Rural Development and agricultural Extension

Historicamente foram várias as mudanças conceituais da terminologia Extensão Rural. Em cada fase da Extensão Rural – i) Humanismo assistencialista (1948-1960); ii) Difusionismo produtivista (1964-1980); iii) Humanismo crítico (1980-2000); iv) Desenvolvimento rural sustentável/agricultura sustentável/agroecologia (2000 em diante) – ou em cada perspectiva ou enfoque – i) Enfoque Difusionista-inovador; ii) Enfoque Dialógico-comunicacional; iii) enfoque participativo; iv) enfoque agroecológico – se tentou construir coletivamente o conceito mais apropriado para o momento.

A mudança e a inovação são temas essenciais da extensão rural, dada a natureza da atividade profissional, sempre vinculada à necessidade de enfrentar características específicas, potenciais, limitações ou problemas que afetam a organização social e o desempenho econômico dos sistemas produtivos agropecuários. Neste sentido, a inovação pode ser compreendida como o processo e o resultado de uma mudança que afeta uma determinada atividade a partir do momento em que novos conhecimentos são incorporados e traduzidos em práticas e comportamentos, transformando o saber-fazer então predominante. Considerando suas características gerais, uma inovação resulta da interação social, está intimamente vinculada à ideia de promoção do desenvolvimento e pode ter origem exógena ou endógena. Afirmamos que ela é exógena quando a necessidade de mudança chega ao contexto local por intermédio de necessidades de cumprimento de regras, normatizações ou leis. Estas regras são determinadas pelo Estado, quando este atua para garantir a sanidade na produção animal, a certificação orgânica ou o cumprimento das leis ambientais, por exemplo. Da mesma forma, a inovação de origem exógena pode ser desencadeada pela necessidade de atendimento a padrões de qualidade definidos pelos mercados. Neste caso, para participar de determinados mercados torna-se necessária a mudança para adequação do sistema produtivo e do produto ao padrão estabelecido. Uma inovação tem origem endógena quando a necessidade de mudança surge do próprio agricultor, que busca aprimorar suas práticas ou encontrar alternativas para enfrentar os problemas que afetam negativamente seu sistema produtivo. A necessidade de inovação, neste caso, surge do contexto local, impulsionada pelo enfrentamento de limitações e problemas. Em comparação à origem exógena, podemos afirmar que há, neste caso, uma percepção relativamente espontânea da necessidade de mudança. A introdução das novidades ocorre por vontade própria do agricultor e não pela imposição de determinantes externos à sua vontade. Com relação à origem, é consenso que o acesso a novidades, isto é, novas ideias, conceitos, práticas, processos, produtos ou tecnologias, é o estímulo inicial do processo de inovação 3. "Tomar conhecimento" seria, então, a primeira atitude que despertaria no agricultor a vontade de mudar ou adotar uma inovação. Neste sentido, embora haja diversas formas de abordar este tema, é comum estabelecermos como foco inicial do processo de inovação a perspectiva do indivíduo, quando este se encontra em uma situação que requer tomar decisões sobre como enfrentar os problemas ou melhorar sua 1 Texto elaborado para utilização como material didático da disciplina ERU-451

Primero de Mayo y 9 de Julio son dos barrios de la ciudad de San Luis, en donde, según cálculos del Municipio, viven unas 5.000 personas, es decir el 3% de la población total de la ciudad (INDEC, 2010). Allí, la situación habitacional es muy precaria, predominan los altos índices de criminalidad, caminos vecinales en mal estado, el déficit de acceso a los
servicios básicos, altos índices de pobreza e indigencia, bajos niveles de instrucción en la población adulta, cobertura social escasa o nula, cuadros severos de violencia familiar, problemas de asociativismo, cuadros emprendedores débiles, escasa presencia institucional, entre otros.
En este escenario tan adverso, desde hace más de 20 años, desarrolla sus actividades el Prohuerta, un programa de promoción de la agricultura orgánica y familiar y la nutrición saludable, instrumentado por el INTA y otras organizaciones locales instaladas en el territorio.
El presente trabajo propone repasar las principales conclusiones obtenidas de un diagnóstico comunicacional sobre la instrumentación del Prohuerta en el este de la capital puntana, que obligará a recorrer las dinámicas institucionales en procesos de cambio social, la trama vincular del territorio, la estructura del trabajo y de toma de decisiones y los flujos de comunicación. Las conclusiones presentadas invitarán a reflexionar en torno a los obstáculos y los alcances reales de los abordajes institucionales y el rol de la comunicación como herramienta que atraviesa los procesos de transformación social frente a problemáticas tan complejas como la pobreza y la indigencia.

