Spm

Fiber optic communication has revolutionized telecommunication systems. The need for large transmission capacity has driven the rapid development of fiber optic communication. Nonlinear fiber optics plays the important role in the design of such high-capacity lightwave systems. Nonlinear optics deals with the behavior of light in nonlinear media. Nonlinear effects in the optical fiber occurring due to nonlinear refractive index are Self-Phase Modulation (SPM), Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM), Four-Wave Mixing (FWM). Nonlinear effects are useful for designing lasers, amplifiers, switches, multiplexers, demultiplexers, logic devices etc. But they can limit performances of optical fibers. Nonlinear effects are reviewed using OptiSystem simulation results in this paper.

Polarization modulation (PolM) is an interesting alternative for generating transmissions at high bit rate in
metropolitan-fiber optical link. In this paper, an optical communications system with PolM and an ultrashort pulse
source as carrier are proposed to carry out a transmission at 190 km in standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). The goal is
to observe the impact of the interaction of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and self-phase modulation (SPM) in the
reception. The simulation tests are carried out for a bit rate of 10 and 40 Gb/s, and a power peak ranging from 1 to 50
mW. The optical communications system performance is analyzed by pulse width measurement (carrier), Poincaré
spheres for each phenomenon and with the interaction, eye diagrams and BER vs power curves. The obtained results
show the interaction PMD and SPM is strong at 40 Gb/s and 50 mW where the polarization states (SOP) are spread
with respect to the initial SOP and BER is sufficiently high to reduce the quality of the reception link. The simulations
allow corroborating that the interaction PMD and SPM must not be ignored in optical communications systems with
PolM and the need for developing new mitigation techniques are required.

In this project an attempt has been made to find out the concentrations of the particulate matter using High Volume Sampler and the heavy metals which are present in ambient air of West Nagpur Zone. After the analysis, the monitored values of concentrations are compared with the standard values of NAAQS. Heavy metals which are present in ambient air will also be determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS).

Resumen: Debido a la necesidad de transmitir mayor cantidad de información a velocidades elevadas y sobre grandes distancias es necesario mitigar el fenómeno de la dispersión en una fibra, el cual es un gran problema en sistemas de comunicación óptica. Una solución a este problema es el uso de solitones, los cuales mantienen la forma del pulso después de propagarse por grandes distancias. Los solitones se forman debido al balance entre los efectos dispersivos (GVD, Group Velocity Dispersion) y no lineales (SPM, Self Phase Modulation) en sistemas de comunicación ópticos basados en solitones, estos pueden ser aplicados en distancias de varios miles de kilómetros con una gran capacidad para transportar información con el uso de amplificadores ópticos. En este artículo se estudia y simula en OPTISYSTEM la propagación de los solitones a velocidades de varios Gbps a través de fibras monomodo estándar (SSMF, Single Mode Optical Fiber) y fibras monomodo de dispersión desplazada (DSF, Dispersion Shifted Fiber), en conjunto con fibras compensadoras de dispersión (DCF, Dispersion Compensating Fiber), sobre decenas de miles de kilómetros, con el objetivo de analizar su comportamiento y mejora en el desempeño de la transmisión.

Abstract: Because of the need to transmit as much information at high speeds and long distances is necessary to mitigate the phenomenon of dispersion in a fiber, which is a big problem in optical communication systems. One solution to this problem is the use of solitons, which maintain the shape of the pulse after propagation over long distances. Solitons are formed by the balance between dispersive effects (GVD, Group Velocity Dispersion) and nonlinear (SPM, Self Phase Modulation), in optical communication systems based in solitons, they can be applied in distances of several thousand of kilometers with a large capacity to carry information with use of optical amplifiers. In this article is studied and simulated in OPTISYSTEM the propagating of solitons to rates of Gbps through standard single mode fiber (SSMF, Standard Single Mode Fiber) and dispersion shifted fiber (DSF, Dispersion Shifted Fiber) as well as dispersion compensating fibers (DCF, Dispersion Compensating Fiber) over tens of thousands of kilometers, with the aim of analyzing its behavior and improvement in the performance of the transmission.