Quark

The charged quantum geometry of mass-ENERGY-Matter - developed from the foundational postulate that quantised angular momenta of Planck's constant is in fact reflective of an equilateral mass-energy geometry from which all 2d immaterial EM fields and 3D material particles are created.

We address four physics opportunities. First, suggest new elementary particles and forces. Second, explain phenomena such as dark matter. Third, augment and unite physics theories and models. Fourth, point to opportunities for further research.
We use models based on solutions to equations featuring isotropic pairs of isotropic quantum harmonic oscillators.
First, we show solutions that match the known elementary particles. We propose that other solutions correlate with elementary particles that people have yet to detect and with dark energy forces leading to three known eras - early acceleration, subsequent deceleration, and current acceleration - pertaining to the rate of expansion of the universe.
Second, we extend solutions to encompass known conservation-law symmetries. Extended solutions correlate with known kinematics. We suggest that extended solutions describe dark matter, explain ratios of density of dark matter to density of ordinary matter, correlate with dark energy density, and explain other phenomena.
Third, we propose that our work unites, suggests details regarding, extends, suggests complements to, and suggests limits regarding aspects of traditional physics theory. Those aspects include classical physics, special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics, the elementary particle Standard Model, the cosmology timeline, and galaxy evolution scenarios. The work provides possible insight regarding foundation of physics topics.
Fourth, we suggest opportunities for people. We suggest opportunities for observational, experimental, and theoretical physics research. We suggest quantum field theory that features few interaction vertices, sums of few terms as alternatives to conditionally convergent sums of infinite numbers of terms, and no needs to deal with some infinities. We point to possible opportunities to further develop and apply modeling and math we use.

Universal strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions of leptons and hadrons are generated by gauging a non-Abelian renormalizable anomaly-free subgroup of the fundamental symmetry structure SU(4) L ×SU(4) R ×SU(4 ′ ), which unites three quartets of "colored" baryonic ...

We calculate the present expansion of our Universe endowed with relict colored objects - quarks and gluons - that survived hadronization either as isolated islands of quark-gluon "nuggets", or spread uniformly in the Universe. In the first scenario, the QNs can play the role of dark matter. In the second scenario, we demonstrate that uniform colored objects can play the role of dark energy providing the late-time accelerating expansion of the Universe.

The thermo-magnetic corrections to the quark-gluon vertex in the presence of a weak magnetic field are calculated in the frame of the Hard Thermal Loop approximation. The vertex satisfies a QED-like Ward identity with the quark self-energy calculated within the same approximation. It turns out that only the longitudinal vertex components get modified. The calculation provides a first principles result for the quark anomalous magnetic moment at high temperature in a weak magnetic field. The effective thermo-magnetic quark-gluon coupling shows a decreasing behavior as function of the field strength. This result supports the observation that the behavior of the effective quark-gluon coupling in the presence of a magnetic field is an important ingredient in order to understand the inverse magnetic catalysis phenomenon recently observed in the lattice QCD simulations.

Based on quantum statistical mechanics we show that the $SU(3)$ color singlet ensemble of a quark-gluon gas exhibits a $Z(3)$ symmetry through the normaized character in fundamental representation and also becomes equivalent, within a stationary point approximation, to the ensemble given by Polyakov Loop. Also Polyakov Loop gauge potential is obtained by considering spatial gluons along with the invariant Haar measure at each space point. The probability of the normalized character in $SU(3)$ vis-a-vis Polyakov Loop is found to be maximum at a particular value exhibiting a strong color correlation. This clearly indicates a transition from a color correlated to uncorrelated phase or vise-versa. When quarks are included to the gauge fields, a metastable state appears in the temperature range $145\le T({\rm{MeV}}) \le 170$ due to the explicit $Z(3)$ symmetry breaking in the quark-gluon system. Beyond $T\ge 170$ MeV the metastable state disappears and stable domains appear. At low temperature a dynamical recombination of ionized $Z(3)$ color charges to a color singlet $Z(3)$ confined phase is evident along with a confining background that originates due to circulation of two virtual spatial gluons but with conjugate $Z(3)$ phases in a closed loop. We also discuss other possible consequences of the center domains in the color deconfined phase at high temperature.

