Racial Identity

Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict.

The thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration.

Resumen: Desde que en 1970 la Oficina del Censo de los EEUU recogiera por primera vez el número de inmigrantes de origen latino o hispano, la cifra no ha parado de crecer. Esta transformación demográfica ha provocado múltiples cambios en la sociedad estadounidense, que se ha visto forzada a repensar muchos aspectos sociales, como los de clase social, inmigración o raza. De este modo, el conflicto entre los sistemas raciales imperantes en Estados Unidos y en América Latina ha sumido, durante años, en un profundo silencio a los latinos de color. Por lo tanto, este estudio pretende construir, en primer lugar, un marco de discusión sobre la situación actual de los afro-latinos en los Estados Unidos. En segundo lugar, analiza la construcción de una triple concepción identitaria surgida del hecho de residir en los Estados Unidos, a través de una aproximación a la obra de varios escritores afro-americanos que residen en este país. A continuación, intenta establecer puntos de contacto entre los afro-latinos y la comunidad afro-americana de los Estados Unidos. Y, finalmente, señala nuevas líneas de investigación sobre el impacto de los afro-latinos en este país, tanto a nivel individual como colectivo.

Joni and Rebecca Schwartz in their collaborative autoethnography, Learning to Disclose: A Journey of Transracial Adoption, are doing soul work. This adult white mother and black daughter reflect and dialogue around the places and histories that shaped their relationship. Through three voices: the voice of critical history, the daughter and the mother, the co-authors excavate the past to see if and how it lives in their present. In an intriguing mix of critical history of places like Portau-Prince and Gulu, Uganda as well as lesser-known narratives of W.E.B. Dubois, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, and Shirley Chisholm, the co-authors tell their own personal and moving stories of becoming mother and daughter engaging such topics as racial identity, disclosure, racial appropriation, colonialism, and the complex history of transracial adoption. For anyone interested in racial identity in the complex world of blended families and adult mother and daughter relationships, this is a must read. This book is ideal for all humanities courses across disciplines from sociology, education, qualitative research, and social work to race and communication studies. In this era of strained and confusing racial dialogue, this book is refreshing in its honesty, moving it its personal narratives, and instructive in its engagement in how the historical lives in the social imagination of our present lives and relationships.

Across Latin America, online and digitally mediated racist speech directed at Afro-descendant youth has intensified existing racial stigma and contributed to the marginalization of minority groups in both online and offline contexts. Racist speech is not a new phenomenon in the region. However, such speech is often amplified through digital media platforms, including social media, and some claim its increasing prevalence may be contributing to the normalization of racism.

While racist speech online is prominent in both Brazil and Colombia, studies focused on Latin America are extremely limited and have addressed the overarching theme of online hate speech. Through interviews with leaders of civil society organizations (CSOs) and a review of existing literature, this study discusses efforts and interventions that CSOs have employed to counter racial stigma faced by the collective population of Afro-descendant youth in an attempt to understand and examine signs of impact related to hate speech in Brazil and Colombia, distinct from existing overarching studies of online hate speech.

Informed by in-depth conversations with practitioners working in the field, and working closely with collaborating institutions that directly serve Afro-descendent youth, the case study presents an over- view of the environment and context within which Afro-descendent youth impacted by racist speech exist. The interviews illustrate that most CSOs view digital racism as an extension of historical racial inequality. This case study documents the efforts of CSOs in the region who are helping to support the actions of young Afro-descendants to occupy roles historically denied to them, thereby deconstruct- ing negative perceptions and re-claiming representations of their identities and realities.

These poems, composed in Somali and in English, provide a poetic reflection of the recently emerged debate on the theme of Caddaan Studies which means "White Studies". The criticism and counter-criticism contained in the debate dug so deep into life nerve of Somali Studies that over a thousand people participated. The poems, under the title "Inaugurating Caddaan Studies" were composed with a critical observation of the debate.

After Emmett Till’s murder in 1955, African-Americans mobilized political mourning to oppose the status quo of white power. Till’s death and media coverage that followed generated an affective connection by white Northern liberals to the plight of African-Americans in the South; as a result, Till’s death and the mourning that followed contributed to subtle but important changes that enabled the burgeoning Civil Rights Movement to appeal to the white majority. This effort succeeded in generating white sympathy because it exposed the distance between formal law and law on the ground and expanded the audience to the conflict.

