Transliteration

We report our recent work on the recognition of scene text captured by mobile cameras, which we have named Kannada Pado. The text region is currently manually cropped using a user-friendly interface, which permits repeated croppings from the captured image in a hierarchical fashion. The scene text segment is then binarized using the algorithm, midline analysis, and propagation for segmentation. The segmented binary text image is recognized using Lipi Gnani Kannada OCR. The recognized text can be transcribed in Roman, Devanagari, and other principal Indian scripts. Such tools will be of immense use in metropolitan cities such as Bengaluru for business visitors and tourists to be able to read important textual information using their mobile itself. The entire implementation is of low computational complexity and hence, runs fully on the mobile itself, without any backend computation. Currently, text recognition accuracy is the bottleneck, which, when improved, will make the app immediately usable by people. Then, it will be made available to the public from Google Playstore.

The paper analyzes the fundamental problems that authors, editors and publishers face when transliterating or trabscribing a Hebrew text. We suggest several norms of transliteration and transciption for different purposes and different types of texts (philological, homiletic, academic, and popularizing). The norms are aimed primarily for a Czech user.

This research works on high symbolic Bengali text and transforms it into corresponding less symbolic English complying with the transliteration method. The Huffman-based approaches serve to compress retaining the original quality of the data. On the other hand, faster encoding and decoding is the most sophisticated sphere in data compression. We propose an adjacent distance array, a novel data structure based on the Huffman principle for encoding and decoding the character of transliterated text. The encoding and decoding algorithms have been explained for the introduced modus operandi and juxtaposed with conventional Huffman-based algorithms. Our research is outdoing than any regular Huffman-based algorithms, concentrating on the speed of the encoding and decoding manner discovered after estimating all decisions.

У монографії подано, обґрунтовано та розвинено комплексний пiдxiд до вживання і творення українських тeрмiнiв, заснований на використанні методів природничих наук і мовознавчих аспектів дослідження. Такий підхід створює передумови для того, щоб розглядати термінологію не лише як розділ лексики, сукупність термінів і вчення про них, а насамперед як науку про утворення, розвиток і функціонування термінів. За допомогою послідовного застосування статистичного та аналітичного методів досліджено теоретичні й практичні термінографічні проблеми, розкрито правописні аспекти відтворення запозичених та іншомовних слів. На основі методу акустичних інваріантів досліджено акустичні характеристики звуків української (а також англійської) мови та знайдено їх інваріантні акустичні параметри. У монографії відображено результати автора, одержані в процесі його наукової та викладацької роботи в Державній академії керівних кадрів освіти, Міжрегіональному інституті вдосконалення вчителів, Київському національному лінгвістичному університеті, Київському національному університеті імені Тараса Шевченка, Техаському університеті в Арлінгтоні (США), Єнському університеті імені Фрідріха Шіллера (Німеччина), Гіссенському університеті імені Юстуса Лібіга (Німеччина), Лейпцізькому університеті (Німеччина), Дрезденському технічному університеті (Німеччина), Університеті Країни басків (Іспанія), Українському мовно-інформаційному фонді Національної академії наук України.

Для науковців, викладачів, аспірантів і студентів філологічних факультетів вищих навчальних закладів, а також для лексикографів, фонетистів, перекладачів і фахівців у галузі прикладної лінгвістики, української термінології і термінографії.