Ovih dana slučajno mi je privukla pažnju žustra diskusija na internet forumu jedne domaće televizijske stanice. Neko je predložio urednicima serijskog programa da bi bilo „lepo da u bližoj budućnosti emituju jedan od serijala Zvezdanih staza“. Reakcije su bile različite, uglavnom negativne, da bi se jedan od učesnika diskusije na kraju zapitao: „Ko još gleda Zvezdane staze?“ U trenutku sam zastao zbunjen i iznenađen, a onda naglas odgovorio: „Ja gledam Zvezdane staze!“ I ne samo da ih gledam, nego je puno toga u mom životu obeleženo ovim čudesnim kulturnim fenomenom. Baš tako, kulturnom fenomenom, a ne tek nekom među bezbrojnim televizijskim šarenim slikama. Zvezdane staze su neizbežna polazna tačka za sve ono što danas volimo u naučnoj fantastici, a priča o njima počela je pre više od 40 godina.

We present four-body calculations of double-heavy tetraquarks in quark model. Several bound states are found for various flavor combinations. One of them is a strongly bound $$bb {\bar{q}} {\bar{q}}$$ with isospin and spin-parity $$I(J^P) = 0(1^+)$$ , having a binding energy of almost 200 MeV. This is consistent with the predictions of lattice QCD. We have also found a shallow state for the same $$I(J^P) = 0(1^+)$$ channel. By computing density distributions, it is shown that the deep one is a compact tetraquark state, while the shallow one is regarded as a loosely-bound molecule of two color singlet mesons, B and $$B^*$$ . This is a hadronic analogue of the cluster formation in light nuclei, the first example that hadrons with totally different nature emerge from a single Hamiltonian.

From recent reports on terrestrial heavy ion collision experiments it appears that one may not obtain information about the existence of asymptotic freedom (AF) and chiral symmetry restoration (CSR) for quarks of QCD at high density. This information may still be obtained from compact stars - if they are made up of strange quark matter. Very high gravitational redshift lines (GRL), seen from some compact stars, seem to suggest high ratios of mass and radius (M/R) for them. This is suggestive of strange stars (SS) and can in fact be fitted very well with SQM equation of state deduced with built in AF and CSR. In some other stars broad absorption bands appear at about ~ 0.3 keV and multiples thereof, that may fit in very well with resonance with harmonic compressional breathing mode frequencies of these SS. Emission at these frequencies are also observed in six stars. If these two features of large GRL and BAB were observed together in a single star, it would strengthen the possibility for the existence of SS in nature and would vindicate the current dogma of AF and CSR that we believe in QCD. Recently, in 4U 1700-24, both features appear to be detected, which may well be interpreted as observation of SS - although the group that analyzed the data did not observe this possibility. We predict that if the shifted lines, that has been observed, are from neon with GRL shift z = 0.4 - then the compact object emitting it is a SS of mass 1.2 M_sun and radius 7 km. In addition the fit to the spectrum leaves a residual with broad dips at 0.35 keV and multiples thereof, as in 1E1207-5209 which is again suggestive of SS.

This is the third paper of a series of papers where we explore the evolution of iron-rich ejecta from quark-novae. In the first paper, we explored the case where a quark-nova ejecta forms a degenerate shell, supported by the star's magnetic field, with applications to SGRs. In the second paper, we considered the case where the ejecta would have sufficient angular momentum to form a degenerate Keplerian torus and applied such a system to two AXPs, namely 1E2259+586 and 4U0142+615. Here, we explore the late evolution of the degenerate torus and find that it can remain unchanged for ∼106 yr before it becomes non-degenerate. This transition from a degenerate torus (accretion-dominated) to a non-degenerate disc (no accretion) occurs about 106 yr following the quark-nova, and exhibits features that are reminiscent of observed properties of Rotation RAdio Transients (RRATs). Using this model, we can account for the duration of both the radio bursts and the quiet phase, as well as the observed radio flux from RRATs. We discuss a connection between XDINs and RRATs and argue that some XDINs may be ‘dead RRATs’ that have already consumed their non-degenerate disc.

Given that we have a better idea of the number of stars that form our galaxy than the planetary biodiversity we share our existence with, this work shows how the collections of natural science museums are indispensable for obtaining a better knowledge of the ...