Stop

This paper examines whether there is an asymmetry in production and perception of the stop-fricative contrast by Dutch learning children. The development of stops and fricatives in both word-initial and post-vocalic position is studied. To investigate the acquisition of stops and fricatives in production, longitudinal spontaneous speech data of six Dutch one- to three-year-olds was analyzed. To test infants’ perception of this contrast, a series of word-learning experiments using the Switch paradigm was conducted with 62 Dutch 14-month-olds. The data show similar phonological asymmetries: in both perception and production infants treat stops differently from fricatives. Based on this phonological asymmetry we argue that (a) children use the same lexical representations for perception and production, suggesting that development in perception and production go hand in hand, that (b) early lexical representations are not specified with respect to all features, and that (c) specification does not occur in all prosodic positions at the same time

The aim of the paper was to examine the use of instructional materials from local resources for art based courses at the tertiary level. The paper examined the concept of instructional materials and their production for instructional purposes for art based courses. Effort was made to review literature on the categorization of instructional materials from local materials and how they can be developed and produced for use to enhance effective learning.

Western Apache is a Southern Athabaskan language spoken primarily on the San Carlos and White Mountain Apache Reservations in east central Arizona. Figure 1 illustrates the locations of these reservations. Figure 1. Map indicating primary area in which Western Apache is spoken.

This paper presents an analysis of the patterns exhibited by Palenquero voiced stops, which reveals that there is a close connection between spirantization, prenasalization, flapping, and lateralization as they are articulatory maneuvers that a language may use to reduce the effort cost of implementing underlying voiced stops. Spirantization, prenasalization, and lateralization facilitate the production of voicing by allowing venting through one of the valves that separate the supraglottal cavity from the atmosphere. Flapping, on the other hand, yields this effect by reducing the temporal coordinates of the constriction target. The consequences that these articulatory adjustments have for the production of voicing are captured within the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince, Alan, Smolensky, Paul, 1993. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Ms., Technical Report No.2 of the Rutgers Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University) through a system of interacting constraints where Lazy, a principle that embodies the tendency to reduce articulatory effort (Kirchner, Robert, 1995. Contrastiveness is an epiphenomenonas of constraint ranking. Rutgers Optimality Archive, 51-0295; Kirchner, Robert, 1998. An Effort-based Approach to Consonant Lenition. Doctoral dissertation, Rutgers Optimality Archive, 246-0898), rivals with Ident (Feature), the drive to preserve underlying feature specifications [University of Massachusetts Occasional Papers, 18 (1995) 249]. Central to this analysis is also the view that the sound component of a language may comprise several co-phonologies (Inkelas, Sharon, Orhan Orgun, C., Zoll, Cheryl, 1996. Exceptions and static prohonological patterns: cophonologies vs. prespecification. Rutgers Optimality Archive 124-0496; Inkelas, Sharon, Orhan Orgun, C., Zoll, Cheryl, 1997. The implications of lexical exceptions for the nature of grammar. In: Roca, Iggy (Ed.), Derivations and Constraints in Phonology. Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 393–418), some of which are restricted to certain morphemes. This is used to account for the unpredictability and optionality exhibited by some of these processes.

This paper presents a non-linear sliding mode type controller for slip regulation in a braking event for a hybrid electromagnetic-electrohydraulic brake-by-wire (BBW) system. The anti-lock braking system (ABS) controller modifies the brake torque command generated by a supervisory controller based on a driver request via the brake pedal sensor. The brake torque command is then generated by a closed-loop actuator control algorithm to control the eddy current brake (ECB) and electrohydraulic brake (EHB) systems. The proposed control algorithm shows very good slip regulation in a braking event on low friction coefficient surfaces when compared with non-ABS braking. It has been observed that the eddy current brake provided most of the torque while the electrohydraulic brake compensated for the difference between ABS torque command and estimated ECB torque. The result is a very smooth ABS stop minimizing the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) of current hydraulic ABS systems. It is al...

Fragmentation can be observed in nature and in everyday life on a wide range of length scales and for all kinds of technical applications. Most studies on dynamic failure focus on the behaviour of bulk systems in one, two and three dimensions under impact and explosive loading, showing universal power law behaviour of fragment size distribution. However, hardly any studies have been devoted to fragmentation of shells. We present a detailed experimental and theoretical study on the fragmentation of closed thin shells of various materials, due to an excess load inside the system and impact with a hard wall. Characteristic fragmentation mechanisms are identified by means of a high speed camera and fragment shapes and mass distributions are evaluated. Theoretical rationalisation is given by means of stochastic break-up models and large-scale discrete element simulations with spherical shell systems under different extreme loading situations. By this we explain fragment shapes and distributions and prove a power law for the fragment mass distribution. Satisfactory agreement between experimental findings and numerical predictions of the exponents of the power laws for the fragment shapes is obtained

ABSTRACT: Gaseous and particulate emissions from a residential pellet boiler and a stove are measured at a realistic 6-day operation sequence and during steady state operation. The aim is to characterize the emissions during each phase in order to identify when the ...

This research deals with solutions to the most important performance problems and how to address them when readers of Sham in the 9th century AH through references and followers to read the Messenger of God, as the scholars said that reading is a follow-up year taken by the other from the first, and I ask God to accept what he loves and accepts.

Page 1. Squib A Phonological Oddity in the Austronesian Area: Ejectives in Waimoa1 John HajekJohn Bowden ... I. The authors would very much like to express their appreciation to language helpers, Orlando Belo and, in particular, Mauricio DAC Belo, for their assistance. ...

© 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel Fax +41 61 306 12 34 E-Mail karger@karger.ch Accessible online at: www.karger.com www.karger.com/journals/pho ... Dr. Harvey Sussman Department of Linguistics University of Texas Austin, TX 78712 (USA) +1 (512) 471-1701 sussman@mail.utexas.edu

The first step in the development (see (2) below), which they consider a “natural process”, namely a lenition, backgrounding, or weakening, could have resulted in preaspirated stops. However, preaspiration is “prevented [...] in terms of system adequacy” by a “paradigmatic prelexical process, within the framework of Natural Phonology [... which] fits the universal scale of naturalness presented inter alia in Hurch (1988: 61–63)”. See example (3).

L'A. analyse l'acoustique des consonnes occlusives du dialecte allemand parle en Hongrie occidentale, le bavarois de l'est du Danube / moyen-bavarois de l'est, et les compare avec les occlusives correspondantes de la langue hongroise.

150 Int. J. Vehicle Systems Modelling and Testing, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2009 ... Non-linear models of reed valve dynamics ... Riccardo Baudille, Marco Evangelos Biancolini* and Ernesto Mottola ... Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Viale del ...