Penyuluhan  merupakan  suatu  proses  pembelajaran  secara  non  formal  untuk  memberikan  ilmu pengetahuan, pelatihan, teknologi, permodalan, dan merubah perilaku petani menjadi lebih mandiri dalam  mengambil  keputusan.  Peran  penyuluh  dalam  kegiatan  penyuluhan  yaitu  sebagai pembimbing, organisator, teknisi dan konsultan untuk membantu petani mengembangkan usahatani dan meningkatkan produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh peran penyuluh pertanian  terhadap  hasil  produksi  padi  sawah  di  Desa  Cibuniasih.  Metode  penelitian  yang digunakan adalah survei dan wawancara terhadap 68 responden yaitu petani padi sawah di Desa Buniasih,  kemudian  dianalisis  menggunakan  uji  regresi  linier  berganda.  Hasil  penelitian menunjukkan  bahwa  peran  penyuluh  pertanian  berpengaruh  signifikan  sebesar  66,6%  terhadap hasil  produksi  padi  di  Desa  Cibuniasih.  Peran  penyuluh  pertanian  sebagai  pembimbing  dan konsultan  memberikan  pengaruh  yang  signifikan  terhadap  hasil  produksi  padi  sawah,  artinya kinerja  penyuluh  dalam  kegiatan  pembimbingan  dan  konsultansi  dengan  petani  berjalan  baik. Tetapi  peran  penyuluh  pertanian  sebagai  organisator  dan  teknisi  belum  berpengaruh  signifikan terhadap  produksi  padi,  karena  pengenalan  teknologi  yang  masih  belum  sesuai  dan  kebutuhan petani belum terpenuhi dengan baik.

(PDF) PERAN PENYULUH PERTANIAN TERHADAP HASIL PRODUKSI PADI SAWAH DI DESA CIBUNIASIH KECAMATAN PANCATENGAH KABUPATEN TASIKMALAYA. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353589575_PERAN_PENYULUH_PERTANIAN_TERHADAP_HASIL_PRODUKSI_PADI_SAWAH_DI_DESA_CIBUNIASIH_KECAMATAN_PANCATENGAH_KABUPATEN_TASIKMALAYA [accessed Oct 28 2021]..

Goods and service tax (GST) is a comprehensive tax levy on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and service at a national level.GST is a tax on goods and services with value addition at each stage. GST will include many state and central level indirect taxes. It overcomes drawback present tax system

Transformation of Indian agriculture from traditional and subsistence to a modern scientific system of farming is highly essential. It is depending on careful scientific research and planning in agriculture, providing the right resources at right time and right place and the technical knowhow to using them in right way is very important. Training is a critical input for the farmers for quick transfer of technology and a way to improve their agriculture and thereby their socio-economic condition. Mobilizing human resources means increasing knowledge and skill of the farmers in order to adjust themselves to the changing situation by adopting new techniques, equipment, improving their skills etc. can be possible with Farmers training. Farmers’ training means to educate and train farm family in their own environment and to equip them to meet with emerging problems of farming. This chapter discussed about the different training institutes and their role in training the farmers, Farmers training needs, Gender wise training needs, and impact of training on farmer’s skill and knowledge. Majority of the farmers expressed that identification of pests and diseases is their major priority need followed by method and time of fertilizer application. If we take gender as a priority majority male farmers expressed that plant protection measures is the major training need followed by cropping pattern and harvesting and in case of women farmers harvesting is their major training need followed by cropping pattern and soil reclamation. Majority male farmers expressed that training helps them to increase yield, avoid crop damage and losses. A good training programme depends on the selection of training methods.The training programmes can be strengthening by resolving the problems and proper selection of methods and trainees.

Turkey has very important potential for rural tourism according to agricultural and geographical regions. Rural tourism also covers human and environmental resources, and therefore focuses on people and the environment and community development. Rural extension is aimed to raise the living standard of the rural families in all rural areas and there is close relation between rural tourism and rural extension. Rural tourism presents very important opportunities as an alternative income source for the rural family and rural community development. Tourism is recognized as travel that people do out of their regular environment for periods of time less than 12 months, for pleasure, business or other aims. In the paper, it is discussed impacts and roles of rural extension on the development of rural tourism in rural areas, and relations among extension, agriculture, nature, tourism and rural economy and people etc. Especially there is big potential for domestic tourists in the middle period and also for international tourists in the long period. Generally roles and impacts of the extension for rural tourism development in Turkey were investigated.

