Sex and Gender based Analysis

Catalina de Erauso was a Spanish nun—turned soldier—who lived in 17th century Spain. Dressed as a man for almost two decades, she travelled to the Colonies to test her luck in the army, where she made the grade of ensign. In 1624 she wrote her memoirs. Unfortunately, the original manuscript was lost and the text which has survived is a copy, probably penned by an amanuensis. In 1996, an English translation of her memoirs was published. In my paper I will argue that the translation of the Stepto’s translation reflects a cultural bias and shows little effort at researching the nun's deeds and words. I will also examine gender attitudes in the Renaissance, and later periods, and the role of the Church in curtailing women from attaining intellectual maturity. To back my claims, I use Catalina's original text and contrast it with subsequent editions. I hope to prove that the English translation veers more towards sensationalism than to a deep and abiding respect for the nun’s misfortunes.
Keywords: Gender; translating issues; transvestite; Basque; anachronisms

Background:  A  recent  global  review  of  50  population-based  studies  carried  out  in  36  countries indicates  that  between  10  and  60%  of  women  who  have  ever  been  married  or  partnered  have experienced at least one incident of physical violence from a current or former intimate partner  (Heise.L,  2009).  Kenya‟s  Demographic  and  Health  Survey  in  2003  found  that  44  percent  of  married,  divorced  or  separated  women  aged  15–49  report  they  had  been  physically  or  sexually  violated at least once by their husbands or partners. 

Purpose  of  the  study:  This  research  however  not  only  focused  on  the  general  overview  of  GBV  but  specifically  arrowed  on  the  effects  of  GBV  amongst  campus  students  in  Masinde  Muliro  University.  No  such  research  had  been  conducted  in  Masinde  Muliro  Univeristy  and  any  other  public  university  in  Kenya  but  there  was  evidence  in  written  articles  of  the  existence  of  GBV  victims  amongst  the  students  courtesy  of  reports  from  I  Choose  Life  Africa –Masinde  Muliro
chapter.

Methodology:  A  cross  sectional  quantitative  explorative  study  design  was  employed  which  combined  both  quantitative  and  qualitative  enquiries.  The  study  was  conducted  in  Masinde  Muliro  University  main  campus  as  the  study  site  with  the  target  population  of  this  study  being  both the male and female students of Masinde Muliro University. 

Results: From the results, it was quiet evident that the Females were the ones who faced Gender  Based violence more at 96% as opposed to the male who only had 4% of the cases. 

Conclusion: From the findings and analysis of these results; this research came to the conclusion  that  GBV  is  present  in  MMUST  majorly  physical  abuse  of  the  students  by  their  partners  and  psychological abuse from the university staff and their colleagues. It also established that There  was a correlation between substance abuse and instances of GBV hence curbing substance abuse  would help curb GBV.

Zimbabwe like Many states in African south of the Sahara faced violence in Colonial times from a multiplicity of bases such as ethnic and religious differences . With the coming of Independence hopes were high that violence would end or at least gradually decline. High hopes were tied on the independent state to end violence for 'all' its citizens women and other marginalized groups included. This paper will borrow from feminist theory and argue against the simplistic portrayal of patriarchy as indigenous to Zimbabwe. The paper exposes a complex interplay of factors and explanations other than patriarchy and also expose the complex nature of patriarchy itself.

Especialmente en este momento histórico, donde las luchas feministas están adquiriendo una dimensión sin precedentes a nivel local, regional y global, pensar la intersección entre violencia y género poniendo atención a cómo se articula entre los hombres cis en sus vínculos heterosexuales resulta complejo. Por una parte, por la particularidad escurridiza de ambos conceptos, que no se caracterizan por ser unívocos ni aproblemáticos, aún dentro del pensamiento feminista (ver Scheper-Huges, Bourgois, 2004 y Scott, 2008, respectivamente y entre otrxs). Por otra parte, porque los hoy denominados “hombres que ejercen violencia de género” (HEVG), han pasado de ser sujetos históricamente invisibles y particularmente impunes, a configurarse como el Gran Otro de la cuarta ola feminista, una suerte de “exterior constitutivo” (Derrida, 1972) donde se dirigen muchas de las miradas pero, al mismo tiempo, escasos interrogantes.