La política diplomática y migratoria mexicana a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX se caracterizó por fomentar el respeto y colaboración entre naciones, velar por las garantías y derechos de las personas, así como respetar la vida e intereses de los extranjeros que llegaban al territorio nacional.
Sin embargo, en la primera mitad del siglo XX la política migratoria del gobierno mexicano se transformó de acuerdo con el cambiante contexto internacional, en el que fue de mayor prioridad resguardar los intereses económicos y políticos nacionales que mantener una imagen internacional de amistad y protección de los exiliados internacionales.
Este artículo se desarrolla en torno a dos hechos históricos que determinantes de las políticas migratorias, diplomática y de integración social en México: la crisis económica internacional de 1929 y el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1939.

This study explored the relationships between racial identity and acculturation with racial experiences and racism-related stress in university and community-based samples of 302 Asian Americans. Participants reported experiencing racism and related stress in all domains measured. Results of hierarchical regressions indicated that racial identity attitudes contributed more to the variance in racism and related stress experienced over one’s lifetime than that accounted for by acculturation. Implications for the findings are discussed.

What is at stake, here, is the quest for equilibrium versus disequilibrium in a society that marginalizes human beings into substandard racial groups. Identifying and counteracting the biopsychosocial and behavioral consequences of actual or perceived racism, gendered racism, and racial battle fatigue is a premier challenge of the twenty-first century. The term “racial microaggressions” was introduced in the 1970s to help psychiatrists and psychologists understand the enormity and complications of the subtle but constant racial blows faced by African Americans. Today, racial microaggressions continue to contribute to the negative experiences of African American boys and men in schools, at work, and in society. This chapter will focus on the definition, identification, and long-term effects of racial microaggressions and the resultant racial battle fatigue in anti-black misandric environments.

Racial hoaxes are becoming a popular discursive strategy to disguise racism, as well as a powerful means for triggering waves of fake news and outraged comments both on mainstream and social media. Built on grounds of plausibility and consistency with existing narratives, racial hoaxes may remain latent for a long time, and periodically emerge when negative stereotypes can be framed as actual news stories. Racial hoaxes have relevant political and social implications: spread across multiple channels, they can foster exclusionary discourse on immigration, migrants , refugees, and other minorities, with concrete consequences on people and policies. In particular, far-right movements embrace hoaxes as a great opportunity to advocate their claims and legitimate their calls for violent action. Theoretical background Racial hoaxes are becoming a popular discursive strategy to disguise racism. This concept has mainly been used in US legal and criminological fijields, aimed at exploring the connection between racial stereotypes and related practices in policing, and shifting criminal responsibility from a white offfender to a fijictional black predator (Russell, 1998). Nonetheless, this concept could be scrutinized from wider social and communicational perspectives, looking at how racial hoaxes are created and circulated, and how they afffect ethnic relations. The concept also provides powerful insights into study how prejudices and stereotypes are objectivized, and how hostility tales turn into social action. Moreover, racial hoaxes should be a relevant matter for communication studies, since they involve both mainstream and digital media, and have relevant consequences on public.

Studies of multiethnic families often assume the ethnic identification of children with the minority group results from the minority parent. This study examines an alternate view that mainstream parents also play an important role in transmitting minority ethnicity. It explores this argument using data from New Zealand on the ethnic labels mothers assign to their Maori-European children. It finds that European mothers are just as disposed as Maori mothers to designate their child as Maori, either exclusively or in combination. Two explanations, grounded in ethnic awareness and gendered inheritance, are proposed. Although neither satisfactorily predicts maternal designation decisions, the readiness of European mothers to identify their child as Maori underscores their role in diffusing Maori ethnicity.

from the chapter: This chapter explores the definition of Asian American identity and argues for the differentiation of Asian American ethnic and racial identities.  Psychological views of race, ethnicity, and racial/ethnic identity are briefly reviewed.  The meaning of ethnic and racial identities to Asian Americans is briefly considered.  The examples of Korean transracial adoptees and multiracial Asian Americans are explored to illustrate some of the issues raised by confounding ethnic and racial identities.  The implications of differentiating ethnic and racial identities are explored through the example of recent immigrants.  Finally, future directions and implications are briefly discussed.

