Simplification

How to Design Impactful Laws - Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

La loi peine toujours plus à « faire la loi » à l’ère du droit souple et de la globalisation. Afin de produire un impact législatif aussi juste qu’optimal, la légistique doit proposer dans ce nouveau contexte une démarche permettant d’intégrer démocratiquement la force du droit souple dans le processus législatif, de pair avec le contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois, sans se contenter d’améliorer la clarté des textes.

Ce traité présente les fondements de la légistique, constituée historiquement pour faire recouvrer à la loi sa rationalité, son efficacité, sa clarté et sa concision.

Il explique comment :
- créer une analyse d’impact intégrée qui prenne en compte toutes les composantes du développement durable parmi la multiplicité des instruments d’action tant publics que privés (légistique matérielle prospective) ;
- formuler des textes clairs et cohérents (légistique formelle) ;
- évaluer rétrospectivement les effets des lois et des politiques publiques par des méthodes appelées à devenir participatives (légistique matérielle rétrospective).

Ce traité porte sur le droit suisse et le droit de l’Union européenne, avec des aspects de droit comparé. Il intègre de manière critique les développements en économie comportementale, en sciences affectives, en intelligence artificielle et en sciences de la gouvernance et de la régulation.

Il s’adresse non seulement aux juristes mais aussi aux spécialistes en sciences sociales, au personnel politique et administratif ainsi qu’à toute personne intéressée par le pilotage des politiques publiques.

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How to Design Impactful Laws: Treatise on Legistic and Legisprudence  in the Age of Soft Law

In an age of soft law and globalization, it has become increasingly difficult for the law to “lay down the law”. To ensure in this new context that its impact is as fair as optimal, legistic must go beyond mere clear legislative drafting: it has to propose a method for integrating the strength of soft law in the democratic law-making process.
This treatise presents the foundations of the sciences of legislation (legistic or legisprudence), historically constituted to make laws more rational and effective, clearer and shorter.

It explains how to:
- create an integrated impact assessment that factors in all the components of sustainable development, among the multiplicity of public and private policy instruments (ex ante material legistic);
- formulate and communicate clear and coherent texts (formal legistic);
- retrospectively evaluate laws and public policies through methods which should become more participative (ex post material legistic).

This treatise is based on Swiss and European Union law, with a look on comparative law. It includes developments in regulation and regulatory governance, behavioral economics, affective sciences and artificial intelligence.

This work is intended not only for lawyers, but also for social scientist, members of political and administrative authorities, and anyone interested in public policy evaluation.

A method is proposed for deriving dynamical equations for systems with both rigid and flexible components. During the derivation, each flexible component of the system is represented by a ``surrogate element'''' which captures the response characteristics of that component and is easy to mathematically manipulate. The derivation proceeds essentially as if each surrogate element were a rigid body. Application of an extended form of Lagrange''s equation yields a set of simultaneous differential equations which can then be transformed to be the exact, partial differential equations for the original flexible system. This method''s use facilitates equation generation either by an analyst or through application of software-based symbolic manipulation.

Clase–presentación sobre simplificación y enriquecimiento de la representación (2022), basada en mi Dissertation para el MA Information Design - University of Reading, 2008.
This is a lecture on simplification and enrichment of Representation, based on my Dissertation, delivered as a part of the MA Information Design, University of Reading, September 2008

Abstract
The anthropological transformation we are undergoing shows the urgency of rethinking teaching and training, underlining the substantial inadequacy of our schools and universities in dealing with hypercomplexity, with the global extension of all political, social and cultural processes, with their indeterminateness, interdependence and interconnection. The idea that educational processes are questions of a purely technical and/or technological nature, solely a problem of skills and know-how, is a “great mistake” of the hypertechnological society, based on the illusion of being able to measure, simplify and quantify everything, to eliminate error and unpredictability, to achieve total control and rationality. It is necessary to rethink education radically because the extraordinary scientific discoveries and the dynamics of the new technologies have completely overturned the complex interaction between biological and cultural evolution, doing away with the borders between the natural and the artificial, leading us not towards simplification, but in quite the opposite direction.

Every job must produce maximum and expected results from a company. Therefore, for an employee's work to be more effective, it must be seen how much work is achieved by using measurements. One of them is measurement. Measurement techniques are time analysis, taking control and setting standards and doing job analysis. Work measurement techniques are applications that are planned to regulate the time needed by a worker to complete work at a predetermined level.

