Punjab

Citrus is one of the most commonly used as a fruit in Pakistan. To estimate their elementalprofile citrus were collected from five different tehsils of Sargodha district. Elemental analysis was carriedout by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. There results showed that citrus fruits have riched source ofminerals and have highest concentrations of Cu (2.71 mg/Kg), Mn (0.1633 mg/Kg) and Zn (31.72 mg/Kg)noted in T1 (Silanwali), while the maximum concentrations of Mg (65.247 mg/Kg), Cr (0.343 mg/Kg),P (1.146 mg/Kg), Co (0.536 mg/Kg), K (133.01 mg/Kg) were found in T2 (Sahiwal), T4 (Kotmomin) andT5 (Bhehra), respectively. Fluctuation in elemental profile of Citrus reticulata may be attributed to spatialvariations or may be due to agro-climatic conditions that varies in all tehsils

Panchayat system has been operational as the lowest administrative unit since pre-partition ancient
medieval times. It has been an influential tool for bringing justice to the local communities, as a conflict resolution
body for village level disputes and to systematize social, cultural and religious activities. The paper explores the
preference of the community and their views towards the panchayat system as a judicial body. The study locale was
district Lodhran‟s village “1-Chak”, the sample size was 153 selected through random sampling. The results reflected
that the community was exceptionally dependent upon the „panchayat and biradari system‟ for resolving their issues,
and it worked as a fundamental justice providing body. The preference for panchayat system was affirmed to be for
various reasons which firstly included; „confidentiality‟, “time efficiency‟ and „the complications of judicial law”
provided by the government

http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199458974.do

First translations of apocryphal texts of the Dasam Granth
Focuses on the Sikh manuscript tradition, the relics of Guru Gobind Singh and their relationship with Sikh scripture
Brings to light the traditional practices of Sikh Sampradayas like the Akali Nihangs. Carries rare images of the Dasam Granth.

In the Granth of Guru Gobind Singh, the authors offer new insights into the Sikh scripture Dasam Patshah Ka Granth, or the Dasam Granth, which has traditionally been attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.

While many studies have adopted a polemic approach and focused on the authorship of the text, this book takes a multi-disciplinary approach and considers the relationship of the scripture with the newly discovered manuscripts, apocryphal translations, and relics.

The manuscript tradition of the Granth shows how it was written and compiled during Guru Gobind Singh's time and how its compositions were transmitted through material items such as swords. The authors have included in this volume translations of selected compositions from the scripture.

This book, in essence, takes the reader through relevant history of the Sikh dharam and establishes the centrality of the Dasam Granth within it.

Readership: This book will be of considerable interest to scholars and students of religious studies, history of the sikhs, and social and cultural studies.

Landlordism is still considered an expression of power and superiority
in Pakistan like many other countries in the world. This paper is aimed
at: (1) to explain the very basic concept of land ownership; both in
religious and social context, (2) to sketch historical pattern of land
acquisition and its exploitation for exerting social control and political
pressure and keeping the masses’ economic down to earth. The
history of Indo-Pak demonstrates the gap between original Islamic
landownership principles and actual historical practice, firstly by
the first Muslims of India, then by the British and most recently by
contemporary Pakistan. Conversely, post independence of Pakistan,
after going through various waves of military–landlords–politico–
bureaucratic rule, oligarchy has reached to such a state that even the
current political administration draws its chief share from landlords.
The study suggests that for economic development and uplift of
the pro-poor farming community, overcoming social and political
injustice and getting rid of the clutches of landlordism is the dire
need of the time and society.

This qualitative study has been undertaken to study the obstacles for women in Panchayat and role performance in Panchayat using feminist methodology. In addition, the authors have examined the factors that promote and prevent women members from performing their roles. Lastly, the nature and extent of participation and role performance in decision making is examined. The findings of the study reveals that Women Sarpanches managed to overcome their everyday problems. They lacked no were in terms of capability. The present study is evidence that women tend to follow a path of transformative and peaceful politics.

[from back cover:]
The exhibition "Sikhs: Legacy of the Punjab" opened at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in 2004. Over subsequent years, the specific objects on view changed or “rotated” over time, first at the Smithsonian through 2007 then at other museums, as the exhibition traveled and its size and the number of artworks displayed expanded. At each location the exhibition and its transformations became the subject of extensive community involvement and co-curatorship. This book uses the exhibition’s organizational structure and content to present a brief, richly illustrated introduction to the Sikhs and their faith, history, and art. The authors describe this exhibition as one part of the Smithsonian’s larger Sikh Heritage Project, through which local, national, and international Sikh communities became involved as “co-curators” in the study, preservation, and museum representation of their own heritage.

Dr. Paul Michael Taylor and Dr. Robert Pontsioen are researchers within the Smithsonian Institution’s Asian Cultural History Program, for which Paul Taylor also serves as curator and director.