This article examines the ways in which both colonial and postcolonial migration regimes in Kenya and Tanzania have reproduced forms of diff erential gov-ernance toward the mobilities of particular African bodies. While there has been a growing interest in the institutional discrimination and "othering" of migrants in or in transit to Europe, comparable dynamics in the global South have received less scholarly attention. The article traces the enduring governmental diff erentiation, racialization, and management of labor migrants and refugees in Kenya and Tanzania. It argues that analyses of contemporary policies of migration management are incomplete without a structured appreciation of the historical trajectories of migration control, which are inseparably linked to notions of colon iality and related constructions of (un)profi table African bodies. It concludes by recognizing the limits of controlling Africans on the move and points toward the inevitable emergence of social conditions in which conviv-iality and potentiality prevail.

Why is chocolate such a popular metaphor in the construction of blackness in various spheres of (popular) culture? Why are metaphors for edibility that also work as sexual allusions used in reference to blackness? This book looks at chocolate and blackness from different angles: it provides a material analysis that takes the colonial production process of cocoa into account; it explores the semantics of chocolate and its visual representations in European and US advertisements and offers a discursive analysis of the connections between cocoa and race in various (African) American spheres of cultural production.

Race Otherwise is a contemporary exploration of race and identity in South Africa that attempts to provide us with a new form of humanism that may help us overcome or at least challenge and disrupt racialisation. This book is located in a local non-racialist tradition in which race is to be overcome or transcended through creative ways of reimagining ourselves and how we relate to one another. It locates the problem of race in the way we think about each other and ourselves. Given this attitudinal focus, the ultimate proposal of the book of how South Africa is to move forward is by engaging in what Erasmus views as a radical form of love. I explain how this book does not provide us with a viable framework of understanding race and neither does it give us any way of overcoming racial injustice.

Studies on college students’ racial identities seldom focus on geographic context, despite existing research documenting its role in how racial groups construct and express racial identities. Drawing on theories of ecological systems and racial formation, I explored experiences of race and racial identity among 10 Asian American students who migrated from different US regions to attend college in Southern California. Findings indicate contextual influences of geographic location can delimit, constrain, or diversify the ways that students perceive they can express an Asian American identity, suggesting the importance of considering geographic context in student affairs research and practice.

African American social identity is complex and contested. Appiah has argued that it is in fact ethically counterproductive, as revealed through the incoherence of the practice of black solidarity, and that a liberal state may thus legitimately intervene to reform this identity. Yet we show that African American identity is not incoherent. The norms of solidarity rest on public acknowledgement of racial blackness, not, as Appiah supposes, on a rigid, racialist, “one-drop rule” classification scheme. We thus argue that the state does not need to help African Americans pursue their ethical aims by reshaping their social identity.

Race and Racism in Modern East Asia juxtaposes Western racial constructions of East Asians with constructions of race and their outcomes in modern East Asia. It is the first endeavor to explicitly and coherently link constructions of race and racism in both regions. These constructions have not only played a decisive role in shaping the relations between the West and East Asia since the mid nineteenth century, but also exert substantial influence on current relations and mutual images in both the East-West nexus and East Asia. Written by some of the field's leading authorities, this groundbreaking 21-chapter volume offers an analysis of these constructions, their evolution and their interrelations.


REVIEWS
"In the field of race studies, race and racism in East Asia has generally been little explored. These two books [Michael Keevak’s Becoming Yellow as well] each works to address that gap in scholarship. As a pair they go a long ways toward furthering our understanding of the historical, political, and social significance of the role of race in East Asia. Most significantly, these books help us to understand how prominent a factor race was in armed conflicts in twentieth-century East Asia. The volume is divided into two parts. Part One deals with Western conceptions of East Asians. Part Two, fully half of the volume, deals with questions of race and racism from perspectives located within East Asia, whether China, Korea, or Japan. The format of an edited volume allows for a large scope of overall inquiry as well as a significant degree of specificity within individual essay. …The juxtaposition of essays in Part One brings to light a number of important topics for reflection and future research, not least the large and thorny question of just how inextricably intertwined the connections between racism and rear of decline actually are. … Part two “East Asia Race Theories, Racial Policies and Racism” breaks new ground in the field of race studies in that it is devoted to race from entirely East Asian perspectives (and there are many!)."
— Laura Hostetler, Sino-Western Cultural Relations Journal 37 (2015): 74-84.