Este artículo, elaborado sobre la base de la evaluación de una exitosa experiencia de colaboración interadministrativa, la Ventanilla Única para el Comercio Exterior de Canarias (VEXCAN), sostiene la utilidad de las denominadas evaluaciones smart. Se trata de evaluaciones de la calidad de los servicios realizadas en tiempo oportuno (just in time), enfocadas a la mejora continua en todo el proceso (planificación, implementación, evaluación y mejora) y que posibilitan la identificación de buenas prácticas y su emulación, aspectos éstos especialmente relevantes en un gobierno multinivel como el del Estado español. Asimismo, estas evaluaciones facilitan el aprendizaje como introductorias para abordar evaluaciones más complejas.
The evaluation of the successful experience of inter administrative collaboration called VEXCAN (One stop shop for Canary Islands' foreign trade), is the foundation of the present work. We intend to show how the "smart" evaluations became of great use. This kind of evaluations assess the quality of services, are developed just in time, are focused in a process of continuous improvement (planning, implementation, evaluation and improvement), and make possible the identification and replication of good practices. All these aspects are very significant for multilevel governments as Spanish one. Moreover, these evaluations enhance the necessary learning for developing more complex evaluations.

This study is a broad investigation of grammatical errors in compositions written by 16-year-old learners of English in Sweden. It combines two areas within second language acquisition; error analysis and contrastive analysis. Approximately 400 compositions from two national assessment programmes carried out throughout Sweden in 1992 and 1995 are investigated. The material is randomly selected and, thus, can be regarded as approximately representative of the age cohort in the compulsory school. The grammatical errors are classified according to a system mainly based on a word class framework with the addition of two separate areas involving concord and word order errors. The intention for using this system has been for it to correspond to the categories used in school grammars and textbooks. The aims of the study are (a) to investigate what grammatical errors Swedish learners make in English production, (b) to establish the frequency of different error types, (c) to analyse the caus...

Introduction
Action 7 - Preventing the Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment (PE) Status – is one of the most important Actions integrated in the Final BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) package.
Overall, Action 7 clarifies and makes an endeavor to harmonize the concept of PE, which is linchpin to tackle tax avoidance, in one hand, and eliminate, or at least, mitigate double taxation issues.
However, despite shedding new light over PE concept – and compelling many Multinational Companies (MNCs) to (re)think more than twice their current operating and fiscal models overseas – Action 7 is far away from being completed.
In fact, the OECD itself recognizes that “there is a need for additional guidance” concerning the profit attribution to PEs (page 46/51). The Organization excuses by saying that the “work on attribution of profit issues related to Action 7 could not be undertaken before the work on Action 7 and Actions 8-10 had been completed”. However, realistically, this creates a serious gap (or an elephant in the room) that needs to be fulfilled in the short term, for the sake of substance, coherence and transparency/certainty (the three pillars of BEPS).
Therefore this article begins primarily with a brief introduction of the PE concept and the typologies it can assume. Next, we describe some of the methods that Tax Authorities use for detecting PEs in their jurisdiction and how MNCs are reacting to Action 7. Finally, we put the finger on the wound and try to figure out somehow the possible guidance that OECD may emanate in the (near) future, after its decision of not addressing the profit attribution issue in the “Final” Action 7.

This article analyzes the structural sense that high school students (16 to 18 years old) demonstrate when working with simple and complex algebraic expressions, in the context of simplification of algebraic fractions that involve notable equations: square of the sum, square of the difference, difference of squares and distributive property or common factor. A written test prepared for this purpose detects a wide spectrum of levels of structural sense. These levels reveal the relevance of students' knowledge of notable equations. The analysis carried out allows us to make progress in understanding the construct structural sense by identifying some of its component skills and its role in the proposed tasks.