CONTENTS
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8
INTRODUCTION 9
PART 1
THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF TERMINOLOGY 18
1.1. Term and terminology: underlying statements 18
1.2. Successful term criteria 30
1.3. General tendencies of development of terminological systems 30
1.4. Main lexical semantic relations in term vocabulary (polysemy, homonymy, paronymy, synonymy) 40
1.5. National and international trends of term fund updating 62
PART 2
SEMANTIC, GRAMMATICAL, AND PHONETIC PROBLEMS OF
UKRAINIAN TERMS CODIFICATION 75
Section 2.1. Semantic and morphological qualities of Ukrainian
term vocabulary 75
2.1.1. Alien borrowings as a linguistic and terminological problem 75
2.1.2. Semantic and stylistic features of use of paronyms and pseudosynonyms in the professional language 83
2.1.3. Scientific approach to  terminological use of verbal nouns 112
2.1.4. Principles of representation of active participial forms in the Ukrainian scientific language 125
2.1.5. Possibilities and prospects of national word coinage
in terminology 127
Section  2.2. Acoustic characteristics of Ukrainian speech sounds as a ground
for scientific approach to render the borrowings 135
2.2.1. Phonetics, acoustic analysis, speech recognition 135
2.2.2. Phonetical and phonological language elements 138
2.2.2.1. Basic concepts of phonetics and phonology 138
2.2.2.2. Nonlinearity and non-invariance of speech elements 147
2.2.3. Speech acoustics 152
2.2.3.1. Acoustic theory of speech production 152
2.2.3.2. Speech sounds formants 157
2.2.3.3. Resonators in a human speech tract 159
2.2.3.4. Invariant acoustic speech analysis 162
2.2.3.5. Acoustic characteristics and invariants of
speech sounds 165
2.2.3.6. Interaction between sounds 179
PART 3
PECULIARITIES OF ORTHOGRAPHIC NORM APPLICATION IN SCIENTIFIC LEXICOGRAPHY AND WAYS TO PERFECT
MODERN SPELLING 189
3.1. Modern spelling strategy problems 189
3.2. Problems of modern spelling of terminological
and common vocabulary 191
3.2.1. Genitive case of masculine nouns of second reversal 181
3.2.2. Use of genitive and accusative cases 195
3.2.3. Spelling of compiled adjectives 196
3.2.4. The features of use of Ukrainian prepositions “в” (“у”) and
“до” for denotation of motion aim and direction 198
3.2.5. Stress problem in three-syllable nouns with the prefix “за ” 202
3.3. Denotation of time moments in Ukrainian 206
3.4. Problem of adaptation of alien terms to Ukrainian spelling 211
3.4.1. Study of phonemes /ґ/, /г/, and /х/ 211
3.4.2. “The nine” (“dev’jatka”) rule in the context of Slavic and non Slavic parallels of the Ukrainian language 214
3.4.3. Doubling simplification problems 220
3.4.4. Some “trifles” of spelling perfection 221
3.4.5. Discussion suggests to spelling 222
3.5. Scholar principles to render borrowed and foreign words:
invariant transcription and transliteration 229
3.5.1. Pronunciation and transcription 229
3.5.2. Writing and transliteration 234
CONCLUDING STATEMENTS 255
LIST OF LITERATURE 260
APPENDIX A: Visual representation of speech sounds
(spectrograms, oscillograms) 397
APPENDIX B: Inculcation of the research results
(main documentation) 337
APPENDIX V: Use of the term Χυμεία in Greek 361

Translating Bruneian folk Tales into Arabic

A great number of Arabic folklore, including A Thousand and One Night and Kalila and Dimna have been translated into Malay. Nevertheless, none of the Malay folk tales has been rendered into Arabic. In 2004, however, thirteen Bruneian folk tales, including AnakIkan Raja Ikan, Buaya Buteh, Titisan Ayer Mata Buyong, Sulong Dan Bungsu, Wang Pandir Malu Makan Sekoi, SiKuning and KetikaTasek Merinbun Kering have been finally rendered into the Arabic language. This paper analyzes these thirteen Bruneian folk tales, illustrates the impact of Arabic fairy tales as well as Creek, Indian and European fairy tales on them and shows their unique and original literary features. The main objective of this paper, however, is to highlight the major linguistic and cultural problems that the present writer encountered in translating these Bruneian folk tales into Arabic. In the meantime, he offered some of the solutions he reached in overcoming both types of problems in translating the Malay folk tales into Arabic.

Key words: Nautical, transliteration, linguistic, cultural, problem.