"ABSTRACT:
    This study assumes the subject's pursuit of meaning is generally incapacitating and should be suspended. It aims to demonstrate how such a suspension is theoretically accomplished by utilizing Lacan's formulae of sexuation integrated with his work in discourse theory and topology.
    Part I places this study into context by examining scholarship from the established fields of hermeneutics, phenomenology, (post)structuralism, aesthetic theory and psychoanalysis in order to extract out their respective theory of meaning. These theories reveal that an historical struggle with meaning has been underway since the Reformation and reaches near crisis proportions in the 20th century. On the one hand this crisis is mollified by the rise of Heideggerian-Gadamerian hermeneutical phenomenology which questions traditional epistemological approaches to the text using a new ontological conceptualization of meaning and a conscious rejection of methodology. On the other hand this crisis is exacerbated when the ubiquitous nature of meaning is itself challenged by (post)structuralism's discovery of the signifier which inscribes a limit to meaning, and by the domains of sense and nonsense newly opened up by aesthetic theory. These historical developments culminate in the field of psychoanalysis which most consequentially delimits a cause of meaning said to be closely linked to the core of subjectivity.
    Part II extends these findings by rigorously constructing out of the Lacanian sexuated formulae a decidedly non-hermeneutical phenomenological approach useful in demonstrating the sexual nature of meaning. Explicated in their static state by way of an account of their original derivation from the Aristotelian logical square, it is argued that these four formulae are relevant to basic concerns of textual theory inclusive of the hermeneutical circle of meaning. These formulae are then set into motion by integrating them with Lacan's four discourses to demonstrate the breakdown of meaning. Finally, the cuts and sutures of two-dimensional space that is topology as set down in L'étourdit are performed to confirm how the very field of meaning is ultimately suspended from a nonsensical singular point known in Lacanian psychoanalysis as objet a. The contention is that by occupying this point the subject frees himself from the debilitating grip of meaning."

Cara Memperbesar Alat Vital Dengan Pasta Gigi-Pria yang gagah perkasa ternyata bukan dilihat dari bentuk tubuhnya saja, melainkan ukuran penis yang besar lebih utama bagi kaum wanita. Coba bayangkan saja jika ada seorang pria yang tampil gagah perkasa atau sispek tapi pas mau di ajak berhubungan intim titit nya kecil, Waah kalo begini apa kata dunia !! Wanita lebih menikmati perjalanan bercinta dan lebih merasa terpuaskan jika berhubungan dengan pria yang penisnya besar, keras dan tahan lama. Dalam hal ini tentu sangat masuk akal sekali, karena bukan hanya kaum perempuan saja melainkan pria pun demikian. Pria akan merasa bangga dan lebih (PD) percaya diri ketika akan melakukan hubungan sex di atas ranjang terutama ketika saat akan penetrasi ke vagina wanita.

MERGING IS SEX OBVIOUSLY,  NORMAL MERGING IS KNOWING THE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF BOTH BEINGS, NO YOU OR I = ONENESS,  THE TWO ANUs MERGE – IF ONE IS AN ATTACK, THEN THE ORIGINAL ANU BECOMES SMALLER, DUMBER AND WEAKER, WHICH IS WHAT IS GOING ON HERE. 

AND - OUR "REALITY" UNMASKED

"Confessions of a Frigid Man: A Philosopher’s Journey into the Hidden Layers of Men’s Sexuality" is the translation of a Japanese 2005 bestseller, "Kanjinai Otoko." Soon after the publication, this book stirred controversy over the nature of male sexuality, male “frigidity,” and its connection to the “Lolita complex.” Today, this work is considered a classic in Japanese men’s studies.

The most striking feature of this book is that it was written from the author’s first-person perspective. The author is a professor who teaches philosophy and ethics at a university in Japan, and in this book he talks about his own sexual fetishism, his feeling of emptiness after ejaculation, and his huge obsession with young girls and their developing female bodies. He undertakes a philosophical investigation of how and why sexuality took such a form within a person who had grown up as a “normal,” heterosexual man.

This may be the first case in which a philosopher delves deep into his own sexuality and poses an ambitious hypothesis about the formation of male “frigid” sexuality, which might actually be shared by many “normal” men in our society in a hidden way. Reading this book, female readers will come to know, for the first time, some hidden aspects of male sexuality which men have skillfully submerged in a deep layer of their psyches.