Plan :
I. La simplification du droit : une question d'organisation des règles ?
(A. Les opérations de réduction du volume des normes applicables ; B. Les mouvements de restructuration technique du droit applicable)
II. La simplification du droit : une question de formulation des règles ?
(A. La refonte du droit applicable ; B. Les efforts de reformulation des règles)

The anthropological transformation we are undergoing shows the urgency of rethinking teaching and training, underlining the substantial inadequacy of our schools and universities in dealing with hypercomplexity, with the global extension of all political, social and cultural processes, with their indeterminateness, interdependence and interconnection. The idea that educational processes are questions of a purely technical and/or technological nature, solely a problem of skills and know-how, is a “great mistake” of the hypertechnological society, based on the illusion of being able to measure, simplify and quantify everything, to eliminate error and unpredictability, to achieve total control and rationality. It is necessary to rethink education radically because the extraordinary scientific discoveries and the dynamics of the new technologies have completely overturned the complex interaction between biological and cultural evolution, doing away with the borders between the natural a...

As some scholars view inter-and intra-lingual translation as a parallel activity, it is vital to establish to what extent the products of these processes are alike, and whether the processes themselves differ. This paper investigates stylistic simplification, a frequently hypothesised translation universal which involves, among others, breaking up long sentences in the process of translation (

En el Boletín Oficial de Estado número 272, del 9 de noviembre de 2017, se publicó la  Ley de Contratos del Sector Público, entrando en vigor el pasado día 9 de marzo. Desde un primer momento, la configuración del contrato menor en la nueva Ley ha despertado un gran interés y preocupación, no solo entre los operadores jurídicos, sino también entre las propias empresas y profesionales que operan en el mercado. A pesar su corta vida, muchos son los interrogantes y dudas que ha generado el nuevo texto legal, proliferando opiniones doctrinales e informes de órganos consultivos en la materia con distinto criterio interpretativo, lo que ha provocado un elevado grado de inseguridad jurídica en el momento de aplicar la norma. Este trabajo pretende efectuar un estudio detallado de la figura del contrato menor y de su actual regulación normativa, analizando, desde un punto de vista práctico, las consecuencias que puede tener la nueva regulación en el ámbito de la Administración Pública. Por ú...

We propose expression simplification and tree compression as aids in understanding the evolution of regular structure in Genetic Programming individuals. We apply the analysis to two previously-published algorithms, which aimed to promote regular and repeated structure. One relies on subtree duplication operators, the other uses repeated evaluation during a developmental process. Both successfully generated solutions to difficult problems, their success being ascribed to promotion of regular structure. Our analysis modifies this ascription: the evolution of regular structure is more complex than anticipated, and the success of the techniques may have arisen from a combination of promotion of regularity, and other, so far unidentified, effects.

computational complexity Algorithmic information complexity Arithmetic complexity Bennett’s logical depth Cognitive complexity Connectivity Cyclomatic number Descriptive/Interpretative Complexity Dimension of Attractor Ease of Decomposition Economic Complexity Entropy Goodman's Complexity Horn Complexity Information, Information Gain in Hierarchically Approximation and Scaling Irreducibility Kemeny's Complexity Length of Proof Logical Complexity/Arithmetic Hierarchy Loop Complexity Low Probability Minimum Number of Sub Groups Minimum Size Mutual Information Network Complexity Number of Axioms Number of Dimensions Number of Inequivalent Descriptions Number of Internal Relations Number of Spanning Trees Number of States in a Finite Automata Number of Symbols Number of Variables Organised/Disorganised Complexity Shannon Information Simplicity Size, Size of Grammar, Size of matrix Sober's Minimum Extra Information Sophistication Stochastic Complexity Syntactic Depth Tabular ...

: A new method for orbit prediction, which is as accurate as numerical methods and as fast as analytical methods, in terms of computational time, is desirable. This paper presents Kolmogorov Arnol'd Moser (KAM) torus orbit prediction using Simplified General Perturbations 4 (SGP4) and Two-Line Element (TLE) data. First, a periodic orbit and its Floquet solution is calculated. After that, perturbations, which are on the order of 10��5 and smaller, are added to the periodic orbit plus Floquet solution. Then, the low eccentricity KAM torus is least squares fitted to the SGP4 and TLE data. The performance of the theory is presented in various ways. The new method is approximately five times more accurate for the best fits and three times more accurate for mean fits comparing to SGP4 and TLE. History of TLEs and KAM torus theory can be used to make accurate orbit predictions, which is conceptually similar to extrapolation. In addition, the new method may rival numerical methods and i...

