Dialects

The influence and growing role of foreign languages, in particular English, in the Arab world have recently been so significant and obvious that they even cause concern among representatives of the Arab linguistic community and become the subject of discussion at international congresses (Munser 2019). Arab scholars are concerned by the fact that the globalization process leads to the dominance of some languages and the weakening of others (BBC News 2017; Grajek 2017; Matia 2016). Thus, Dr. As-Siddiq, Director of the Sudanese Institute of the Arabic Language named after Abdalla Eltayeb, believes that today in the Arab world there is a problem of the Arabization of scientific works. Research findings are presented not in Arabic, which means Arabic should become the language of science, knowledge and scientific development (BBC News 2017). This statement is aligned with the main objectives, for the solution to which the International Conference of Arabic Language is annually convened in Dubai. The main document of the conference states that it is necessary to conduct scientific research in Arabic and on Arabic, to encourage communication between scientists, specialists and researchers in Arabic. There is particularly noted the need to promote the use of the Arabic language in all spheres of life of Arab countries’ citizens, to introduce it into the administrative sphere, education, labor market and media (International Conference of Arabic Language 2012). In the final statement of the latest Eighth conference (the Ninth conference was announced for April 2020, but it did not take place due to the coronavirus pandemic), the relevance of all the previously outlined goals of the conference is noted. The need to strengthen the positions of the Arabic language as the most important means of unity, cohesion and strength of the Arab nation, its identity is emphasized (Final Report of the Eighth International Conference of Arabic Language 2019).

Niniejsza książka ma trzy części: pierwsza to słownik, druga to opisy wybranych zwyczajów i obrzędów ludowych (czyli hasła tematyczne) w dalszym ciągu praktykowanych w gminie Wiśniowa, a trzecia to transkrypcje tekstów gwarowych. Podstawowym celem tego opracowania jest zebranie i utrwalenie zasobu słów gwarowych z obszaru zaniedbanego i niedocenianego pod względem dialektologicznym. Wiśniowa jest zlokalizowana na pograniczu trzech regionów (i gwar) – na południe, za pasmem Lubomira i Łysiny mamy Zagórzan (należy do nich już Węglówka) i Kliszczaków jako część góralszczyzny, na wschodzie i południowym wschodzie znajdują się tereny zaliczane do Lachów Limanowskich, a na zachodzie i północy do Krakowiaków Zachodnich.

The paper is a study of ancient Basque (Vasconic) substratal words remaining in the Romance dialects of France, Spain, Italy and Romance-speaking parts of Belgium and Switzer-land. The demonstration begins with an illustrative presentation of three Basque words that have widespread coverage: marro for 'ram', suge for 'snake' and 'lizard', and gapar for 'wild rose'. They span an area extending from Spain and France into Switzerland and Italy. It is noted that there are many Vasconic words in Romance dialects spoken near the actual Basque Country: the most best-known are in Gascony where Vasconic was spoken at the beginning of our era, but some are also found to the South, West, and East, in Southern Na-varre, Aragon and Rioja. These gradients without discontinuities are sufficient proof of the ancient presence of Vasconic languages in a large part of our proposed Vasconic territory. Linguistic evidence is followed by a discussion of recent results from population genetics in the molecular school: these are represented by maps of MtDNA H1 and H3; Y-chromosome S116; and haplogroup XV (Taq1), which are the main haplogroups among the Basques and cover most of the proposed Vasconic territory. Finally, we discuss the presence of Vasconic words in large parts of the proposed Vasconic territory in conjunction with the various migrations that occurred in prehistoric and historic times. Our main conclusion is that Vasconic languages were widespread in large parts of Southern and Western France, in Iberia, and in some parts of Italy, especially in Sardinia; a historical scenario for the last 3000 years is proposed .

Aile bir toplumun temel yapı taşlarındandır. Türk toplumunda aile kavramına, bir aile kurmaya ve akrabalık ilişkilerine büyük önem verilmiştir. Çünkü aile birlik ve beraberliğin dolayısıyla dayanışmanın en güçlü olduğu toplumsal birimdir. Bireylerin yetiştirilmesi noktasında aile ilişkileri ve ailenin üstlendiği rol toplum yapısı bakımından son derece önem arz eder. Ailenin biyolojik, psikolojik, ekonomik; eğitim ve terbiye, dinî, manevi, duygusal ve kültürel alanlara özgü gerçekleştirdiği pek çok işlevi vardır. Buna göre sosyolojik bir kurum olarak aile en başta bireylerin buna bağlı olarak da toplumsal gelişimin mimarı sayılır.
Sözlü edebiyatın en özel ürünü sayılan atasözleri; belli bir birikim sonucunda her toplumun özyapısına uygun olarak meydana getirdiği, ait olduğu toplumu tüm yönleriyle bize sunarken halkın tasavvur etme gücünü de sergileyen, yaşanmışlıkları usta bir dille aksettiren, orijinal ve kısa anlatımlardır. Yaptığımız tanıma dayanarak atasözleri dil-düşünce-kültür-toplum eksenini en iyi biçimde aktaran olgulardır diyebiliriz. Zira atasözleri bütünüyle toplumdan ve o toplumun kullandığı dilin sözcüklerinden beslenerek var olmaktadır. Yukarıda ailenin toplumun temelini teşkil ettiğini vurgulamamıza göre bahsi geçen konuyla ilgili terimlerin atasözlerinde yer almaması ve konunun işlenmemiş olması da olanaksızdır.
Bilindiği gibi temel söz varlığı içinde yer alan akrabalık adları bakımından Türkçe zengin bir dildir. Bu çalışmada da Türkçenin lehçelerinden biri olan Uygur Türkçesindeki aile ve akrabalık derecelerini bildiren adlar atasözleri üzerinden tespit edilmiştir. Uygur Türklerinde aile ve akrabalık ilişkilerini ihtiva eden çok sayıda atasözüne denk gelinmiştir. Bu atasözlerinden tespit edilen adların büyük çoğunluğunun kan (soy) bağı ve evlilik bağıyla ilgili adlar olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmamızda Uygur Türkçesinde kullanılan aile ve akrabalık adları öncelikle belirli bir çerçeveye göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Daha sonra Dîvânü Lûgati-t Türk’te ve Eski Uygur Türkçesi Sözlüğü’nde geçen akrabalık adlarıyla karşılaştırılıp şekil yönünden eş ya da benzer olanları gösterilmiştir. Aynı zamanda akrabalık adları köken bakımından değerlendirmeye alındığında Uygur Türkçesinde hangi yabancı dillerin daha etkili olduğu  saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bunların yanı sıra Uygur atasözlerinde anne, baba ve çocuk (kan-soy bağı) terimlerinin en fazla kullanılan akrabalık terimleri olduğu görülmüştür. Uygur Türkçesi atasözlerinde genellikle anne ve baba terimlerinin bir atasözünde yer aldığı ve karşılaştırılarak verildiği dikkati çekmiştir.
Sonuç olarak aile ve akrabalık ilişkilerine geniş bir perspektiften bakıldığı Uygur atasözlerinden hareketle Uygur Türklerinin kültüründe aile teşkilatı ve ailenin üstlendiği rol gibi birçok konu sosyolojik açıdan değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