Table of Contents

Foreword to English Readers
Preface
Chapter 1: As Long as There’s a Miniskirt I Don’t Need a Flesh and Blood Woman!?
Chapter 2: Men Who Avert Their Eyes from “Male Frigidity”
Chapter 3: Why am I Attracted to School Uniforms?
Chapter 4: Delving into the Psychology of Men with “Lolita Complexes”
Chapter 5: Moving Beyond Being a “Frigid Man”
Epilogue: Further Thoughts on a Frigid Man – Year 2013

* You can read a newspaper article on this book entitled "Professor examines Lolita complex by first looking at his own experience" in Japan Times, May 5, 2017.
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/05/national/social-issues/professor-examines-lolita-complex-first-looking-experience/#.WQ7-Xvnyipo

From "Preface"

"In this book I am going to write about the idea that men may not feel much sexual pleasure or satisfaction, and that it is because of this lack of feeling that they become absorbed in sexual fantasies involving things like miniskirts, uniforms, “lolicon” [a Japanese term for “Lolita complex”], and rape. In order to support this assertion I will speak extensively about myself. I intend to consider this issue not in terms of a general theory of male sexuality but rather from the point of view of my own specific case.

But I hope male readers read this text as if it were written just for them. I hope female readers read it with a sense of urgency, imagining that the man they are with may be subject to some of the same psychological workings it describes. I have resolved to speak with complete frankness; I intend to explore this unknown world without any fear or reservation. ....."

Prejudice against or affirmation of gender/sex minorities is often framed in terms of beliefs about the ontology of gender/sex (i.e., what gender/sex is), or gender/sex diversity beliefs. We constructed the Gender/Sex Diversity Beliefs Scale (GSDB) to assess ontological beliefs about the nature of gender/sex, including essentialist and social constructionist beliefs, and validated the GSDB across a series of studies. In Study 1 (N = 304), we explored the factor structure of the GSDB and found evidence of associations with prejudice against transgender and/or nonbinary people. In Study 2 (N = 300), we
assessed the stability of the factor structure of the GSDB and examined its criterion-related validity, including its relationship to feelings toward multiple gender/sex groups. In Studies 3a (N = 48) and 3b (N = 500), we established test–retest reliability. We conclude that gender/sex diversity beliefs are important for understanding contemporary attitudes about gender/sex, including prejudice against gender/sex minorities, and that the GSDB is a reliable and valid way to measure them.

Entendiendo que las políticas públicas para la prevención de violencia de género con enfoque en masculinidades son una herramienta fundamental para transformar las realidades y los imaginarios socio-culturales que soportan la violencia ejercida hacia mujeres, niñas y adolescentes por razón de su género. Por eso en el presente trabajo analizamos los programas, proyectos y actividades realizadas desde el Estado Dominicano con fin de lograr cambios en los patrones culturales relacionadas con las masculinidades hegemónicas con objetivo de disminuir los niveles de violencia hacia las mujeres, adolescentes y niñas , igual proponemos el diseño y ejecución de políticas públicas, legislaciones y medidas desde las entidades estatales para la promoción de nuevos modelos de masculinidades positivas con los fines anteriormente mencionados. Realizamos una observación sobre el impacto de los patrones culturales de las masculinidades hegemónicas en la República Dominicana con énfasis en la situación de violencia actual, reflexionaremos sobre algunas posturas, propuestas y experiencias de algunos especialistas en estudios de masculinidades y gobiernos latinoamericanos en la materia de políticas públicas para la prevención de la violencia basada en género, propuestas provenientes de países con realidades sociales, culturales y económicas similares a la del país en que se enfoca este trabajo. Los objetivos de nuestra investigación apuntan a demostrar el impacto positivo que pudieran tener la implantación de políticas públicas integrales para prevenir la violencia de género a través de implementar una agenda de trabajo que promueva la participación de los hombres e incidencia en los mismos a través de una educación con perspectiva de género y campañas de sensibilización que colaborarían a transformar en un futuro los imaginarios sociales que impulsan las masculinidades hegemónicas. Estas políticas públicas contribuirían a forjar una cultura de paz y equidad social que garantice el pleno disfrute de los derechos humanos de las mujeres, adolescentes y niñas, teniendo en cuenta que partimos de una sociedad con profundas desigualdades estructurales de poder donde se tiene que reconocer la problemática que significa las concepciones de jerarquía por sexo que tenemos impregnadas en nuestro sistema de creencia, la cultura sigue reproduciendo relaciones asimétricas entre hombres y mujeres en la cual la violencia basada en género es la expresión más terrible de las desigualdades sociales que arropan nuestro planeta.