"Within the historical research on the topic of racism, East Asia has barely played any role. This volume, the outcome of a multi-year project closes this research lacuna. ... Overall, the volume is superbly edited and easy to read and will undoubtedly remain, until further notice, the standard work on the subject of race in East Asia. For those interested in the historical development of the concept of race and wish to go beyond the European framework, this volume is highly recommended."
— Sven Saaler, Historische Zeitschrift (2014)

"A gigantic volume, its real strong point is its variety, with papers probing such interesting and understudied topics ... The scholarly summaries are very accomplished and provide a wealth of material for understanding that race is neither a fixed nor an atemporal construct, nor is it one that can be simply transferred from Western contexts into Eastern ones. ... The essays represent starting points for a variety of new work as such they are very valuable contributions to the burgeoning field. Highly recommended."
— Michael Keevak, Asian Ethnicity (2014)

"This collection of scholarly works explores racial constructions of East Asians from both external and internal perspectives. ... Not only does this book help readers understand how racial constructions of the West and East Asia interacted in shaping their relationships in the past, but also, more importantly, how these constructions still influence their current relationships in the 21st century. Summing up: Recommended. All levels/libraries."
— A.Y. Lee, Choice, 2013


TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Illustrations and Tables
Conventions
Preface

1. Modern East Asia and the Rise of Racial Thought: Possible Links, Unique Features, and Unsettled Issues
Rotem Kowner and Walter Demel

PART I: WESTERN RACE THEORIES, RACIAL IMAGES AND RACISM
2. Early Modern European Divisions of Mankind and East Asians, 1500-1750 50
Walter Demel and Rotem Kowner
3. How the “Mongoloid Race” Came into Being: Late Eighteenth-Century Constructions of East Asians in Europe
Walter Demel
4. Between Contempt and Fear: Western Racial Constructions of East Asians since 1800
Rotem Kowner
5. “A Very Great Gulf”: Late Victorian British Diplomacy and Race in East Asia
T.G. Otte
6. Pan-Mongolians at Twilight: East Asia and Race in Russian Modernism, 1890-1921
Susanna Soojung Lim
7. National Identity and Race in Post-Revolutionary Russia: Pil’niak’s Travelogues from Japan and China
Alexander Bukh
8. Class, Race, Floating Signifier: American Media Imagine the Chinese, 1870-1900
Lenore Metrick-Chen
9. Racism for Beginners: Constructions of Chinese in Twentieth Century Belgian Comics
Idesbald Goddeeris
10. Race, Imperialism, and Reconstructing Selves: Late Nineteenth Century Korea in European Travel Literature
Huajeong Seok
11. Race, Culture and the Reaction to the Japanese Victory of 1905 in the English-Speaking World
Philip Towle

PART II: EAST ASIAN RACE THEORIES, RACIAL POLICIES AND RACISM
12. A Certain Whiteness of Being: Chinese Perceptions of Self by the Beginning of European Contact
Don J. Wyatt
13. Racial Discourse and Utopian Visions in Nineteenth Century China
Sufen Sophia Lai
14. The Discourse of Race in Twentieth-Century China
Frank Dikötter
15. Racist South Korea? Diverse but not Tolerant of Diversity
Gi-Wook Shin
16. Skin Color Melancholy in Modern Japan: Male Elites' Racial Experiences Abroad, 1880s-1950s
Ayu Majima
17. Anatomically Speaking: The Kubo Incident and the Paradox of Race in Colonial Korea
Hoi-eun Kim
18. Who Classified Whom, and for What Purpose? The “Japanese” in Northeast China in the Age of Empire
Mariko Asano Tamanoi
19. Race and International Law in Japan’s New Order in East Asia, 1938-1945
Urs Matthias Zachmann
20. East Asia’s “Melting-Pot”: Reevaluating Race Relations in Japan’s Colonial Empire 583
Yukiko Koshiro
21. Categorical Confusion: President Obama as a Case Study of Racialized Practices in Contemporary Japan
Christine R. Yano

Contributors
Bibliography
Index

Abstract Negotiating racial politics in the United States
is a rapidly transforming and dynamic matter. As a result,
racial/ethnic socialization (R/ES) measurement must match
this transformation to reflect the current processes utilized
by Black Americans to manage racial conflict. We describe
the scale construction of the Cultural and Racial Experiences
of Socialization (CARES), a multidimensional
assessment of R/ES based on Racial Encounter Coping
Appraisal and Socialization theory. Additionally, we tested
the CARES for its relation with gender and perceived
racism. Utilizing a national sample of 373 Black college
students, Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed the CARES
to have 35 items and a 5 factor-solution. The CARES
demonstrated strong overall internal consistency and its
factors had moderate to strong internal consistency coefficients.
The CARES factors allude to the complex role of
R/ES as a social cognitive strategy for managing racial
conflict. New concepts include both racism and bicultural
coping strategies. We move beyond traditional concepts of
cultural mistrust, which focus on a suspicion of the motives
of White people, with the Racial Stereotyping factor that
includes messages conveying cynical views of other Black
people based on social class, gender and colorism. Gender
differences in R/ES indicate that parents may perceive the
consequences of racial conflict and miscues to be more
dismal for their sons than their daughters. Interaction effects
were found between R/ES and perceived racism.
Family practitioners can use the findings to guide parents
that are vacillating on the importance of discussing racial
hierarchies with their children.