This article tries to determine a potential dating of the so-called Curmsun Disc from a philological perspective. One interpretation of the inscription of the disc is: Harald “Bluetooth” Gormson, king of the Danes, Scania, Jumne in the diocese of Aldinburg. The conclusion of the philological analysis is that the disc most likely is produced before the introduction of the g-rune around year 1000 as Gormson is transliterated as CVRMSVN and not GVRMSVN. Two different transliterations of the word king strengthen this theory. The coin inscriptions of four Hiberno-Norse Kings during the 10th century use the transliterated word CVNVNC for king while the coin inscription of Sihtric around year 1000 uses the transliterated word CVNVNG for king after the introduction of the g-rune. The use of Old Norse like the word Taner on the Curmsun Disc ends in coin inscriptions in the beginning of the 11th century which furthermore strengthens a manufacturing date before year 1000. As Scania was concurred towards the end of Harald Bluetooth´s life the disc was most likely produced after year 980. In the middle of the 980s Sweyn Forkbeard rebelled against his father Harald Bluetooth. A decree from empress Theophanu that confirmed or reinstalled Harald on the throne could have been issued as Harald ought to be preferred over Sweyn in the Holy Roman Empire. Theophanu may have ordered bishop Egizo to manufacture the Curmsun Disc with help from her fellow citizens in Jumne

Reading the Epic of Gilgamesh can lead to confusion insofar as the versions of the story and the variations of character names therein. Moreover, since the unearthing of the cuneiform tablets over a century ago at Nineveh, there have been exponential developments in the field which lead to a challenging literature review: continuous new discoveries of texts; progressive improvement in decipherment superseding past works; new publications of private collections; lack of accreditment to, or complete omission of, the works of early pioneering researchers; and multifarious interpretations of the Sumerian and Semitic texts among scholars. This paper assists readers with a perspicuous review of nascent writing systems, geocultural timelines, Mesopotamian city-states, and the Dynastic Periods. A historical overview is provided on the works of the early pioneers of Assyriology. Modern scholarship is then briefly analyzed for the most current data available, including the questionable epilogue of Tablet XII. Students outside of philological or Assyriological studies will benefit from this comprehensive, well-encompassed guide on the discoveries of the cuneiform tablets, their decipherment, and the metamorphoses of Gilgamesh from Ancient Sumerian tales to Akkadian epic through millennia.
(International Journal of Literary Humanities 14.4 (2016): 39-54.)

For the first time in print, the gospel of John in KJV English, Greek (Majority Text) and Hebrew (Modern Hebrew) with Transliteration. Including a Rabbinic Source Commentary with almost every verse. This Language Study Bible will take you through the gospel of John and the teachings of Yeshua Jesus in connection with the Rabbi's of his day and beyond. Discover the Jewish background of his teachings through the eyes of Rabbinic sources. This gospel of John will take you back to the time of Yeshua Jesus and his Hebrew based parables. Read Jewish sources from the Targum, Talmud, Mishna, Midrash etc. in connection with John.

This paper proposes a novel approach for multilingual query processing, wherein we propose a phonetic distance based measure, for searching proper name data in Indian language scripts. The systems allows query in a language of user's choice. A cross-lingual search is conducted with the query being in one language and the documents being searched for, in another. Grapheme-to-phoneme converters are used to convert the user's query into an intermediate language-independent common ground (CG) representation. A dynamic time warping algorithm, wherein the substitution cost is based on a weighted phonetic distance measure, is used to match and rank the query results. In turn, a phoneme-to-grapheme converter is used to convert the search results in CG representation to the user's query language. We also discuss in detail the various issues particular to cross-lingual search on proper name data and address the same using the proposed approach.