This report assessed the services of all five centers/shelters (Mehwar Centre, Nablus Safe Home, the Jericho shelter, the Hayat Centre and Aman Centre (Safe Home) in Gaza) that offer anti violence services to women survivors of violence against women (VAW) in Palestine. The assessment includes the role of the National Government in institutionalizing the centers’ sheltering services and coordinating their services within the national strategies on eliminating violence against women.The assessment is undertaken in line with the “Essential Services Package for Women and Girls Subject to Violence” guidelines developed by UN Women jointly with UNFPA, where relevant, and will assess all services provided by the centers.

Even though it has been over 20 years since Spence and Robbins (1992) first showed perfectionism and workaholism to be closely related, the relationship between perfectionism and workaholism is still under-researched. In particular, it has remained unclear why perfectionism is linked to workaholism. Using data from 131 employees, this study—examining self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism—investigated whether intrinsic-extrinsic work motivation could explain the positive relationship between perfectionism and workaholism. Whereas socially prescribed perfectionism was unrelated to workaholism, self-oriented perfectionism showed a positive correlation with workaholism. Furthermore autonomous (integrated and identified regulation) and controlled (introjected and external regulation) work motivation showed positive correlations. However, when all predictors were entered in a regression analysis, only self-oriented perfectionism, identified regulation, and introjected regulation positively predicted workaholism. In addition, a mediation analysis showed that identified and introjected regulation fully mediated the effect of self-oriented perfectionism on workaholism. The findings suggest that high levels of work motivation explain why many self-oriented perfectionists are workaholic.

Gender transformations are normatively understood as somatic, based on surgical reassignment, where the sexed body is aligned with the gender identity of the individual through genital surgery – hence the common lexicon ‘sex change surgery’. We suggest that the UK Gender Recognition Act 2004 challenges what constitutes a ‘sex change’ through the Act’s definitions and also the conditions within which legal ‘recognition’ is permitted. The sex/gender distinction, (where sex normatively refers to the sexed body, and gender, to social identity) is demobilised both literally and legally. This paper discusses the history of medico-socio-legal definitions of sex have been developed through decision making processes when courts have been faced with people with gender variance and , in particular, the implications of the Gender Recognition Act for our contemporary legal understanding of sex. We ask, and attempt to answer, has ‘sex’ changed?

Although efforts have been made by the Afghan government and its international partners to promote the tents of gender equality in Afghan society, biases against women and other marginalized groups persist in the society and media sector, particularly. The current study is timely research because feminist media studies are an under-researched field in the context of Afghanistan. My research aims to be a contribution to this field and open a path for Afghan feminist media studies. The current study explores the representations of gender relations in transnational television soap operas broadcast on Afghan television stations, audiences’ decoding of the representations, and the role of the media in promoting social change. The selected soap operas for the study are Paiman and Qesay Maa, Turkish television soap operas dubbed in the Dari language. The current study is based on feminist theory and feminist methodology, providing a balance of content and reception analysis. Drawing on feminist media studies and focusing on media representations, the content analysis of transnational soap operas echoed previous studies on representations of gender relations and indicated that gender relations are often portrayed in stereotypical and traditional manners. The content analysis further demonstrated that women are
objectified in different ways and are often represented as domestic, passive, selfless beings in men’s service. Moreover, relationships between women are often based on rivalry, hatred, and shaming and often without any particular reason. The study also found that contrary to women, men are often represented in outdoor and professional settings. Additionally, grounded on the encoding/decoding model through a feminist lens, the thematic analysis of focus group discussions demonstrated that audiences constantly interact with media text and actively make meaning. Interestingly, FGD findings further indicated that active viewers, both female and male
participants, derive multiple and often diverse meanings from the media text. Although both female and male participants problematize the content of transnational soap operas, their interpretations of representations of gender relations and gender equality are dissimilar. The study concludes that transnational soap operas, and the media in general, can play an important role in promoting social change in Afghanistan, particularly gender parity through the Entertainment-Education strategy. However, an intersectional framework is essential in designing EE programmes for promoting gender equality in a diverse society like Afghanistan.

There is renewed interest in some quarters in the executive’s role in the implementation of constitutional rights. Canada currently employs a rights vetting process as its primary instrument of rights implementation. This process involves asking whether a proposed law is likely to be found to violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms on judicial review. This article examines whether gender-based analysis plus (“GBA+”) can also be understood as a mechanism for implementing constitutional rights, and equality rights in particular. GBA+ is an assessment process used in Canada to evaluate how new policy proposals fare from the standpoint of equality. The term “gender-based analysis” is something of a misnomer because officials must in fact consider how policies might affect all equality-seeking groups. The article considers what role GBA+ and analogous processes play in a constitutional state.

