueva manera de concebir la gestión pública y sus relaciones sistémicas con las distintas esferas del quehacer social, económico y político.

Finalmente, se propone la consolidación de una nueva institucionalidad en materia de políticas relativas a la gestión pública, a través de la creación de instancias que se preocupen de manera permanente del rediseño de los servicios públicos, el mejoramiento continuo de las prácticas de gestión y la formación rigurosa de personal altamente calificado, para fomentar el aprendizaje organizacional e incorporar progresivamente a la ciudadanía en las acciones que emprende el sector público en sus distintas esferas de competencia, considerando los recientes planteamientos sobre creación de valor público, la importancia de las redes intra e interorganizacionales y el carácter integrador que el emergente modelo de Estado presenta en el actual contexto de cambios globales.

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to explore the path towards Results-Oriented Government (ROG) by proposing a framework that can lead to achieving it into actual practice. Design/methodology/approach – The article is based on review of existing experience of pathfinder countries and literature. Findings – The article argues that the Results Oriented-Government cannot work with the traditional government systems and the adoption of Results-Oriented Government needs to be based on a balanced public sector reform that includes all the following main components: Result-oriented management system (New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Governance (NPG); result-oriented accounting system (accrual accounting system); result-oriented budgeting system (Output-based Budgeting System); result-oriented performance measurement system (Result-based Performance Measurement); result-oriented Auditing System (Performance Audit); and result-oriented Staff (Result-based Culture). Practical implications – It has been noticed from the earlier experiences that some countries had placed emphasis only on public management reform (e.g., NPM) and some others only on accounting and budgeting reform. Other countries have chosen alternatives paths. This can result in increasing the variance between countries in the path towards Results Oriented-Government. The first hand practical experiences of the pioneer Sovereign States such as New Zealand, the UK and Australia substantiate that for instance, the budgeting process cannot be reformed without taking into consideration the public sector management structure and organization, in conjunction with the financial environment within which it operates. All this implies that the implementation of ROG requires a consistent and comprehensive approach. Originality/value – The article contributes to the discussion about the right path towards Results-Oriented Government. It presents original conclusions about the implementation of Results-Oriented Government that should be based on a balanced public sector reform.

The water authority in Botswana has been experiencing increasing challenges of water supply and distribution since the reform of the sector in 2009. The centralization of water supply and distribution on the Water Utilities Corporation stemming out of the implementation of the water sector reforms resulted in the prominence of water supply shortage in various parts of the country (both urban and rural) raising questions on government's decision to reform the sector. The water supply service was previously provided by the Town and District Councils, The Department of Water Affairs and the Water Utilities Corporation. This paper investigates the possibility of engaging private companies through public private partnerships in the operations of the water service at Water Utilities Corporation's Lobatse Management Center. The methodological approach of this study is mixed method approach. The research strategy adopted is a survey under an intrepretivist paradigm. The study's findings illustrate that the corporation is overstretched in terms of its operational activities. The study's findings also establish causes of water shortage as well as levels of (dis)satisfaction on service provided. The demand for engaging private companies is ascertained hence the need to consider the public private partnerships at the Lobatse Management Centre.

Capítulo sobre la mirada desde la sociedad civil

La Agenda de Probidad y Transparencia impulsada por la Presidenta
de la República Michelle Bachelet Jeria, marca un hito en la historia
del sistema político de nuestro país y, sin duda –al igual que lo hecho
en esta publicación–, seguirá siendo motivo de análisis en el futuro.
Resulta satisfactorio, entonces, presentar un escrito donde un conjunto
destacado de figuras del mundo público, de la empresa privada, la
academia, y la sociedad en general, entregan sus reflexiones sobre un
tema de tanta relevancia para el desarrollo del país.

Porque para nadie es un misterio que el fenómeno de la desconfianza
hacia instituciones públicas y privadas claves en la convivencia
del país, así como hacia sus dirigencias, se ha instalado con fuerza en
nuestra sociedad, erosionando la credibilidad y la necesaria legitimidad
que requieren las decisiones en un sistema democrático.

En respuesta a esta realidad, nuestro gobierno tuvo el valor de reaccionar
de manera contundente. En su lucha contra la corrupción, por
la probidad y la trasparencia en las instituciones y en la política, la
Presidenta Michelle Bachelet llamó a todos los sectores a cooperar en
la reconstrucción de las confianzas perdidas, y así avanzar en el fortalecimiento de nuestro sistema democrático.

Es por ello que la aprobación e implementación de la Agenda de Probidad
y Transparencia –y del conjunto de leyes y medidas administrativas
que la conforman– ha contado con el mayor respaldo social y
político. Justamente eso es, en parte, lo que refleja el trabajo de este
libro. Se trata de opiniones y puntos de vista que enriquecerán los actuales
y futuros instrumentos de política pública, con el horizonte de
un país cuyas instituciones públicas y privadas sean más transparentes
y confiables.

