Roman forts

"The Roman principia with chapels of the Standards, the Genius castrorum and the Imperial cult in Egypt are of special interest. There were some examples of principia with such chapels and temples. As a rule, these monuments were built not earlier than at the end of the 3rd century A.D., during the Diocletian’s reign. These examples are found in such fortresses as ‘Abu Sha’ar, Dionysias, Narmouthis, el-Kab, Nag el-Hagar and Tell el-Herr. However there are some principia which were erected early in the 1st – 3rd centuries A.D. in such Roman fortresses of Egyptian Eastern desert as Mons Claudianus, Maximianon and Qasr Banat. The most interesting example of principia was located in the Roman fortress which was built around the Luxor temple at the beginning of the 4th century A.D. There the temple of the Imperial cult and Genius castrorum with wonderful paintings became the centre of the significant late Roman fortified ensemble.
One could suppose that main part of principia in Egypt have more common features with civil Imperial cult temples of the 2nd — 3rd centuries A.D. and their Hellenistic prototypes than earlier examples of these monuments. This fact can be explained by the general tendency of monumentalization of these edifices in the Roman Empire on the whole during the period of the 2nd – 3rd centuries A.D. The architecture of the principia became more luxurious because of increase of the Imperial cult’s significance.
On the one hand, these principia were influenced by the Roman military culture which was connected with creating camps and fortresses. On the other hand they were impacted by the Orient and hellenistic cults of the kings. The architecture of the Roman Imperial cult temple in Luxor was connected with some aspects of the ancient Egyptian cult of divine kingship. The architectural peculiarities of these monuments and iconography of their visual art which appeared in the case of these influences gave some effect on the Christian culture. Such elements as apse, ciborium or baldachin and nimbus got a wide expansion in the Christian art and architecture. Some of these features came to Rome from the culture of the ancient Orient. Therefore temples of the Imperial cult and Genius castrorum in Egypt are examples of the connection between art of the ancient Orient and Byzantine, early Christian and Medieval art and architecture."

In the period from the 1st to the 3rd century the Romans along the edges of their Empire erected a linear military fortification system. In places, in the end of the 3rd and in the 4th century they secured this area as a wider defensive zone. Likewise, due to archaeological excavations and non-destructive surveys which both provide an insight into the appearance, size and state of conservation of some of the Roman fortifications in what is today the region of Hrvatsko Podunavlje, in Croatia we are also now able to differentiate two types of protection of the former Roman frontier, conceived differently in time and space. The one that originates from the Principate is the topic of this paper.
No permanent Roman legionary fortress in the territory of Baranja, Slavonia and Srijem in Croatia was built. It is unclear whether in between the therein auxiliary forts, running in parallel along the right bank of the Danube River, a series of watchtowers was ever built; however, there are indications of their locations. The linearity of the Limes in Croatia was on one side secured by the Danube river and on the other side by a Limes road. As some of the Early Roman Imperial fortifications in this territory are endangered as a result of atmospheric or anthropogenic activity, it is necessary to ensure more on-site effective protective measures. Locations which are so far demonstrated as well preserved could be added as a part of the Frontiers of the Roman Empire monument to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

This work is dedicated to the computer reconstruction of Roman fortress Nag el-Hagar in Egypt. This fortification was situated to the south of Luxor (ancient Thebes), not far from Kom Ombo (ancient Ombos). Apparently the fortress was built during Diocletian’s rule. Its architectural features are similar to other examples of Roman military architecture of the period of tetrarchy in Egypt. We chose Nag el-Hagar for the reconstruction because this fortress is a specimen of the classical Roman castrum which belongs to the period of Diocletian and at the same time it has some original architectural features. The remains of the palace of the Governor or a military commander which we can find inside the fortress are of a great interest to specialists in late Roman architecture. In this work we consider similar examples of late Roman military architecture both in Egypt and throughout the Roman Empire. Their architectural peculiarities give us the idea how the fortress and the palace in Nag el-Hagar could look like. Beside that, we have made an attempt to examine some problems of computer 3D reconstructions in general. This computer reconstruction of Nag el-Hagar shows that a late Roman fortress in Egypt was a majestic ensemble and its architectural and planning features were influenced not only by its military function, but also by the artistic concepts of the late Roman architects who built it.