This paper presents a review of publications that explore the role of editorial boards for scholarly journals. Such studies are rather limited as the role of editorial boards of scientific periodicals has not yet been fully gauged by information experts as a subject of scientometric research. However, the study of the publication activities, as well as the geographic, linguistic, and gender distribution of editorial-board members offers a new perspective on several issues of relevance to scientometrics. Such issues include the assessment of research performance at the country, organizational, or research-group level; research and publication ethics; journal quality; and internationalization of a scientific discipline.

Naked Politics: Nudity, Political Action, and the Rhetoric of the Body by Brett Lunceford, examines the rhetorical power of the unclothed body as it relates to protest and political action. This study explores what the disrobed body communicates, and how others are invited to make sense of this display. The actions examined range from grassroots protests to those of professionalized social movement organizations. Specifically, Lunceford examines PETA and the use of chained women and the Running of the Nudes; lactivists, or women engaging in public breastfeeding as protest action in both online and physical space; the World Naked Bike Ride’s worldwide protest against oil dependency and attempt to raise awareness of the vulnerability of cyclists; and a contest held on College Humor that invited women to write their preferred presidential candidate on their exposed breasts and send the picture to them to post on the site. Although these actions may seem to have little in common beyond their use of body exposure, they all share the notions that something can happen when you take your clothes off and that the act of disrobing can have social and political consequences. Moreover, these groups illustrate the often paradoxical views of the exposed body—by both the participants and the observers—and how such bodies operate in the public sphere. Even when the voice is silent, the body still speaks; Naked Politics considers what is being said.

The existence of sexual harassment in the workplace is one of main hurdles to hinder women’s advancement to the top positions of media companies in Vietnam. Female journalists are commonly believed that they are aggressive enough not to be sexually abused by men. Yet some of middle-aged female executives of Voice of Vietnam, one of the two largest state-owned broadcasting organizations disclosed being harassed, based on 12 in-depth interviews in 2015 and 2016. Their working environment is tolerant with sexual harassment when sensitive jokes related to female body parts and sex are perceived as normal and funny, and unwanted touching is acceptable. Victims thus normally keep silence and harassers are not punished. This long-decade tolerance is reinforced by four interconnected contexts, namely individual, cultural, social and institutional circumstances. This fact poses a major impediment for women to be promoted when they feel stuck in the dilemma. If they publicly blame abusers at offi ce, they can be perceived as an unfriendly colleague, which may lose potential votes for their promotion.
In the contrary, they can be labeled to get advancement because of accepting unexpected abusiveness.

If you have any comment or interest, please feel free to contact with me through haobinh@gmail.com

Résumé

Cet article vise à appliquer l'analyse différenciée selon les sexes (ADS) à deux politiques québécoises du domaine du vieillissement. Le gouvernement du Québec a voulu, dans le cadre d'un projet pilote, utiliser l'analyse différenciée selon les sexes pour définir une politique destinée aux personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie. L'auteure examine cette politique, ainsi qu'un projet de politique sur les services à domicile, à la lumière de sa propre analyse différenciée selon les sexes, faisant ressortir les enjeux que soulèvent ces politiques pour certains des acteurs touchés, et analysant la manière dont elles ont traité ces enjeux.

Abstract

Gender-based analysis and Quebec's policies for the dependent elderly

This article applies gender-based analysis to two of Quebec's policies in the area of ageing. In a pilot project, the government of Quebec used its gender-based approach to develop a policy for the dependent elderly. This policy is assessed, as is another on home care, by the author according to her own understanding of what such a technique involves. In doing so, she uncovers the issues such policies raise for some actors and then analyses the ways these issues were addressed.

Este capítulo del libro Mujeres en el Mundo (2009) ofrece el análisis de género de entrevistas de primera mano recogidas en Buenos Aires, entre cirujan@s plásticos y mujeres que oscilan entre 25 y 55 años que se han sometido a cirugías estéticas.
Estas cirugías fueron realizadas en el contexto de la oferta gratuita de cirugías estéticas en hospitales públicos,  y una preocupante situación de desórdenes alimenticios que afectan principalmente a mujeres (bulimia y anorexia) que colocan a la Argentina en segundo lugar en el mundo en padecimiento de su población.
Suma a dicha información, el análisis de libros y películas argentinas sobre este tema, donde se analiza la práctica de la cirugía estética entre las personas famosas.
El argumento de este ensayo gira alrededor del “ideal de belleza femenino” en la Argentina, su construcción ubicándolo dentro de un marco de relaciones de género, socio-políticas, y económicas, que podría explicar la proliferación de esta práctica y el rol del Estado en facilitarla.
La información es analizada a la luz del debate feminista a favor y en contra de la cirugía estética, y de las teorías de Michelle Foucault sobre el control y disciplinamiento del cuerpo.