(*) Libro que agrupa las ponencias presentadas en el seminario “Hacia
una nueva agenda de probidad”, organizado por el Centro de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad Católica, el Ministerio Secretaría General de la Presidencia del Gobierno de Chile y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID).

El problema principal que abarca el Federalismo Fiscal en la mayoría de los países se basa en el grado de descentralización de las tomas de decisiones, tanto impositivas como de gasto público, que existe entre los distintos niveles de gobierno (nacional, provincial y municipal). El grado de descentralización fiscal y la distribución de los recursos tributarios y funciones en los tres niveles de gobierno es un aspecto principal en el estudio y evaluación del régimen fiscal federal. Se puede decir que el régimen de coparticipación federal es una vía de
transferencia de recursos desde la nación hacia las provincias cuyos objetivos consisten en estabilizar financieramente a las provincias, asegurar la equidad de en cuanto al bienestar de los habitantes de todo el país y mejorar el sistema de control y redistribución de la recaudación impositiva nacional. El trabajo plantea estudiar la ley N° 23.548 de Coparticipación Federal, aún vigente desde 1988 junto con sus modificaciones para evaluar el incumplimiento del objetivo mismo de un régimen de coparticipación y presentar propuestas destinadas a revertir esta situación

Institutional development is an important phenomenon for all countries in the world, both theoretically and practically. The main principle of institutionalism is to recognize the decisive influence of formal and informal institutions on the development of the economy.

The success of the economy is related not only to natural, raw and industrial resources, but also to customs, peoples traditions, cultural values, religious beliefs, law, and the legal culture of economic activity.

The book focuses on the essence of culture and the importance of cultural diversity in the global economy - the essence of culture, the role of cultural determinants in the development of the global economy; Religion as the beginning of morality and the stimulus of economic growth; Language as one of the main decisive factors of culture. The institutional space is constantly changing. Their structure is changing. New institutions emerge. Both transformational and transactional costs are affected by them. The success of individual countries depends on the economic policies and institutions working effectively. Orientation on European values is particularly important for the improvement of Georgian national values. They will allow us to make the socio-economic institutions operating in the country more progressive. To do this, it is first of all necessary to harmonize the formal institutions (laws) of Georgia with the relevant EU institutions. This will enable us to effectively implement European institutions in Georgia so that we can share our best practices and not lose sight of our national traits, our values, our customs, our rules and customs.

The book is intended for students of economics and business specialties of higher education and a wide circle of readers interested in these issues.

Inovacija je sastavni dio rada bilo koje organizacije ako želi biti konkurentna na tržištu.
Međutim, kada je riječ o organizacijama iz javnog sektora, postavlja se pitanje koliko su
motivirani da budu inovativni. Inovacije nameću visoke hijerarhijske razine organizacije, tada se postavlja dilema koliko je visoka razina provedbe inovacija. U tom kontekstu, ljudski resursi i upravljanje na različitim razinama trebali bi voditi provedbi inovacija, istodobno motivirajući zaposlenike i uklanjajući prepreke koje nastaju i sprječavaju ili ometaju provedbu inovacija od posebne važnosti. Upravo u tom smjeru temelji se cilj ovog rada. Cilj je vidjeti koliko je javni sektor inovativan i s kojim se izazovima suočava na putu prema inovacijama.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the promising potential of open data in Kazakhstan to boost public sector innovations and trace the emergence of related civic engagement initiatives in order to understand how it affects the democratization of political communication processes in a typical developing country. Design/methodology/approach: This is a case study research which begins with a brief history of the official open data project and then investigates various political and socioeconomic drivers, corresponding regulatory acts, the leading role of the key stakeholders and policy entrepreneurs in the diffusion of the open data movement as well as the main challenges associated with the advance of the open government concept in Kazakhstan, while various independent open data-driven projects provide a rich empirical basis for the analysis. Findings: Open data provides new opportunities to promote civic engagement and e-participation but does not affect the fundamentals of the political system nor advances democratic institutions in a typical developing country. The traditional directives could paradoxically be effective in advancing open data even in a less collaborative political culture. The unitary administrative context is conducive for the development of the ICT-driven public sector initiatives as a single platform. The existence of independent developers is crucial in promoting various open data-driven projects and sharing related expertise. The open data movement creates a favorable atmosphere for the participation of the non-governmental sector in the area. Research limitations/implications: This case study is primarily focused on the analysis of the open data movement at the national level of government, taking into account the unitary structure of the public administration system existing in Kazakhstan, which apparently has a crucial fundamental effect on the implementation of any e-government systems in this country. In this respect, the main limitation of the research is that the possible existence of various open data-driven projects at local levels that hypothetically may have a different set of political and socioeconomic drivers and challenges was excluded from the final equation, which provides a new window for the future research in the area. Practical implications: The results of the research could be used by e-government practitioners and policymakers in evaluating and improving the operation of the open data-driven projects in many developing countries. Social implications: The author of the paper tried to develop a universal framework of the case study research that could be used in investigating the open data phenomenon not only in Kazakhstan but also in the context of other developing and transitional countries, especially in analyzing the apparitional emergence of the unique networking activities among key stakeholders of the open data movement, i.e. policymakers, NGOs, businesses, developers, mass media and citizens. In addition, the results of the analysis could be used in testing the political and socioeconomic implications of the highly centralized e-government approach in adopting the open data concept in a number of other typical unitary states. Originality/value: In scientific works, the open data phenomenon is usually analyzed in the context of the most developed and democratic countries of the world with a vast majority of case studies being focused only on North America and Europe, forgetting that it is a global trend. In contrast to the traditional trends in the academic literature, the author of the paper studies the implementation of the concept in an unusual context, resorting to the case study of a typical emerging and post-totalitarian nation such as Kazakhstan and focusing on the analysis of key drivers and challenges in the diffusion of the open data concept in an attempt to answer the ultimate question: whether it is really harnessed by the members of civil society to promote civic engagement and e-participation.