There are not too many bronze lamps discovered in Romania 1. That is why every discovery of this kind is very important, even more it is about discoveries from Roman forts 2. In this article I will present two bronze lamps, the first one coming from the Roman auxiliary fort Slăveni 3 (fig. I) and the second, from the Roman auxiliary fort Răcari 4 (fig. II). These two forts are well known in the archaeological literature. I. The bronze lamp from Slăveni has been discovered inside the fort, in the area of praetentura dextra (fig. I.1). It is of Loeschcke XXI type and can be dated at the beginning of the 2nd century AD (fig. I.2-I.3). Its context of discovery is a little bit strange (excavations 1969, Section 1, square 7,-0,40m deep), on the soldiers barracks level belonging to the 3rd century, from praetentura dextra. The difference between the dating of the lamp and the dating of the archaeological context can be explained thanks to the extended use of this object. This is the only bronze lamp coming from Slăveni, untill now. Another piece of this kind, was published with wrong discovery place Slăveni 5 ; in fact, coming from Cioroiu Nou 6 .

Presentamos a continuación los resultados preliminares de la campaña de prospección magnética desarrollada en 2009 en el campamento romano de Santa Marina (Valdeolea, Cantabria). Una campaña que, a partir de los materiales hallados, nos acerca a un nuevo escenario de las Guerras Cántabras y a la mejor comprensión de la romanización de la comarca de Valdeolea (Cantabria).

We present the preliminary results of the 2009 prospection magnetic campaign in the roman military camp of Santa Marina (Valdeolea, Cantabria). The materials recovered during this campaign we discover a new stage of the Cantabria Wars and help us better understand the romanization of Valdeolea (Cantabria).

The text discusses the sites of Ulaka and Nadleški hrib in the Loška dolina valley (south-western Slovenia), which are located close to one another and stand out among the Roman battle sites in Slovenia for their evidence of Roman military tactics.

The Micia camp was one of the main points of defense and military control in the Roman province of Dacia. Located on the Mureș Valley, this military center, through the troops stationed here, prevented the access of potential enemies from the west, represented especially
by skilled horsemen and Sarmatian archers. The strategic importance and complexity of the missions probably imposed a large garrison at Micia from the beginning, but over time, the number of troops here increased, so that at least in the third century, here were stationed three
auxiliary units at a time. Over time, numerous archaeological researches have been initiatedon the Micia camp, due either to systematic research programs or as a consequence of the numerous infrastructure projects that have affected this area. Currently, research continues under
the same auspices, systematic research using in recent years a series of non-invasive investigations aimed at clarifying the plan and internal organization of the fort, while the central part of the camp is investigated as a consequence of the development of the western Romanian railway. Also, starting with 2020, a team of systematic archaeological research, consisting of specialists from the Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilization, Deva and the National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest resumed archaeological excavations in the northern half of
the camp, with the intention of researching the camping structures and the way of life of the soldiers stationed in this important fort.

The lack of imported terra sigillata and even local terra sigillata at Potaissa has been discussed in several articles in the past. The main fine ware groups identified so far for this legionary fortress were: imported terra sigillata with relief motifs, local stamped pottery and local terra sigillata with relief motifs, all in small quantities. The absence of large quanti‑ ties of fine ware at a legionary fortress seemed bizarre. After analyzing all the pottery from the Roman fort, this issue seems to be solved, and we are now able to talk about the presence of more groups and classes of fine pottery at Potaissa: imported plain sigillata, local plain sigillata and Pontic sigillata. The number of imported terra sigillata products raised considerably, with the preponderance of plain sigillata taking completely over all other fine ware imports or locally produced ware, and for the first time one can observe Pontic sigillata on this site pertaining to the Pontic sigillata C group. Also, based on new data related to fine ware, especially Pontic sigillata discovered at Troesmis, this article will try to make a connection between the former basecamp of Legio V Macedonica, and the new basecamp at Potaissa, but also a connection between the province of Roman Dacia and fine ware/Pontic sigillata production in the province of Moesia Inferior.

This paper deals with roman fortifications in Egypt. The main emphasis is laid on
roman fortresses on forts. Their descriptions are included in the first part of the
paper. Another fortification’s elements, history of roman province and mentions
of forts in ancient writings, which put the forts in geographical and historical
context, are described more shortly. The paper includes a brief part about roman
navy too. In the second part of the paper the author tries to point out the functions
of forts, development of fortification system, the architectural similarities between
forts in Egypt and to find architectural parallels in other parts of Roman Empire.