Final report of the four-month Modernizing Extension and Advisory Services Field Support Activity in the Republic of Tajikistan. Implemented by the University of Illinois to support the US Government Feed the Future activity. Annexes to the report (some separate, some in the main report document)  include a number of materials about agricultural policy, land reform, local government and economics in Tajikistan.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most economically important food crop in many developing countries and has also become a major crop in many developed countries where its consumption has increased considerably. It has been noted that the demand for rice is not matched with the supply of rice, due to the fact that rice is mostly produced by smallholder framers and processed by the rural farmers using crude or local method. This research is based on assessment of the constraints associated with the processing of paddy rice. This will be carried out using a well structured questionnaire and data will be collected from a primary source and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Analysis from this study shows that agricultural financing constitutes the greatest challenge that affects rice processing. Therefore, this work provides basic information about the challenges of rice processing and focuses on the challenges faced by the small-scale rice processors and reasons for continuous rice importation with a view to guiding decision-making to be self-sufficient in rice production, thereby making some improvement in Nigerian economy.

ABSTRACT
Promote inclusive development the government has to facilitate economic growth with and through structural transformation, increasing productive employment, providing social protection for all, providing basic services, promoting territorial development and spatial equality, and improving the quality of governance. Some of the underlying causes of living at the margins of basic needs are household specific, while others are external. Household specific problems include the lack of, or inadequacy of physical inputs (capital, labor, land,), human capital (skills, innovation, and the ability to cope), and health. Economic marginalization also poses a major constraint for the rural communities in Africa. The objective of this review mainly focuses in assess factors affecting marginalized rural farmer’s in inclusive development from all aspects of development issue and what is the opportunities in order to include them in to development issues in Ethiopia.




Keyword:  Ethiopia, Inclusive development, Marginalized

The horticulture sub-sector contributes substantially to the Kenyan economy, but smallholder productivity is low. This study investigated the role of information literacy on smallholder horticultural productivity performance in a lower highland zone of Belgut Sub-county, Kericho County, Kenya. The study used descriptive cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected between January and April 2019. Smallholder horticulture farmers who previously participated in a program; NALEP, in Belgut Sub-county were purposely selected and interviewed. Data was collected from 31 respondents through face-to-face household interviews using pre-tested semi-structured interview schedules and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics were utilized to document the farmers' information sources. Associations between attributes were analyzed by running Goodman and Kruskals' gamma and Somers' d. Findings indicated that the smallholder horticulture farmers obtained horticultural information mostly from the public extension, but also from private companies, NGOs/FBOs, mass media, and other farmers. Farmers' level of formal education, organizational skills, accounting, and farming skills; as indicators of information literacy, showed moderate strength of relationship with Original Research Article Sang and Cheruiyot; JSRR, 26(6): 89-99, 2020; Article no.JSRR.58710 90 productivity and profitability (Gamma = 0.200 to 0.563) but showed mixed strength with horticultural produce quality (Gamma = 0.138 to 0.948).Somers delta showed similar patterns (Somers d = 0.089 to 0.684). When the four indicators of information literacy were amalgamated into an information literacy score, there was evidence of a moderate strength monotonic relationship between information literacy and performance as measured by the Spearman rank correlation; r s (29) = .571, P = .001.The study concludes that farmers obtain horticultural information from diverse sources. Information literacy contributes to the productivity and profitability of smallholder horticulture. Capacity building of the farmers on information literacy is recommended.

A Community Radio station (CRS) is the type of media that is operated by the particular community for the well-being of their community. The aim of this kind of radio service is to offer the people a voice and helps them to progress their community. Kadal Osai (Sound of the sea) Community Radio (CR) is the first CR started exclusively for the fishing community. This study was conducted during January to February 2020 using case study research method. Two villages were selected purposively from Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu as this place consists of a large number of radio listeners. So far, there are no documented reports about Kadal Osai CR in the literature. The present study was carried out to understand the CR Kadal Osai's history, growth, to assess the listeners' attitude and feedback towards CR Kadal Osai programs. An outcome of the survey displays that the majority of the fishers are a middle-aged group (52%) and small-scale fishers (48%). Interestingly, most of the fishers (42%) use their radio and mobile phone for listening to this community radio, and 42% of the fishers came to know the CR through the people working there. Majority (76%) of the respondents have a highly favorable attitude towards the Kadal Osai CR, and many listeners provided positive feedback towards this radio. The study concluded that Kadal Osai CR plays a vital role by ensuring fishers' right to information and community participation by expressing their voice and thoughts of grassroots people in the developing process.