AWEJ Volume.5 Number.2, 2014   
                                                                                                                                                                    Pp. 142-152



The Impact of Translation on the Moroccan Political Discourse


Mohamed MAROUANE
                                              Department of English
                          Chouaib Doukkali University, Morocco



Abstract
The present article investigates the influence of concept transfer and translation on the political discourse used in Morocco. It has been attested that the Moroccan political register suffers from an acute lexical gap to express a number of aspects of the modern political system. Translation from European languages has, thus, represented an important source of the political register used in the political texts and speeches. This is explained by the adoption of a modern political system which has developed in different historical and social contexts totally different from the Arab traditional communities. Yet, this transferred register is very heterogeneous as it consists of items which have been translated following different translation strategies ranging from providing native equivalents to mere transliteration.
Keywords: Neologism, Loan translation, Political discourse , Political register, Transliteration,

Biex tassew ngħixu f'dinja. Lejn mappa fiżika tad-dinja bil-Malti: toponomija, traduzzjoni, trażlitterazzjoni

Il-Kon tan-Nofsinhar. Il-Kap tal-Isperanza t-Tajba. Il-Wied tar-Rift il-Kbir. Fejn jaħbtu dawn il-postijiet? Mhux kemm tittawwal waħda fuq il-mappa, jew tiftaħ l-atlas? Imma le, stenna. Fejn tridni nfittex? Fejn qatt rajt mappa tad-dinja - imdendla ma’ ħajt jew stampata fi ktieb - bl-ilsien Malti?

Lil hinn miż-żona Ewro-Mediterranja, il-ftit mapep bil-Malti li saru sal-lum tista’ tgħoddhom fuq is-swaba' t’id waħda. Bħallikieku lil hinn minn ċerta fruntiera immaġinarja, id-dinja rridu bilfors naħsbuha u nesperjenzawha permezz ta’ lingwa oħra - dari l-iktar bit-Taljan, illum x’aktarx bl-Ingliż globalizzat.

Mappa fiżika tad-dinja bil-Malti: forsi hija ħolma, forsi ġennata, iżda bi żgur mhijiex kapriċċ. Parti mix-xogħol diġà lesta - għandna l-Ekwatur, l-Oċean Paċifiku, l-Amażonja. Mill-bqija, fejn it-traduzzjoni u t-trażlitterazzjoni ta’ toponimi huma possibbli u fattibbli, jiġifieri fejn ma jtellfux l-orjentament tal-qarrej tal-mappa, ikun dnub jekk nibżgħu minnhom. Il-kuxjenza ġeografika ta’ lingwa, ta’ komunità, timplika l-fruntieri tal-perspettiva tagħhom fl-ispazju. Biex tassew ngħixu f’dinja, id-dinja rridu nifhmuha sew, niddeskrivuha u ngħixuha fi lsienna.

Preżentazzjoni tal-ewwel passi fit-tiswir ta' proġett ta’ mappa fiżika tad-dinja bl-ilsien Malti, b’ħarsa ddettaljata lejn il-ħafna diffikultajiet li jinqalgħu, lejn il-kunċett tal-lingwa (jew lingwi) pont, u lejn kriterji possibbli fl-immappjar tal-Afrika u tal-Amerka t'Isfel.

Proġett li qed isir bi sħab ma’ l-aċċent, rivista għal kull min iħaddem il-lingwa b’mod professjonali, maħruġa mid-Dipt. tal-Ilsien Malti tad-Direttorat tat-Traduzzjoni tal-Kummissjoni Ewropea.

In Sanskrit study and research in Thailand, transliteration from Sanskrit documents and proofreading is a difficult and time-consuming task since Sanskrit documents contain a great deal of content. To find solutions, this study presented the Romanized Sanskrit – Thai Machine Transliteration, the rules development and algorithm of Romanized Sanskrit transliteration based on the IAST standard to Thai alphabets. There are two patterns. Transliteration patterns are composed of stable pattern and common pattern. The experimental results showed that the proposed former could perform accurately up to 98.16 % from 21,399 samples whereas the latter could perform accurately up to 95.82 % from 30,049 samples. The expert in Sanskrit assessed it and commented that this system could reasonably transliterate Sanskrit and saved a great deal of time in transliteration.