Traditional tropes of racial stereotyping in both old and contemporary Hollywood cinema lend credence to the continual need for further progression of ethnic representation on screen. Information from sources such as the Motion Picture Association of America (2015: 2) and the Hollywood Diversity Report (2015) establish the industry's economic prominence and global influence over the modern-day film market. By using the sociological theories of Pierre Bourdieu, this research underlines the subliminally domineering effect of culture upon audience perception, thus highlighting the importance of ethnic equality on-screen and denouncing the negligent stereotypes that have plagued mainstream American cinema since conception. 
America's racial history is imprinted into the subtext of their film culture; the release of The Birth of a Nation (1915) exemplified stereotypical racial profiling and how it's intricately tied to the US political system. After the socio-political event of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, the white saviour narrative evolved and is still in use, placing emphasis on friendly depictions of ethnic minorities, whilst covertly coercing the stereotypical minority into subservience for the white protagonist, due to their paternalistic, moral, and messianic qualities. The history of mainstream race depiction contextualise the recent Hollywood trend of Whitewashing (the replacement of a coloured character with a white actor), and combined with the cultural relevance of the capital gained from popular film media, the importance of racial progression and further democratisation of ethnic diversity in our globalised culture is apparent.
By drawing correlations between sociological culture theory, the progressive change of public consensus advocated by millennials, and Hollywood's self-detrimental adherence to traditional tropes of racial profiling, the contemporary filmography exemplified in this essay indicate that the demeaning and subversive qualities of the industry's traditional ethnic profiling is still prominent today. Whilst audience research advocates an increasing awareness towards this area of racial relations, the re-evaluation of race-representation on the big screen has become an ever more pressing and necessary endeavour.

Commentators have suggested that Nella Larsen’s Passing rejects the view that there is some sort of black essence. I want to challenge this reading. Since Irene is the most vocal advocate of an essence in respect to which all blacks are homogeneous, much of the evidence for thinking that Passing is skeptical about such an essence amounts to evidence for not trusting Irene’s judgment in general, and for not trusting her judgment on this matter in particular. My arguments, then, will often involve explaining why Passing is not leading the reader to mistrust Irene’s judgment on this matter. Now, what exactly is meant by a black essence is, explicitly in this book, mysterious. Nevertheless, I hope to shed some light on how Passing understands the nature of this something, this je ne sais quoi, peculiar to blacks. My tentative interpretation is that this something is an intangible and indefinite manner of being that is neither a conscious choice nor an inborn fact of biology, but rather a given of culture. I take this, in effect, blackness manner to be, so Passing seems to indicate, a function of one’s belief that one is black in a milieu of pervasive anti-black prejudice. Passing, as I see it, thus has something to offer those of us today who struggle to adjudicate between a pull towards essentialism and a pull towards constructionism. What Passing emphasizes in this discussion is the possibility that, in addition to biological and societal influences, one’s mind state is a crucial ingredient to one’s racial identity.

Environmental activist and ardent advocate for children’s rights and well-being, Jamaican laureate of the 2008 Jamaican National Literature awards, Diana McCaulay, published her critically acclaimed debut novel Dog-Heart in 2010. This paper will first focus on the legacy of colonial racism in Jamaica, before addressing the main characters’ quest for identity in a crime-ridden society.