A Study On The Kınshıp Names In Uıghur Turkısh Proverbs
Abstract
Family is one of the foundation stones of a community. In the Turkish society, great importance has been given to the concept of family, the establishment of a family and kinship relations. Because the family is the strongest social unit of unity and togetherness hence solidarity. The role of family relations and family in the upbringing of individuals is of great importance in terms of community structure. The family has many functions that are specific to biological, psychological, economic, education and nurture, religious, spiritual, emotional and cultural fields. According to this the family as a sociological institution is regarded as the constructor of the development of the individuals in the first place and correpondingly society.
Proverbs, which are considered to be the most special and rare products of oral literature, are original and short narratives that are made according to the character of society as a sum of experiences, reflecting the power of imagination of the people while presenting us all the aspects of the society they belong to. Based on the definition we make, we can say that proverbs are phenomena that best convey the axes of language-thought-culture-society. Because proverbs exist entirely from society and from the words of the language that society uses. With regard to emphasize above on the family is the basis of the society so it is not possible that the terms related to the subject are not included in the proverbs and the subject has not been processed.
As it is known, Turkish is a rich language in terms of kinship names in its the basic vocabulary. In this study, the names of family and kinship ratios in Uyghur Turkish, one of the Turkish dialects have been identified through proverbs. In Uighur Turks many prominent proverbs involving family and kinship relations were discovered. It is seen that the vast majority of the names found in these proverbs are names related to lineage and marriage. In our study the family and kinship names used in Uyghur Turkish are classified according to a specific framework. Then they are compared to the ones in Dîvânü Lûgati-t Türk’te and Old Uihgur Turkish Dictionary and the same or similar ones by shape are indicated. At the same time, it was tried to determine which foreign languages were more effective in Uyghur Turkish when the kinship names were taken into consideration in terms of origin. Besides these, it is seen that in Uighur proverbs mother, father and child (blood-lineage) terms are the most used kinship terms. It draws attention that the mother and father terms usually appear in a proverb and are given by comparison.
As a result, many points such as family organization and family role in Uighur Turks culture have been tried to be evaluated from sociological point of view, based on Uighur proverbs where family and kinship relations are viewed from a wide perspective.
Key Words: Uighur proverbs, kinship names, family structure, onomatology.

Multilingual instruction is essential in alleviating students' performance. Hence, this study recognizes its importance in the teaching-learning process in Mathematics especially in plane and solid Geometry among college students. Its focus is on the use of English, Filipino, Bikol and other local dialects within the Bicol region as media of instruction. Quasi-experimental method was employed using the two-group post designs. The teacher-made pre-and-post-tests were utilized to assess the students' performance in the two mathematics classes which are handled by the researcher and became the subject of the study. One class was the control group using English alone as medium of instruction, while in the experimental class it employs multilingual instruction. Said classes were comparable because of an almost equal mean scores obtained in the pre-test. Convenient non-random sampling technique was used to determine the sample classes and simple average to determine the scores of both pre-and post-tests. T-test analysis was used to determine the significant difference between students' performance in the two classes. Result of the study revealed significant difference in the students' performance between the two groups. A homogeneous students' performance in the experimental group was observed as evidenced by a practically the same high scores obtained by the students in the post test. It therefore implies that the use of multilingual instruction in mathematics significantly contributed to the performance of the students.

This paper picks out and describes some features of zoonyms in the historical cants of Italy. A sample of about one thousand words, taken from published and unpublished sources, is analysed, with respect to both its composition and the strategies used by cant speakers. The processes of lexical creation are then tackled, involving either the formal alteration of words or the reinterpretation of linguistic items from both ‘host’ languages (such as Italian and the dialects of Italy) and foreign languages (such as German and Romani).

This review examines research on speech perception by both native and non-native listeners. The development of speech perception in infancy is first considered and a theoretical model that accounts for this is introduced. A brief overview then follows of several research areas under the umbrella of non-native speech perception, namely cross-dialect, cross-language and second-language speech perception. It is shown that non-native and native speech perception is critically shaped by the specific ways in which speakers use acoustic cues in speech production.