Debido a la problemática que hemos encontrado al corregir diferentes textos de la dificultad que puede suponer para un hispanohablante leer las transliteraciones oficiales del ucraniano al inglés y ante la necesidad de dar uniformidad a las reglas con las que los traductores, correctores, académicos, etc., puedan transliterar un nombre o un topónimo del ucraniano al castellano, tengan aquí una propuesta con algunas normas básicas de cómo adaptar estas grafías al sonido del español.

"‘Asemic writing’ is defined by Tim Gaze as a collection of forms ‘which appears to be writing’, while ‘having no worded meaning’. Asemic forms may bear the hallmarks of writing, either through their shape or organization, but have no specific verbal signification. These signs are typically abstract, geometric glyphs, arranged in linear sequence so as to invite the act of reading, but that do not allow verbal interpretation. The relationship between literacy and asemic signs has been established historically, and many past examples of asemic writing (sometimes described as ‘pseudo-writing’) can be found in historical artefacts which convey a sense of status, power and exclusivity through asemic decoration.

Asemic language appears within images in Shaun Tan’s wordless picturebook, The Arrival (2006).  Tan uses this pseudo-writing to represent a generic foreign language, with the aim of showing a sense of alienation. These images demonstrate that language, when it is not understood, can be isolating. In other examples, asemic writing is used to convey a sense of otherness. Dylan Horricks (2014) uses shading within speech balloons to describe ‘words [that] were not understood by us’. Here, the use of a speech balloon signifies verbal communication, though no verbal meaning is present.

Numerous texts contain decipherable alien languages, painstakingly developed by linguists (such as Christine Schreyer’s Kryptonian). Such sign systems can be directly transliterated, offering the readers the challenge of deciphering messages. However, other comics, ranging from Peanuts to the X-Men, embrace asemisis. These present alien or animal languages that are never intended to contain decipherable messages, and instead convey a sense of otherness through the impossibility of understanding.

This paper will explore the motivations for featuring asemic signs in comics and graphic novels, focusing in particular on Shaun Tan’s The Arrival, and The X-Men, seeking to consider how meaning is achieved through meaninglessness in indecipherable symbols.
"

In this article, we propose a system for transliterating Coptic, akin to those systems used for transliterating Greek, Russian, or Arabic. It is intended to serve as a standard for linguists interested in making Coptic data more accessible to non-specialists. We also discuss some questions that may arise, and provide several fully transliterated and glossed Coptic examples.

Vakulenko M. O. Synthesis of Descriptive and Prescriptive Approaches in the Modern Codification of the Ukrainian Scientific Term Lexicon. Abstract of Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philology. Specialty 10.02.21 – Structural, Applied, and Mathematical Linguistics. Kyjiv, 2020. 31 p.

This essay explores the problems inherent in the practice of transliteration as translation. Using βαπτίζω (Baptizō) as an exemplar, it demonstrates that rather than reflecting the original meaning with anglicized versions of the original language, transliteration actually decontextualizes terms, imbuing them with meaning from the interpreter's context or preformed assumptions. This practice also leads scholars to inappropriately treat transliterated words as technical terms when they were not used this way by the original audience.

This work of mine is simple presentation of the honorable and most respectable Prof. Khursheed Rizvi Sahib, a name in Indo-Pak and the world of Islam. He has many qualities whereby his name is sufficient for his introduction. I am a humble student of the Holy Qur’an, the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). And I have tried my best present him, to the readers what he has said in the introduction and not added a single word to whatever has been said by the Honorable Prof. Khursheed Rizvi Sahib.

Keywords: Kulliyat, Hafiz Ta'ib, Qasidah, Hamd, Na`t, Holy Prophet (ﷺ), Transliteration, Translation, Commentry, Literature, Urdu Literature, Index, Roman Styled Urdu Transliteration

Modern scholarship strives to use proper terminology and define terms carefully to avoid anachronism or mischaracterization of ancient concepts. However, pitfalls inherent to the practice of transliteration as translation are largely ignored. This practice is a perfect Trojan horse since it espouses to accurately reflect original meaning by using an anglicized version of the original language. Paradoxically, transliteration, which wrongly leads to treating transliterated terms as technical terms, decontextualizes such terms, which leads interpreters to imbue them with meaning from the interpreter's context. I use baptizō as a case study to argue that transliteration should be abandoned.