The potential of public policies and the services provided by any State are closely linked to the quality of its civil service. The ways in which the civil service is managed - in other words, the human resource planning policies, recruitment and selection, professional development, and the incentives for professionalization, among other factors - are critical conditioning factors when it comes to attracting, retaining, and motivating suitable staff to carry out these tasks. This report presents the main findings of The Bahamas'' civil service diagnostic carried out in early 2018. It evaluates the efficacy of the human resource management (HRM) systems in the civil service. The analysis takes as reference the methodology used by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) in Latin American countries (Longo and Iacoviello, 2010) and the Charter for Caribbean Public Services led by the Caribbean Centre for Development Administration (CARICAD). This is the first evaluation for the country, and it contributed as an input to the series  - Building State Capacity in the Caribbean: A Baseline Report of the Civil Service.

Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing.

This is a library based historical and qualitative research which reviews public administrative reforms in Afghanistan with a focus on international donors' financial assistance and the commitment of political leadership in Afghanistan. The conclusion is withdrawn from analyzing the findings of other researches and reports published from 2006 to 2018. The findings of this paper show that despite all the obstacles, it is apparent that since 2001, the capacity of the public institutions and ministries has significantly improved in Afghanistan. They are now far better than few years back in catering services and management of finances. The capacity at the central level has drastically improved though at provincial and district levels it remains low. The progress made during the last few years can not be neglected though most of the citizens remain dissatisfied and doubt the effectiveness of the financial aid spent on various public administrative reforms undertaken. The analysis show that preference of individual donor interests over the general interests of the country, lack of coordination, transparency, poor management and monitoring have been some of the main reasons for ineffectiveness and inefficiency in the programs and projects implemented. Moreover, high security threats in the capital, provinces and remote areas of the country add up to the slow progress of administrative reforms. The number of incidents remains high, security conditions aggravate and no improvement to stabilize the country can be observed. The billions of US dollars spent by the US and other donor nations in Afghanistan have made very nominal impact in the improvement of security, economy, social change and administrative effectiveness. The overall impact has been very low as the economy remains weak and administration ineffective. Conflicting norms and values, nepotism and favoritism, existence of traditional and modern institutions performing the same functions further hinder the process of development. Afghanistan still depends on the financial assistance of the international donors. If the donor nations leave Afghanistan alone, the country will once again face the tragedy of the 1990s for which the international communities have to pay even bigger price than what they are spending now. Investment in the improvement of the Afghan government will be a long term and wise investment which will give a sigh of relief to the international communities and yield better results in the years to come.

This article reviews the operation of two improvement partnerships in Pakistan, where third sector organizations adopted selected state schools. The authors reflect on the lessons arising from both schemes in the light of the Institute of Educational Sciences’ (IES) guidance on turning around schools. Although the operation of both partnership schemes is context specific, the findings should nevertheless be of interest to policy-makers in other countries. They also show how some aspects of the IES’s guidance may need to be adapted and augmented,
especially in the context of developing countries.