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar e discutir os principais elementos que atualmente compõem a definição de extensão rural, compreendida como atividade profissional relacionada à promoção de mudanças e inovações sociotécnicas no meio rural brasileiro. O texto recorre à literatura científica recente para apresentar conceitos, discutir os campos de atuação do extensionista e propor uma classificação das formas de realizar a extensão rural na prática.

Pepper is an important spice crop grown in Matale District of Sri Lanka, for exports and domestic consumption. Varieties of pepper grown are Sri Lankan local variety and 'Panniyur'. Pepper production had shown variations over the years due to poor management and low productivity. This study analyzed and compared the production levels and costs, income and profitability of pepper cultivation among small and large scale pepper farmers. A stratified random sample of 120 farmers, consisting of 76 small famers (<5 acre farms) and 44 large farmers (>5 acre farms) were selected for study. A pre-tested questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics and mean comparisons were performed. The average extent of land under pepper cultivation was significantly different (P<0.01) with 3.49 acres for small farms and 8.85 acres for large farms, and 66% of lands were under local pepper varieties. Fertilizer was the only input applied by both group of farmers. The mean yield of pepper was 636 kgs and 560 kgs per acre for small and large farms respectively and did not differ significantly. Mean comparison showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.01) in cost of production, income from pepper sales and profits from pepper between small and large farmers. There were no significant differences in farm gate prices received for raw and processed pepper by small and large scale farmers. It can be concluded that there is significant differences between small and large scale pepper farmers in the extent cultivated, incomes received, cost of production and profits earned, while there is no differences in the prices received for raw and processed pepper.

The focus of this research was to identify the role played by agricultural cooperatives in rural development in the era of liberalization in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon. Primary sources were used for data collection. Questionnaires were administered to 329 respondents from 52 agricultural cooperatives in 40 villages with a response rate of 78.7% in the North West Region and 21.3% in the South West Region. Agricultural cooperatives and government officials were interviewed in both regions. Findings from the field show that 80% of the respondents agreed that agricultural cooperatives play a role in rural development especially in the areas of trainings, increased output production, the provision of inputs and marketing of farmers produce. Agricultural cooperatives can effectively and conveniently handle only two major roles in its rural development efforts: Improved Agricultural Production and Capacity Building. Seventy percent of the respondents declared that they were satisfied with the role agricultural cooperatives play in rural development despite the sociopolitical crisis in the study area. The government should increase investments in agriculture and rural infrastructure and create an agricultural bank to enable agricultural cooperatives play its role fully in rural development.

Household savings is an important factor for the economic growth of the country. This study identified and examined different determinants of saving behavior of rural households and analyzed the pattern and distribution of savings related factors like the mode of saving, amount preferred for saving, attitude preferred for saving, type of saving, expectation for the future savings in Boricha Woreda of Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia. The data of 204 sample households was collected from rural households by using structured questionnaires, focus group discussion and key informant interview. For this study, Multiple Regression Model was employed to find out the determinants of saving behavior of households in the study area. The results ultimately revealed that age of household head, education, training, membership to cooperatives, farm and off-farm income, farm size, and livestock were significant and influencing positively rural households’ savings. Whereas expenditure, family size, and distance to savings associations were significant variables that influenced the saving behavior of rural household negatively in the study area. These factors therefore have to be considered in designing strategies aimed at improving the saving mobilization of rural households.

Agricultural extension and rural advisory services (RAS) in the Philippines remains vast and rich in terms of knowledge, experiences, and good practices. There have been many successful and ongoing programs in the modalities and delivery of such services. However, the extension sector still yearns for professionalization and better networking for knowledge management.

This paper aims to discuss initiatives in the Philippine extension system in terms of professionalization and networking to strengthen provision of rural advisory services among institutions and practitioners in serving smallholder farmers towards the latter’s empowerment in the economy and society.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper studies the application of leadership principles in agricultural extension activities. Literature was reviewed on the various definitions of leadership, the various theories that undergird leadership, the types of leaders, the extension worker as a leader, leadership and rural development and then practical application of leadership in relation to the Ghanaian context. Data was mainly sourced from the internet. The study concludes that leadership is a critical component of effective agricultural extension activities, yet remains a deficient research area. While there are limited documented cases of its application in Ghana especially in relation to agricultural extension, the paper recommends that leadership must be intertwined into all phases of programmes and become a critical aspect of extension and agricultural development in Ghana. In order to effectively empower clientele, extension staff should receive training in leadership development and then transfer the knowledge and skills learned to rural communities and ensure leadership is practiced successfully.