This article concerns an assemblage of artefacts recovered from the vicinity of a Roman Fort near Brecon, Wales. This comprised hundreds of important finds of Roman date, together with a few, highly significant, late Iron Age artefacts. This paper summarises the Roman military and Native metalwork artefacts. The discussion looks at possible reasons why Native objects were at the site and whether these led to Romano-British hybrids.

Durante el año 2008 se realizó un transecto en la Puerta Occidental del campamento de Tamuda, que ha permitido obtener datos estratigráficos de gran interés para la datación de la secuencia romana del yacimiento. Sobre estructuras mauritanas correspondientes con la denominada «segunda destrucción» de la ciudad se erigió a mediados del siglo I d.C. el campamento romano, que cuenta con su primera datación estratigráfica post quem en esta intervención. Se ha documentado un taponamiento de la puerta en pleno siglo II d.C., asociado a un incendio, aparentemente generalizado. También se presentan las reformas fechadas en el siglo IV asociadas al cegamiento de los cubos interiores, todo ello unido a una interpretación general de las fases históricas de esta parte del castellum.

Archaeogeophysical survey at the Roman fort Ad Militare in Batina conducted in 2010 was the first research of this kind made on what is today Croatian section of the limes. That research was incured at the sections of the fort by the means of two different methods: geoelectrical resistivity method and ground penetrating radar method. The survey results of that northernmost limes site in Croatia inidicate to the first extensive building layouts whose military purpose is there defined beyond doubt (principia, barracks). The fort plan has been determined at no more than 2 ha, more than twice as small as previously assumed.
The survey has been enabled by the World Heritage Center funds through the UNESCO Regional Bureau for Science and Culture in Europe, Venice and in accordance with the agreement made between the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Croatia and the Archaeological Museum Osijek.

Our paper presents all modern historical sources and maps available mentioning the Roman Fort at the southern limit of Seimenii Mari village (Constanța County), on a 60 ha plateau next to the Danube. The first professional visitor of the site was Pamfil Polonic, most likely during his intensive activity for over one decade at the National Museum of Antiquities (1892-1902), under the direction of Grigore Tocilescu. He drew up a site plan of the plateau and left relevant information regarding a recently discovered Roman fort destroyed by the river, the position of a second watchtower and of a civil settlement surrounded by a vallum and ditch defensive system. The ”large” Roman fort had a rectangular (square?) shape with sides of at least 80 m (i.e. the measured length of the eastern wall, not long before Polonic's visit); the watchtower was subsequent and had a 20 m long eastern side, with northern and southern walls partially preserved. One of the unresolved issues is the one regarding the dating of the civil settlement, the vallum and the ditch enclosure: Pamfil Polonic, Grigore Florescu and most of the Romanian historiography assigned it to the Roman epoch; K. Skorpil, on the other hand, briefly formulated the hypothesis of an Early Bulgar fortified settlement and he was followed by S. Torbatov. Since no archaeological investigation followed after the short campaign of Gr. Florescu at Seimeni (1924), it is impossible for the moment to formulate a relevant answer. Cartographic sources were also an essential part of our approach, namely Charta României Meridionale/ Map of Southern Romania (1864), also known as The Szatmari Map, Jakob Weiss' map (dated 1911) or the Romanian Military Maps, ”Planurile Directoare de Tragere”, drafted at a 1: 20000 scale after World War I, with the short notice ”La cetate”/ „At the Citadel”. Mapping the numismatic evidence at Seimenii Mari, Seimenii Mici and the surrounding area might also help us understand the anthropic habitation, well attested after emperor Aurelian until the Hunic raids in the 5th century and once again during Justinian (538/539) and Tiberius II Constantine (580/581). Both older and more recent surveys carried out along the Siliștea Valley (with the Domneasca Mare and Domneasca Mică lakes) and the successive Purcăreți, Ramazan (or Ramadan) and Țibrinu Lakes, unveiled numerous Hallstatt (Babadag I), Latène, to Early and Late Roman, Romano-Byzantine and Middle Byzantine (Dridu) habitation sites in the area between the Danube and the tributary valleys. Last but not least, epigraphy is essential for the accurate mapping of the Roman fortified site at Seimenii Mari. It stood along the limes road (via militaris), precisely six miles (or 6000 paces) from Axiopolis, according to the two preserved milestones found in the civil settlement and dating back to the last year of Antoninus Pius (AD 160) and the reign of Septimius Severus (AD 200), under governors L. Iulius Statilius Severus and C. Ovinius Tertullus. A Tetrarchic "Bauinschrift" dated 293-305 from Seimenii Mari belongs to a Lower Danube series (Zernes/ Donje Butorke, Sexaginta Prista/ Ruse, Transmarisca/ Tutrakan, Durostorum/ Silistra and Halmyris/ Murighiol), attesting the (re)construction of the local burgus/ praesidium.