This essay first considers arguments for transliterating baptizō (the ritual argument, the word-and-thing argument, and statistics). Next, it explores the criteria necessary for a word to be considered a technical term and shows that baptizō does not meet them. It also reorients the discussion linguistically to suggest that with respect to baptizō interpreters replace the "lexical sense" with a preferred "contextual sense." Finally, it identifies common errors in scholarship which result from transliteration as translation and suggests necessary changes moving forward.

The transfer of sound from one language into another is not a uniform process, but rather, takes different forms depending on the orthographies and phonologi-cal properties of source and target languages, the less common of which involve processes significantly different from transliteration between European phonetic scripts. This paper pools techniques commonly used in loanword phonology and second language acquisition to illustrate complications that arise when translating names from English into languages such as Japanese and Chinese, which differ significantly from the source language in syllable structure and ortho-graphic convention. Competing strategies of adaptation and accommodation are placed in the context of lexical retrieval and compared with experimental studies of nativization in interlanguage. It will be shown that for names to be perceived as similar-sounding across language boundaries, it would be desirable to look beyond segmental equivalence and consider stress, syllable count and other suprasegmental factors that play a greater role in phonological memory.

This paper analyses New Persian words transcribed in Chinese script in huihuiguan zazi 回回館雜字, a New Persian-Chinese glossary compiled in Ming China. The analysis reveals a correspondence between the vowel contrasts of modern Tajik and those of the variety of New Persian whose words are recorded in the glossary. This paper also identifies, based on historical records, the variety as an early fifteenth-century New Persian which had diplomatic currency in the Timurid court in Samarkand.

The paper calls the attention of Javanists, and Indonesianists at large, to theoretical as well as practical issues connected with conventions for the Romanisation of Old Javanese, Old Malay, Old Sundanese and other Indonesian languages which were traditionally written in Indic scripts, and underscores the difference between transliteration, on the one hand, and transcription or orthography (‘spelling’) on the other. In doing so, it replies to the points of criticism raised by Dick van der Meij in his review (2012) of From Laṅkā Eastwards, edited by Acri, Creese & Griffiths (2011).

As Buddhism travelled to the East, so did its languages. Sanskrit, and even some texts in Prakrits like Gāndhārī gradually found their way into China. But these sacred texts did not contain mere narratives—they also had mantras—potent formulae with soteriological, ritualistic and even magical significance. There was a problem, however. The argument for the necessity of a mantra’s exactitude had been inherited from the ritual environment of South Asia where Buddhism had grown up. But how to render the sacred sounds of mantras into Chinese? When, a few centuries later, it was brough to Japan, the same problem arose, but this time with Chinese as an intermediary, creating a perfect storm of systems nested within other systems—phonetic, semantic and scriptural. By a roll of the phonetic dice, Japanese is acoustically much better suited to the rendition of Sanskrit than its mainland counterparts. However, this did not prevent Japanese Buddhist schools from developing their own ideas about mantras and their usage, mixing and matching phrases, pronunciations and meanings as they went along. In this talk I will attempt to lay out the fascinating problematics of this dynamic using the example of a Japanese Siddham manual from the year 1695. I will explore the interplay of historic pronunciations and their written renditions and look at examples of how Japanese Buddhist traditions took mantras and over the centuries made them their own. This process is still ongoing, as mantras continue to be made, live and evolve even in present-day Japan.