Dunia saat ini telah memasuki era masyarakat informasi yang terhubung dalam dunia virtual. Tak hanya di perkotaan, fenomena ini juga sudah jamak dijumpai di kawasan perdesaan. Petani yang ada di pelosok desa sudah mulai memanfaatkan kemajuan teknologi informasi dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya. Akibatnya adalah muncul beragam aplikasi digital yang bergerak di sektor pertanian. Mendasarkan pada fenomena ini, maka dibutuhkan suatu kajian mengenai keberadaan aplikasi digital yang bergerak di sektor pertanian. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif dan analisis wacana. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang dikumpulkan lewat metode studi pustaka. Dari pembahasan diketahui bahwa kemunculan aplikasi digital pertanian banyak dilatarbelakangi oleh perubahan masyarakat agraris menuju masyarakat informasi. Aplikasi digital yang muncul juga lebih mudah diakses karena sudah terintegrasi dengan smartphone android. Bermacam aplikasi muncul, yaitu: iGrow, Kecipir, TaniHub, Karsa, Eragano, Petani, dan Pantau Harga. Aplikasi ini memiliki banyak fungsi seperti memutus rantai distribusi, menyediakan informasi pertanian yang lengkap, menyediakan investor sebagai akses permodalan, dan bisa melakukan konsultasi langsung dengan ahli dan petani lain yang berbeda tempat. Akibatnya, penyebarluasan informasi inovasi pertanian bisa dilakukan secara terprogram, tepat waktu, dan relevan dalam mendukung proses pengambilan keputusan petani. Dengan adanya aplikasi semacam ini diharapkan kedepan persebaran informasi lebih merata antar petani, berpartisipasi dalam kegiatan pembangunan, menarik minat pemuda, dan lebih banyak yang menjual hasil panennya secara online agar tidak terkena jerat pengepul. Namun perlu diingat bahwa developer dan pemerintah kedepan harus bersinergi dalam beberapa hal seperti menyiapkan infrastruktur dan melakukan kampanye massif guna memperkenalkan beragam aplikasi ini kepada petani.

Mobile devices have become the primary connection tools for most people in the world and they can provide the ability to get connected to new knowledge and information sources in real-time. Zimbabwe, like many other developing countries, is adopting the use of mobile phones in many sectors including the agricultural sector. This study investigated the emerging potential of mobile phones and digital applications in disseminating relevant information and providing affordable services to the rural people involved in farming activities. The overall objective of this study was to determine the potential of mobile phone usage in agriculture. The specific objectives addressed were to: first, characterize the kinds of agricultural information and services valued by the smallholder farmers in the present-day farming activities. Second, to determine the factors that influence the use of mobile phones in communicating agricultural information. Third, to measure the magnitude of change on the use of other alternative forms of communication in agriculture ever since the farmers adopted mobile phones. The fourth objective was to characterize the benefits of using mobile phones in communicating agricultural information. A sample of 120 smallholder farmers from Mazoe District of Mashonaland province was used in the study. This study revealed that farmers are constantly searching for different kinds of information in order to make better decisions in their farm business management activities. About 95% of the study sample indicated the importance of having knowledge about upcoming events like weather forecasts and warnings about pests and diseases since most of them are largely dependent on natural environmental patterns. Evidence from the regression model revealed that age, gender; mobile phone ownership, period of ownership, and digital literacy level influence the levels of usage of mobile phones in communicating agricultural information. The introduction of mobile phones has significantly changed the agricultural development landscape with major disruptions being noted in the extension services and use of letters and posts. About 93.8% of the respondents indicated that there is a large decrease in the use of letters and post offices as a channel for communicating agricultural information. Mobile phones allow farmers to use various interaction mechanisms, such as text messaging or interactive voice response which is more efficient and effective when compared with letters and posts. The study concluded that mobile phones are becoming more and more important in making useful information widely available. An increasing number of people in Zimbabwe nowadays have access to mobile services such as Voice Calls, Short Message Services, and Agricultural Value-Added Services such as Mobile agriculture platforms and Mobile-money or mobile banking services. The study also concluded that farmers are using these mobile services to conduct business and to interact with other stakeholders in the various agricultural value chains. It is therefore recommended that the government and the private sector players in the agribusiness sector should consider the information needs of farmers and should develop mobile-based agricultural information dissemination systems and platforms to enhance efficiency in value chains.