This is an extract of my piece 'Metal Detector Finds' that was part of a joint paper. The full reference for the paper is: Hankinson, R., Lewis, J., Chapman, E., Toller, H., Webster, P., Owen, W., and Silvester, B. 2015. ‘Recent work in the environs of Brecon Gaer Roman fort’. Archaeologia Cambrensis 164, 89 - 130.

Over 450 finds are known to have been recovered by metal detectorists searching the fields surrounding the scheduled area at Brecon Gaer Roman fort. This paper summarises the metal detector finds and reassessed the dating and chronology of the site.

The Roman military presence at Dalswinton is reassessed using a range of remote sensing techniques (geophysical survey, LiDAR and aerial photography). At Bankfoot the absence of internal buildings suggests the postulated vexillation fortress was a more temporary structure; while numerous pits/ovens were identified across the interior of the large Stracathro-type camp. The primary fort at Bankhead was provided with in-turned entrances and two small annexes attached to the northwest and southeast quadrants of the fort. A third much larger annexe extended southwards down to the river. Only pits and furnaces were recorded within the annexes, two of which were expanded in Phase 2. Various buildings, including legionary and auxiliary barracks, were identified in the expanded fort of Phase 2, whose orientation remained unchanged. A mixed garrison of legionaries and auxiliary cavalry is indicated for both periods of occupation. Finally, the fort was deliberately demolished. The Roman attribution of the three nearby enclosures at Butterhole Brae can no longer be supported.

- ABSTRACT :
From the analysis of archaeological remains, we propose the existence of a fortified complex in the Eastern Pyrenees in Late Antiquity (4th-6th centuries), composed of a double defensive line of military small forts (castra and castella), watchtowers (turres) and small walled towns (civitates). Its location reveals the importance of the strategic control of the main regional roads (Via Augusta-Via Domitia and Strata Ceretana) through the mountain passes, common points of entry to Hispania of invasions and migrations. We also analyze the limes or fortified defensive system similarly organized in the Visigoth period (6th century) in front of the Byzantine province Cartaginiensis Spartarie.
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- RESUMEN :
A partir del análisis de los restos arqueológicos, se propone la existencia de un sistema fortificado complejo en los Pirineos Orientales en época tardoantigua (siglos IV-VII), compuesto por una doble línea defensiva de pequeños fortines militares (castra y castella), torres de vigilancia (turres) y pequeñas ciudades amuralladas (civitates). Su localización muestra como se priorizó el control estratégico de las principales vías de comunicación de la región (Via Augusta-Via Domitia y Strata Ceretana) a través de los pasos de montaña, puntos frecuentes de entrada a Hispania de invasiones y migraciones. También se analiza el limes o sistema defensivo fortificado que se organizó de forma similar en época visigoda (siglo VI) enfrente de la provincia bizantina Cartaginiensis Spartarie.

In 2010 and 2012 archeao-geophysical prospection on parts of the Roman Fort Ad Militare were conducted. Those were the first surveys in what is today Croatia in which precise Roman Limes military architecture layouts were defined. The remains of the principia, the praetorium, a forehall, the barracks, building(s) of an unknown purpose and also sections of curtain walls, all with stone/brick foundations, were detected. The results indicated that the praetorium and principia have been part of the same complex, divided or related by the forehall, which seems to be a unique (special) feature along the entire Roman frontiers! The fort Ad Militare was the first site in Croatian section of the Limes whose precise boundaries were determined by this research.
Likewise, two chance found tiles have been discovered in Batina. Probably, they were made by/for cohors II Asturum et Callaeocorum. Together with the results of realized geophysical surveys they probably point to the building phase dating back to the reign of the Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138–61). Cohors II Asturum et Callaeocorum was the most opportune candidate for building or using the Fort Ad Militare.