An especially challenging aspect of transliteration is adopting an adequate system that can be used by an average person who may be unable to interpret diacritics or all the character and character combinations used in traditional and contemporary systems. Also, significant phonological differences between two languages such as those between Arabic and English, and the absence of a consistently used universal system, may result in numerous variations in the spelling of a name. This paper, part of a larger study that the authors are conducting, proposes a simplified system for the English transliteration of Oman‟s place names written in the Arabic script. The system is meant to be used on tourist maps, at tourist sites, on signposts, and in marketing and public relations material.
Considering the importance of toponyms in conveying the historical and cultural heritage of a people, the extended project will examine the linguistic aspects of all Oman‟s toponyms, such as their morpho-syntactic and semantic properties and also their lexical-source domains. The research will further illustrate how cross-cultural influences on place name phonology may serve as narratives of identity and symbolic resistance to the dominant majority.

Przedmiotem opisu są pochodzące z okresu od XVI do XX w. zabytki piśmiennictwa religijnego Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Należą do nich księgi podstawowe: rękopisy Koranu, tefsiry, kitaby, chamaiły; księgi pomocnicze: sufry, tedżwidy, wokabularze; amulety: hramotki, daławary, nuski, tablice, muhiry. Zabytki te powstawały w wielokulturowej i wielojęzycznej Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów, w środowisku muzułmanów, żyjących w warunkach diaspory w otoczeniu chrześcijańskim. Miało to wpływ na wielowarstwowość tatarskiej twórczości, w tym na jej multilingwizm, czyli obecność języków orientalnych oraz słowiańskich zapisanych alfabetem arabskim. Inną cechą wskazującą na wielosegmentowość tatarskich ksiąg jest łączenie różnych tradycji religijnych i przekładowych. Stąd wskazuje się na związek tych zabytków z literaturą biblijno-psałterzową europejskiego średniowiecza i renesansu oraz z tureckimi tefsirami. Na szczególną uwagę zasługuje fakt, że Tatarzy już w XVI w. dokonali trzeciego na świecie przekładu Koranu na język słowiański, tj. polszczyznę północnokresową.
Religious writings of the Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a source of data in historical and linguistic research
A b s t r a c t
The object of description are the 16th-20th-century religious writings of the Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, literary monuments, which include basic books: manuscripts from the Quran, tefsirs, kitabs, chamails; auxiliary books: sufras, tajwids, vocabularies; and amulets: hramotkas, dalavars, nuskas, tables, muhirs. They were written in the multicultural and multilingual Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the community of Muslims, who formed a diaspora in a Christian environment. This contributed to the Tatar works being multilayered and multilingual, which is reflected in the presence of Oriental and Slavic languages written in the Arabic script. The combining of various religious traditions and translation methods makes the Tatar books multisegmental and it is argued that they are related to the Biblical-psaltic literary tradition of the European Middle Ages and Renaissance, and to the Turkish tefsirs. Worthy of emphasis is the fact that already in the 16th century the Tatars translated the Quran into a Slavic language, a dialect of Polish used in theNorth Borderland, and it was the third translation of Quran in the world.

This short biographical sketch of François Martini (with a list of some of his publications) is a part of a project of the École française d'Extrême-Orient entitled Chercheurs d'Asie : Répertoire biographique des membres scientifiques de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (http://www.efeo.fr/biographies/cherch.htm).

My main purpose in putting online this account on academia.edu is to acknowledge the help I got from Ginette Terral-Martini and Solange Bernard-Thierry when I prepared it. I am downloading a personal letter which I received from Ginette Terral-Martini.

It is also an opportunity to add the reference of an article by François Martini "Romanisation des parlers 'tay' du Nord Vièt-Nam" (http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/befeo_0336-1519_1954_num_46_2_5608).

This article discusses basic approaches to transcribe foreign and borrowed words in Ukrainian, and Russian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian words in Latin script. It is argued that the adopted and foreign words should be rendered on different bases, namely by invariant transcription and transliteration. Also, current problems of implementation of the Ukrainian Latinics as an international graphical presentation of Ukrainian, are analyzed. The scholarly grounded simple-correspondent transliteration system for Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian, is given.