This paper assesses whether vartan bhanji exchange practices are a boon or a burden, an enabling or
disabling factor, a pass or an impasse for social mobility of the poor households of biraderis living in
rural areas of Pakistan. Vartan bhanji is an umbrella term that comprises highly obligatory, unfailingly
regular and reciprocal social exchange practices in the forms of gifts that are performed over various
life-cycle occasions, such as marriage, death, birth, and circumcision ceremonies among biraderi
members. Biraderi groups can be conceptualized as a figuration of interdependence. The results of
the current study establish that the poor households perceive vartan bhanji more as a necessary evil;
a system that they cannot go without, but also the one that they cannot afford to live without either.
Even though this very institution restricts their movement in society in subtle ways, it also provides
them identity, support, and protection that is essentially needed for their survival and mobility within
their social networks. This paper shows that the social mobility of an individual is rather a function of
and is restricted to his/her positionality within a biraderi. The limits of one’s exchanges, via vartan
bhanji, mark the limit of one’s social (im-)mobility in society as well.

In this article I aim to shed light on the elusive Punjab gharānā, which has been shrouded by misconception, due to the separation of Punjab into India and Pakistan, whilst highlighting the historical development of the jorī and tabla in the region. In particular I focus on the contributions of the Baksh lineage, rababis and Sikh ragis pre-partition.

This update of the Gardens of the Mughal Empire bibliography is the result of new questions and avenues of research that have expanded the temporal, geographic, and thematic bounds of Mughal garden sources. It builds on this site’s first bibliography published by Michael Brand (2001), which reflected the many historical sources for and rapid growth of Mughal garden scholarship in the 1990s. In addition to delineating the contours of this body of scholarship, that bibliography became a comprehensive list of sources on Mughal Lahore and its gardens. Notably, even in that early iteration, an understanding of the necessity for multidisciplinary approaches to Mughal gardens is evident. The range of sources identified stemmed from the disciplines of landscape architecture, geography, history, and art history, as well as South Asian and Islamic studies.

In 2007, the bibliography was updated with scholarship published since 2001, and its thematic categories were refined to reflect the use of Mughal gardens as an analytic lens
into the cultural heritage of Punjab. The update also benefited from detailed excavations and conservation of notable garden sites, such as the Moonlight Garden in Agra, Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi, and Babur’s tomb-garden in Kabul. These projects made possible the reconstruction of newly unearthed water systems and pathways and necessitated a new bibliographic category, “Mughal and Islamicate Gardens, Waterworks, Arts, and Conservation.” The 2007 Nagaur palace-garden complex excavations also brought to light the importance of soil profiles and planting techniques, and the bibliography was also updated to include materials on plants and vegetation of South and Southwest Asia.

This latest iteration highlights the substantial amount of additional scholarship on Mughal gardens published from 2007 to 2018. As in previous updates, we include earlier items missed in the previous bibliographies. Many of the updates reflect new directions in the field of art history, moving Mughal gardens beyond the visual dimension foregrounded in art historical practice. New emphasis has been placed on multisensorial experiences, bringing oral, olfactory, and affective dimensions of Mughal gardens. In addition, we have expanded the geographic span beyond Lahore and the Punjab to include recent research on regional gardens of Kashmir, Rajasthan, and the Deccan. The wider range of related materials include Pahari painting and Sikh sacred texts. These updates respond to the need for regional approaches to South Asian studies expounded in recent edited volumes on the Punjab and the Deccan, for a cross-regional comparison of gardens and water systems, and for a broader understanding of the geographic and temporal reach of Mughal gardens. This includes sources on colonial and postcolonial garden practices, contemporary Mughal gardens outside of South Asia, and vernacular kitchen gardens.Significant progress has been made in broadening the types of sources considered and making them more accessible on platforms such as academia.edu, researchgate.net, and archnet.org. The underlined articles in this bibliography are linked to PDFs that are available online for free.

A number of investigative loose ends remain. While advances in scientific method were used to great effect in Mughal garden research of the early 2000s, a broader exploration of methods across disciplines is necessary, particularly in the realms of digital humanities and anthropology. On the one hand, urban infrastructure development in Lahore raises new challenges for heritage conservation. On the positive side, conservation projects carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture has demonstrated successful integration of heritage conservation and community concerns, of those whose lives and livelihoods intersect with historic Mughal gardens, which opens the door for further research on urban landscape heritage conservation in South Asia.

List of Sections in the 2008-2018 Update
1. General Indo-Islamic History, Geography, and Culture
2. General Mughal Gardens, Art, Architecture, and Conservation
3. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Punjab
4. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Lahore
5. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Kashmir
6. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Himachal Pradesh
7. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Rajasthan
8. Cultural Landscape Heritage of the Deccan
9. Cultural Landscape Heritage of Colonial and Postcolonial India
10. Contemporary Islamic Gardens
11. Selected Water References
12. Selected References on Plants and Vegetation of Southwest Asia
13. Older Materials on Lahore