The most northeastern Limes locality in Croatia is Roman fort Ad Militare which is located in a modern-day settlement of Batina. As geophysical research has been conducted on that archaeological site during a 3-season survey (2010-2013), consequently the probable layout of the complete local stone Roman fort has been identified. At a time, it was the first site whose entire internal ground-plan, next to the entire Croatian section of the Danube Limes, is known. Given the fact that the fort Ad Militare is partly overbuilt by recent structures, such a circumstance omits its larger-scale excavations. Therefore, experts coming from the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek and Institute for tourism in Zagreb have developed a concept how to, in a short-term, present that Roman site of a currently limited in situ presentation possibilities, to public. Within the framework of EU funded South East Europe-Danube Limes Brand Program, the first and the so far only information-board on the course of the Limes in Croatia has been appointed in the vicinity of that Roman site in Batina, nearby the location where visitor center in future could be established. The use of a QR-code applied on that information-board can directly lead the beneficiary to a web-address www.limescroatia.eu, where one can browse through a short 3D computer visualization of a fort Ad Militare. Aside some other intended presentation measures, this far a 1st person real-time animated version about the site was developed and designed for the use on a PC and as a mobile application.

RESUMEN:
En este artículo se procede al estudio de un conjunto de materiales metálicos, fabricados en hierro y/o bronce, vinculados con la práctica médico-quirúrgica procedentes del campamento romano de Aquae Querquennae/Porto Quintela (Ourense, España) situado en el Noroeste de la Península Ibérica. Entre este instrumental se incluyen dos tipos de sondas y otros tantos de pinzas, así como un ejemplar de tijeras, cucha-rilla, navaja, cuchillo y bisturí. Todas las piezas proceden de las excavaciones arqueológicas efectuadas en el período comprendido entre 1975 y 2017. Algunas de ellas ya fueron dadas a conocer en su momento en diferentes publicaciones; pero, ahora, se reúnen todas y, a ellas, se añaden algunos instrumentos inéditos identificados en una reciente revisión de las diferentes piezas metálicas procedentes del campamento. Todo el material objeto de análisis en el presente estudio se encuentra depositado en el Museo Arqueolóxico Provincial de Ourense (MAPOu)
ABSTRACT:
In this paper we proceed to the study of a set of metallic materials, manufactured in iron and/or bronze, linked to medical-surgical practices , from the Roman camp of Aquae Querquennae / Porto Quintela (Ourense, Spain) located in the Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. This set includes two types of probes and another two types of forceps, as well as scissors, spoon, clasp-knife, knife and scalpel. All the pieces come from the archaeological excavations carried out in the period between 1975 and 2017. Some of them have already been published; but, now, they are all brought together and, with them, some unpublished instruments are added after their identification in a recent revision of the different metallic pieces from the camp. All the material objects of analysis in the present study are deposited in the Provincial Archaeological Museum of Ourense (MAPOu).

In 2014, under the umbrella of the South East Europe - Danube Limes Brand project, the one and the only information-table along the former frontier of the Roman Empire section in modern-day Croatia so far, had been set up in Batina (Kiskőszeg). On it, a 3D computer visualization of the fort Ad Militare - which also was developed through the means of mentioned project - is introduced to public.

Lo studio dei materiali deperibili, che costituiscono una parte importante del record archeologico di qualsivoglia sito, trova delle evidenti imitazioni di carattere sia quantitativo che qualitativo. Alimenti, vestiario, vesti funebri e altre categorie di materiali possono fornire una serie di informazioni dirette sulla società che li ha prodotti ma che, sfortunatamente, hanno spesso carattere poco
rappresentativo proprio perché si tratta di rinvenimenti sporadici. In quei siti, europei e non, dove si ha la fortuna di trovare una combinazione di caratteristiche climatiche  adatte,  condizioni  del  terreno  ideali, pratiche  antropiche  inconsapevolmente  atte  alla conservazione dei resti e, perché no, una buona dose di casualità, lo studio scientifico dei reperti,
affiancato all’analisi delle fonti letterarie e iconografiche, ha prodotto pregevoli risultati per quanto riguarda in particolare l’universo delle calzature. Si sono aperte così alcune questioni degne di nota: esistono tipologie classificabili su base geografica? Si tratta di materiali che seguivano la moda e il costume, erano portatori di particolari convenzioni e significati sociali, o rispondevano semplicemente a criteri funzionali? Ed è possibile, tracciando una linea immaginaria, seguirne le evoluzioni fisionomiche attraverso il tempo?
Nella seguente trattazione, si è considerato il problema analizzando le testimonianze emerse in alcuni contesti peculiari di siti specifici; il proseguimento delle ricerche, nella maggior parte dei casi ancora in corso, sarà dunque fondamentale per una sempre maggiore comprensione di questo notevole aspetto che soltanto negli ultimi anni ha raggiunto una giusta rilevanza.