Debating arguably trivialised notions of ‘beauty’, ‘beauty ideals’ and ‘skin-care’ should not be considered irrelevant within the broader, complex sphere of psychosocial and postcolonial studies. This is because the industry that has grown up around ideas and ideals of ‘beauty’ perpetually reproduces colonial inventions and constructions of ‘blackness’ and ‘whiteness’, and because ‘beauty’ itself contains signifiers of social, cultural, political and economic ‘value’ that are narrowly defined by dominant groups. For this reason, it is paramount that the links between ‘beauty’ and ‘racial difference’ are continually explored and revealed in the newest, often ‘unsuspected’ forms they assume in our contemporary times, in order to debunk racial ‘myths’ that reinforce established structures of inequality.
Although I acknowledge that notions of differences among ‘races’ inform several different types of ‘beauty’ practices – such as hair straightening and cosmetic surgery – in this essay I will exclusively discuss skin-whitening among non-white women. Despite a substantial body of literature existing which attempts to connect the dots between ‘female beauty’, ‘racialisation of bodies’ and ‘skin-whitening’, a large part of the research (Hunter, 2011; Poitevin, 2011; Cain, 2008) seems to neglect some crucial issues. I refer to the necessity to highlight the pervasive use of ‘science’ – informed by underlying racial assumptions of ‘beauty’ which derive from a foregoing colonial system – in support of skin-whitening practices, and its interconnection with ‘colourism’. It is paramount to unravel how the belief in Western scientific ‘superiority’ – which I will identify as contemporary ‘scientific racism’ – endorses practices of skin-whitening, and how these practices attest to a globalised ‘preference’ for fair-skinned women in the domains of work, leisure and sentimental or sexual life. The message conveyed by skin-whitening practices, in fact, is that ‘white is right’, and by attaining ‘whiteness’ one can automatically unlock privileges and opportunities that are not accorded to non-whites. 
This essay will aim at filling this knowledge gap by discussing the cooperation and intersection between colourism and contemporary scientific racism in today’s discourses around skin-whitening. I will illustrate how colonial ideas of ‘beauty’ being a ‘privilege’ of fair-skinned women only are still rife today and have boosted the popularity of skin-whitening products that are the product of Western ‘scientific’ research and innovation.
Ultimately, this essay will argue that ‘beauty’ needs to be understood as a socio-political object, and that behind apparently ‘banal’ skin-care practices lies a wide, long-standing range of notions around different ‘races’ inextricably intertwined with ideas about the unchallengeable authority of the West.

The prevalence of anti-Asian and anti-immigrant rhetoric throughout the 2016 election season provides an opportunity to examine the factors shaping Asian Americans’ emotional responses to a threatening political environment. Comparing interracial trends in emotional expressions and political behavior in the 2016 Collaborative Multi-racial Post-election Survey (CMPS), we find Asian Americans expressing fear on par with other minority groups, while expressing less anger. In a significant
departure from scholarly expectations, we uncover a strong positive association between expressed fear and participation among Asian Americans. This mobilizing effect of fear distinguishes Asian Americans from other racial groups, providing better insight into the political behavior of this group in contexts of threat. We discuss how and why fear may shape Asian American participation, while mediating the effects of racial identity on action.

This contribution interprets the east-central European post-liberal governments’
recent anti-immigrant, anti-refugee and anti-human-rights hysteria in the context of the increasing dependence of the region’s societies for livelihood on employment in the western EU, the widespread racialization of east European labor in the western EU, and the refusal of east European political elites and societies at large to consider possible “Left” critiques of the EU. Given those circumstances, and laboring under related anxieties, post-state-socialist political elites and societies have assumed a fundamentalist-racialist posture. They redirect their repressed anger toward incoming refugees, claim an ahistorical, essential kind of Whiteness and contribute to rigidifying European discussions of “race.”

To access the article, please follow the link to the publisher https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/slavic-review/article/unbearable-whiteness-of-the-polish-plumber-and-the-hungarian-peacock-dance-around-race/59244B15CB295020E51DF252BDA76604.

If the above link does not work, please look up Slavic Review in your own institution's library website and download the paper from there.

If that fails, please contact the authors at jborocz@rutgers.edu or jborocz@gmail.com or msarkar@binghamton.edu and they will be happy to provide a copy. Sorry for the inconvenience.

Jonathan Lethem’s long-evident interest in comics, for example in his 2003 novel The Fortress of Solitude, culminated in his 2008 reworking of Steve Gerber and Mary Skrenes’s 1976 comic book series from Marvel Comics, Omega: The Unknown. Demonstrating that Lethem’s self-conscious paraphrasing of the prior series is part of a sustained examination of repetitions and relations, this essay shows how the serial nature of comics enables Lethem to address themes of families, legacies, and communities, both in this comics work and in his earlier novel also. It will be argued that The Fortress of Solitude and Omega: The Unknown together read the repeating-but-differing images of the comic book in contrast with the repetitions of the franchised brand to present a sustained critique of capitalist cultures. In all of this, it will be seen, Lethem draws on the idioms and traits of comic books: colours, panels, word balloons, margins, gutters, lines.