The tribological behaviour of ductile iron heat-treated by two different procedures viz. quenching and tempering, and austempering to an identical matrix hardness of 445 KHN is compared. Wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc type apparatus under dry sliding conditions at a linear speed of 1.18 m s -1. Applied load and sliding distance in the range of 7.5-30 N and 2x10 4-6x10 4 m, respectively, were used. It was observed that under all test conditions, austempered ductile iron exhibits a better wear resistance than quenched and tempered ductile iron, although both have an identical chemical composition and matrix hardness. The relative superiority of austempered ductile iron becomes even more pronounced at higher load and longer sliding distance. Microhardness measurement below the wear scar reveals that the hardness of austempered ductile iron increases while that of quenched and tempered iron decreases during the wear process. Metallographic study of the worn surfaces and X-ray investigation on wear debris indicate that oxidational wear is operative in both the samples. Stress-induced martensitic transformation of retained austenite as well as strain hardening of bainitic ferrite are thought to contribute to the improved wear performance of austempered ductile iron. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. The tribological behaviour of ductile iron heat-treated by two different procedures viz. quenching and tempering, and austempering to an identical matrix hardness of 445 KHN is compared. Wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc type apparatus under dry sliding conditions at a linear speed of 1.18 m s -1. Applied load and sliding distance in the range of 7.5-30 N and 2×10 4-6×10 4 m, respectively, were used. It was observed that under all test conditions, austempered ductile iron exhibits a better wear resistance than quenched and tempered ductile iron, although both have an identical chemical composition and matrix hardness. The relative superiority of austempered ductile iron becomes even more pronounced at higher load and longer sliding distance. Microhardness measurement below the wear scar reveals that the hardness of austempered ductile iron increases while that of quenched and tempered iron decreases during the wear process. Metallographic study of the worn surfaces and X-ray investigation on wear debris indicate that oxidational wear is operative in both the samples. Stress-induced martensitic transformation of retained austenite as well as strain hardening of bainitic ferrite are thought to contribute to the improved wear performance of austempered ductile iron.


http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004316480000404X

Globalization is currently an important wonders subjecting on economic activities, socio-cultural element, political aspect and so on. This paper is made mainly on cultural changes directing the impact on moral issue and lifestyle in the Pakistan and particularly Government College Bahkkar, University of Sargodha students. The study finds the domination of Western culture on all lives that wear away cultural heritage and moral values. There has been creating consumerism by which western lifestyles are on diffusion. The specific objective of the study is to analyze how globalization rapidly transforms the social values and living pattern in the traditional societies in Bahkkar students. There have been some negative aspects; but modernization process is positively functioning as well. Most of the data is mainly collected from two institutions; government college Bhakkar and University of Sargodha Bhakkar Campus sources. The study findings would be helpful for the Bhakkar students to be aware of cultural hybridization in the age of globalization. It is thought that some new ideas and information may be added into social sciences.

Gender-the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for males, females and other genders-affects how people live, work and relate to each other at all levels, including in relation to the health system. Health systems research (HSR) aims to inform more strategic, effective and equitable health systems interventions, programs and policies; and the inclusion of gender analysis into HSR is a core part of that endeavour. We outline what gender analysis is and how gender analysis can be incorporated into HSR content, process and outcomes Starting with HSR content, i.e. the substantive focus of HSR, we recommend exploring whether and how gender power relations affect females and males in health systems through the use of sex disaggregated data, gender frameworks and questions. Sex disaggregation flags female-male differences or similarities that warrant further analysis; and further analysis is guided by gender frameworks...

Gender-the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for males, females and other genders-affects how people live, work and relate to each other at all levels, including in relation to the health system. Health systems research (HSR) aims to inform more strategic, effective and equitable health systems interventions, programs and policies; and the inclusion of gender analysis into HSR is a core part of that endeavour. We outline what gender analysis is and how gender analysis can be incorporated into HSR content, process and outcomes Starting with HSR content, i.e. the substantive focus of HSR, we recommend exploring whether and how gender power relations affect females and males in health systems through the use of sex disaggregated data, gender frameworks and questions. Sex disaggregation flags female-male differences or similarities that warrant further analysis; and further analysis is guided by gender frameworks...