In this article some principal architectural features of Roman fortresses in Egypt are discussed. The most part of them was built during the reign of Diocletian (284–305 AD). Though all fortresses had similar planning structure, they differed in several specific features. Five main types of Roman military installations in Egypt are distinguished. The first one includes large fortresses, which were situated in important administrative centers. To the second type belong medium-sized fortresses erected on important trade routes, on the borders of the provinces and near important quarries. The third type incorporates little late forts, which were built near the state borders as defense against nomads. Temples-fortresses in the Kharga oasis and watch towers there and in the Eastern Desert of Egypt represent two other types.
Using the results of the comparative analysis of Roman military installations in Egypt a reconstruction of Nag el-Hagar fortress was made.

The article aims to be a synthesis of the pottery production center from Ala I Batavorum miliaria's fort from Războieni-Cetate, Alba County, Romania. Resumes all the evidence what we have so far on the existence of a pottery workshop(s?) for the above-mentioned site, illustrating the local ceramic production.

Poster deals with activities and mentiones sites known on the Danube Limes section in Croatia untill 2010. It was presented during the openings of the Roman Military Equipment Conference (ROMEC) which was held in Zagreb in the same year (2010).

A public inquiry into a proposal by Peel Holdings (owner of the Trafford Centre and the Manchester Ship Canal) for a 117 unit apartment complex at Jackson's Wharf in the Castlefield conservation area was held in November 2008.Thousands of Mancunians
oppose the plans as do several local councillors and web campaigns such as the one by Pride of Manchester. Given Manchester's reputation as an iconic entrepreneurial city (Leary 2008) it is no surprise that this was the first scheme in the city centre to be
rejected by the council's planners in 5 years. The scheme by Manchester architect Ian Simpson, of Urbis fame, has been dubbed by Manchester wags the Star Trek development because of its futuristic design (Linton 2008). The outcome is awaited eagerly. In 1999 Castlefield was placed on the UK's tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site status. Castlefield is the site of a Roman fort dating from 79AD. Castlefield is the area in Manchester, the world's first modern industrial city, where the industrial revolution started. It was here that Britain's first true canal terminated: the Bridgewater canal opened in 1763, bringing coal from the 3rd Duke's mines in Worsley to the burgeoning cotton mills of Ancoats and Chorlton-on-Medlock, an area castigated for its degrading squalor by Engels in his 1845 The Condition of the Working Class in England. The world's first intercity passenger railway followed in 1830 locating its terminus at Liverpool Road Station in Castlefield. Having carried out PhD research focused on Castlefield for the last four years it is evident that the contestation of space regarding the Jackson Wharf housing proposal is similar to that which happened in the 1970s when the city council wanted to redevelop Castlefield for housing and in the
1980/90s when the Central Manchester Development Corporation wanted to do the same.

The Roman military encampment at the Septimer Pass (near Bivio, Switzerland) was located in 2003 using metal detectors. Dating between 15 BCE and 16 CE, the camp was designed for controlling the Pass, and to enable the movement of Roman troops between Italy and the northern province of Raetia. The 2-ha sized site was delineated by topography, aerial photographs, visible fortification walls and ditches, and the locations of finds. Subsequent trench excavations by the Bavarian Academy of Science were limited to 150 m2. Although these excavations provided a better understanding of the construction of the fortification walls, they gave no idea about the overall layout of tents or other buildings. For this study, magnetometry with a cesium-magnetometer in a duo-sensor configuration was used to survey an area of 160x120 m at a sampling interval of 25x50 cm. Some magnetic anomalies suggest geologic lineaments and modern cultural sources. Other anomalies support visual evidence of fortifica...