Despite several challenges, Ukraine is moving forward relatively quickly with its governance reform efforts. Unlike other changes sparked by the Euromaidan Revolution, subnational governance restructuring has already produced real changes in how Ukraine is governed and has led to substantial changes in people’s daily lives, especially for Ukrainians living and working in the new UTCs. That said, Ukraine’s reforms still face fundamental problems. Most importantly, there is no clear vision of the overall system of public administration—including the exact division of powers across all levels and sectors of government—given in the text of Ukraine’s constitution and national legislation. Parliament has failed to adopt a variety of constitutional amendments related to governance “right-sizing” because it has been unable to muster the super majority necessary for their passage. On some occasions, it has lacked even the simple majority needed to pass ordinary laws related to local self-government.

From the end of the 1970s up to the 2000s, governments in the developed and developing countries were involved in implementing economic, social, political, cultural and legal reform programs. The first wave of public sector reforms came under the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) which were implemented in most of the developing countries from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. The second wave, which started in the early 1990s, was propelled by influence generated by proponents of the New Public Management (NPM) school of thought. The major objective of reforms was to enhance performance and productivity in public sector organizations including higher education institutions. This practice was grounded on certain theories and models, mainly public-choice theory and goal-setting theory under the New Public Management (NPM) model. The Government of Mozambique has adopted a performance-based approach to implementing public sector reforms. This study, which employs a qualitative liter...

This is a library based historical and qualitative research which reviews public administrative reforms in Afghanistan with a focus on international donors' financial assistance and the commitment of political leadership in Afghanistan. The conclusion is withdrawn from analyzing the findings of other researches and reports published from 2006 to 2018. The findings of this paper show that despite all the obstacles, it is apparent that since 2001, the capacity of the public institutions and ministries has significantly improved in Afghanistan. They are now far better than few years back in catering services and management of finances. The capacity at the central level has drastically improved though at provincial and district levels it remains low. The progress made during the last few years can not be neglected though most of the citizens remain dissatisfied and doubt the effectiveness of the financial aid spent on various public administrative reforms undertaken. The analysis sh...

U postupku donošenja u Hrvatskom saboru su dva temeljna zakona kojima se regulira državna uprava Republike Hrvatske. Riječ je o Konačnom prijedlogu Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o državnim službenicima te o Prijedlogu Zakona o sustavu državne uprave (oba iz ožujka 2019.).

Consecutive turns in public management, in both policy and literature, provide frameworks and reforms which seem to argue for wholesale rejection of what has gone before. Some New Public Governance (NPG) advocates argue that New Public Management (NPM) is ‘dead’ and these two approaches are often presented as a dichotomy. This article argues that rather than identify a single dominant approach or framework, public management theorists and practitioners must accept a range, in part to reflect the complexity inherent in public policy but also to reflect the complexity of human thinking. In some contexts, and with some individuals, a NPM approach underpinned by a principal-agent framework, will be most effective in improving delivery of public services. In other contexts such approaches can be counterproductive, and an approach which emphasises public values, based on a collective action conceptualisation will work better. This article explores NPM and NPG as well as emerging work on public service values and motivation. The paper highlights relevant insights from psychology and in particular the emerging work on collective action and the impact of social identity. Due to the strong variation of thinking processes both within and between individuals, multiple frameworks and approaches are appropriate, and reform approaches are likely to be more effective when the framework is tailored to the individual thought-processes in context.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of New Public Management (NPM) reforms/practices on innovation in public sector organizations. Although much is written on NPM, the assumption that NPM reforms stimulate organizational innovation has not been empirically tested. The present study is an attempt to bridge this research gap.,Building on open-systems approach, institutional theory, and innovation research, this study argues that organizational innovation occurs in response to stimuli in the external (environmental factors) and internal environment (organizational factors), considering NPM reforms/practices as a proxy for external or environmental factors. Organizational factors include formal structural complexity, senior management support and job security. The study tests this model using data from a national survey conducted in five states in the US.,The study provides empirical insights into our understanding of the factors that drive innovation in public sector org...

This article aims to construct a frame for the sake of understanding why the Vatican's economic reform is so often called into question in the public space. For present purposes, the public space must be distinguished according to the differing forms in which it manifests itself: democratic movements, social initiatives and the mechanisms of the free market economy. With respect to the latter form, the Vatican economic reform is observed and judged by the Church's different publics, for instance, her faithful, her international financial regulators and governmental organizations. The frame here established allows an analysis of some of Pope Francis' most important decisions regarding 'the Vatican's economic reform'. These decisions have neither been simply the fruit of the Holy Father's desire to change the Roman Curia's administration, nor have they been solely dependent on pressure from international regulation offices. The Vatican accepted external requirements in order to preserve its institutional mission, which is primarily a spiritual mission in service to its faithful all around the world. Pope Francis' leadership is not only rooted in his authenticity , being himself extremely attractive to the media, but also in his credibility, being a pastor with the capacity to change the institution from within. These two characteristics, falling within the categories of transparency and reform, are greatly appreciated in the public space. ARTICLE HISTORY