We present a method for structural summarization and abstraction of complex spatial arrangements found in architectural drawings. The method is based on the well-known Gestalt rules, which summarize how forms, patterns, and semantics are perceived by humans from bits and pieces of geometric information. Although defining a computational model for each rule alone has been extensively studied, modeling a conjoint of Gestalt rules remains a challenge. In this work, we develop a computational framework which models Gestalt rules and more importantly, their complex interactions. We apply conjoining rules to line drawings, to detect groups of objects and repetitions that conform to Gestalt principles. We summarize and abstract such groups in ways that maintain structural semantics by displaying only a reduced number of repeated elements, or by replacing them with simpler shapes. We show an application of our method to line drawings of architectural models of various styles, and the potent...

This paper explores the compressibility of complex systems by considering the simpli.­cation of Boolean networks. A method, which is similar to that reported by Bastolla and Parisi is considered that is based on the removal of frozen nodes, or stable variables, and network “leaves,” i.e. those nodes with outdegree = 0. The method uses a random sampling approach to identify the minimum set of frozen nodes. This set contains the nodes that are frozen in all attractor schemes. Although the method can over-estimate the size of the minimum set of frozen nodes, it is found that the chances of .nding this minimum set are considerably greater than .nding the full attractor set using the same sampling rate. Given that the number of attractors not found for a particular Boolean network increases with the network size, for any given sampling rate, such a method pro­vides an opportunity to either fully enumerate the attractor set for a particular network, or improve the accuracy of the random sampling approach. Indeed, the paper also shows that when it comes to the counting of attractors in an ensemble of Boolean networks, enhancing the random sample method with the simplification method presented results in a signi.cant improvement in accuracy.

Il PNRR italiano, approvato il 13 luglio 2021 dal Consiglio dell’Unione europea, prevede la realizzazione di 134 investimenti, da finanziare con i fondi massi a disposizione dell’Italia nell’ambito del NGEU, che assommano a ben 235,1 miliardi di euro (compresi 30,6 miliardi di un fondo nazionale). Nel PNRR sono comprese 63 riforme, due delle quali hanno un carattere «orizzontale», in quanto riferite a tutte le missioni nelle quali si articola il Piano: quelle della pubblica amministrazione e del sistema giudiziario. In particolare, la riforma amministrativa riguarda quattro settori / materie: il reclutamento del personale, la semplificazione dei procedimenti, il miglioramento delle competenze dei dipendenti e la valorizzazione delle stesse; la digitalizzazione. Le previsioni del PNRR sull’aumento della capacità amministrativa hanno già ricevuto una consistente attuazione nella legislazione, specie per quanto riguarda le risorse umane. Il successo degli interventi previsti dal PNRR dovrebbe porre le basi per una più ampia trasformazione e innovazione del sistema amministrativo italiano, superando le carenze attualmente presenti. / The Italian NRRP, approved on 13 July 2021 by the Council of the European Union, provides for the realization of 134 investments, to be financed with the massive funds available to Italy under the NGEU, which amount to 235.1 billion euros (including 30.6 billion from a national fund). The PNRR includes 63 reforms, two of which have a «horizontal» character, as they refer to all the missions into which the Plan is divided: those of the public administration and the judiciary. In particular, the administrative reform concerns four subjects: the recruitment of personnel, the simplification of procedures, the improvement of employees’ skills and their enhancement; the digitalization. The forecasts of the PNRR on increasing administrative capacity have already received substantial implementation in legislation, especially as regards human resources. The success of the projects envisaged by the NRRP should lay the foundations for a wider transformation and innovation of the Italian administrative system, overcoming the present shortcomings.

Baker’s idea to make use of various corpus linguistics methods in translation studies (1993, 1995, 1996) was quickly taken up by other scholars and the approach has on many occasions been applied in the investigations of translation universals. Simplification is one of the most frequently tested hypotheses in this context. In her seminal corpusbased study of simplification, Laviosa (1998) proved that the range of vocabulary used in translations is narrower, which is indicated by lower lexical density, greater percentage of high frequency words and by the fact that the list head of a corpus of translated texts accounts for a larger area of the corpus. The present study will employ Laviosa’s (1998) methodology to examine whether the language of simultaneous interpretation from German, Dutch, French and Spanish into English displays traces of simplification when compared to speeches originally delivered in English and whether the same patterns are observed in English translations of the same speeches.