This paper contributes to a critical understanding of the production of space through an exploration of notable spatial moments in the 1990s work of the Central Manchester Development Corporation (CMDC), particularly its role in the creation of new public space. Henri Lefebvre's ideas regarding the production of urban space provide rigorous theoretical grounding for the empirical research. Two chronologically overlapping 20th century discourses: the inner city urban policy discourse from the 1960s and the modernist city planning discourse that peaked in the era of technological optimism after World War Two are shown to be vital for a critical understanding of the Urban Development Corporation (UDC) regime. The paper unravels the as yet unproblematised origins of UDCs and CMDC and shows how the reorientation of the 1960s Urban Programme by the Labour government laid the ground for some of the subsequent Conservative government's urban policy shifts. New evidence from archival sources, supplemented by interviews with key informants, is presented which challenges and disrupts some conventional wisdoms regarding UDCs and CMDC. Research findings point to the crucial role of CMDC in stimulating the creation of significant new public spaces akin to differential space, which remain of great importance for Manchester. CMDC's deployment of large scale resources compounded the spatial practice of the previous decade leading to the production of unanticipated public space potentials and the politicised appropriation of urban space. In closing, the paper highlights the unintended and inadvertent legacies of the CMDC for public space in the 2000s.

(…) to start the archaeological examination on our Limes with the aim of identifying the character of military objects; whether they are fortresses, forts or late antique strongholds, or their accompanying facilities such as baths, temples, fora, canabae etc. Other sites, known only for the finds, should be examined; whether they were towers and watchtowers, or whether they were stations on the Limes road, village farms, i.e. vici or villae, which were used for supplying the army and maintaining the traffic at the border. Those were the words of Danica Pinterović about what should be done at the Croatian part of the Danube limes.
With her extraordinary work in that area, she indebted the national archaeological experts, but also the public with interest in archaeology, by leaving the legacy of a signifi cant number of notions that are the basis of numerous research papers today. However, the creative reach of this scientist was not bounded by the remains of Roman Mursa, or even by the part of the Danube limes on the Croatian soil; it was
focused on a thorough examination of the whole, aforementioned, background. Taking into account that Danica Pinterović wrote a certain number of review, professional,
and original scientifi c papers on those topics, establishing herself as an inevitable resource for researchers of that territory, the value of her papers does not lie only in the number of published papers on archaeological excavations, but also in creating the historical image about the Croatian Danube region. She conducted the first systematic archaeological excavation, which lasted several years, alongside the limes
on the Croatian side directly building on field survey of the area that had been done a decade or two before, while she worked as a curator of the Museum of Slavonia in Osijek.
The said excavations in the period of 1970 – 1972 were conducted in Batina and discovered traces of a Roman fort Ad Militare. Underneath, a partially Hallstatt, possibly La Tène, cultural layer was discovered. However, we do not know why she placed a larger number of narrow and long trenches, and not a smaller number of bigger trenches. But, we do know it was a land covered partially by vineyards. Even
though in neither of her papers, written after the ending of the third season of Ad Militare fort excavation, she did not specifi cally mention the size of the military camp, we can deduct from one of her fi eld diaries what she thought since they tried to measure the length of the walls in 1971. However, the only sketch about the research of the fort published to this day implies that the surface was almost three times
smaller than it actually is (approximately 0.7 ha, instead of 2 ha). Taking into account that not all the trenches were charted on the sketch (the trenches VI/2, VII/2, VIII/3, IX/3, X/3, XI/3, XII/3, XVI/3 are missing), this article contributes with an original drawing with their positions marked.

Das Roll-up gibt eine kurze, allgemein verständliche Einführung zum römischen Militärkastell von Oberstimm (Markt Manching), das in den 40er Jahren des 1. Jhs. n. Chr. errichtet wurde und den Verkehr auf und neben der Donau kontrollierte. Hierfür stand der Garnison ein Schiffsanleger an einem Nebenfluss der Donau zur Verfügung. Die Highlight-Funde aus dem Lager sind seit 2006 überwiegend im kelten römer museum manching ausgestellt. +++ Das Roll-up wurde im Rahmen des Kooperationsprojektes »Die Rückkehr des Römerschiffs« erstellt, an dem das kelten römer museum manching, die Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg und weitere Institutionen beteiligt waren. Im Juli und August 2018 begab sich ein 1:1-Nachbau des Oberstimmer Schiffswracks 2 entlang der Donau auf große Tour: die Fridericiana Alexandrina Navis (kurz F.A.N.). Sie bot interessierten Besuchern die einzigartige Gelegenheit, sich selbst in die Riemen zu legen und damit Geschichte hautnah zu erleben.