Tenancy

ssues of affordability, security and property management have raised interest in regulation of the private rented sector in England.

In both England and Ireland, forms of landlord licensing and tenancy registration were shown to have multiple benefits. In particular, the improved accuracy and monitoring of information on the sector given by registration and licensing make a strong case for some form of registration for landlords.

Disagreeing with R Vijay’s “Structural Retrogression and Rise of ‘New Landlords’ in Indian Agriculture: An Empirical Exercise” (EPW, 4 February 2012), the authors argue that the explanation for declining tenancy may not hold and that the hypothesis on the emergence of “new landlords” and the importance of tenancy can be explained by the changing terms of tenancy in the country.

The study reconfirmed prevalence of reverse tenancy in dryland agriculture in Southern India in the recent years (2009-11) as was in the mid-seventies. This is quite opposite from the literature (Otsuka and Hyami, 1988) which covers mostly irrigated agriculture. Extent of tenancy has increased. Probit analysis revealed that likelihood of a household to be a tenant household is positively linked with number of agricultural worker in the household, bullock ownership and household head to be male.

To cite: Propersi, A., Mastrilli, G., Gundes, S. (2012) The Third Sector and social housing in Italy: case study of a profit and non-profit public private partnership, 10th International Conference of ISTR, Siena, Italy, 10-13 July.
Abstract
In recent years, the housing system in Italy face huge problems, mainly due to the need to provide social housing for new population groups who have previously not been seriously affected by the housing shortage. Apart from the current economic situation which implies the scarcity of resources for housing, the widening of the housing gap can also be attributable to social marginalisation and to the difficulties faced by low-income buyers in paying housing costs. The first dimension of the problem arises from the new housing demand from different segments of the population with special needs (e.g. single parent families, young couples, low-waged working families, the students, the immigrants, the elderly), whose incomes are too little for market housing and too high to qualify for public social housing. The second dimension of the problem on the other hand, arises from the scarcity of public sector funds for meeting the housing requirements of this new "grey" population. After a long period characterized by insufficient amount of public investments to increase housing supply, a new Housing Construction Programme has been activated in Italy. The first aim of the programme is to overcome the housing shortage by increasing private social rental housing and thus reducing the accomodation problems faced by disadvantaged groups who cannot afford market prices. The second aim is to promote social cohesion by increasing the supply of housing services that ensure the creation of an environment in which people can develop their full potential in a decent society through improved living conditions. The problem of increasing social housing demand becomes more relevant during periods of economic crises. As a result of the general decline in public investment in housing, the role that private and non-profit organisations play in increasing social housing supply has come into prominance. In this concept, recent housing policy in Italy emphasizes the role of public-private partnerships (PPP's) in the provision of housing by using the "project finance model". The creation of an integrated system of national and local real estate closed-end funds (so-colled funds of funds) by the project finance model aims to encourage the participation of private and non-profit investors in Social Housing provision. In this paper, a social housing initiative undertaken by an Italian Foundation is presented as a case study. The lessons learned from this pioneering project will be emphasized so that the "project finance model" can effectively be applied in future social housing programmes.By making use of a real estate closed-end fund, created locally and managed by an Investment Management Company , the initiative examined in this study, aims to increase the supply of

The study reconfirmed prevalence of reverse tenancy in dryland agriculture in Southern India in recent years (2009-10 and 2011-12) as was in the mid-seventies. Household level panel data collected from six villages by ICRISAT under its Village Level Studies (VLS) and Village Dynamics Studies (VDS) programme were analysed. Area under tenancy has increased in recent years, mostly in the form of sharecropping. Panel Data Probit analysis revealed that likelihood of a household to be a tenant is positively linked with bullock ownership and large farm size while age and education of the household head, and dependence on non-farm income had a negative association. Determinants of extent of tenancy (rented in area) were measured through Panel Data Feasible Generalised Least Square (FGLS) regression analysis. Results indicated that an additional bullock increased rented-in area by 0.22 ha. On the other hand, large farmers had 0.47 ha more area under rented-in compared to other tenants. There was negative relationship between rented-in area and age and education of the household head indicating that educated and elderly people participated less in the tenancy market. Input use level, crop yield and profitability were generally higher in own land than that of rented-in land in the mid-seventies. In recent years, we observed mixed (inconclusive) outcome for input use, crop yield and profitability. Reduction of production risks in one of the study villages has not only reduced tenancy but also abolished reverse tenancy.

The study reconfirmed prevalence of reverse tenancy in dryland agriculture in Southern India in the recent years (2009-11) as was in the mid-seventies. This is quite opposite from the literature (Otsuka and Hyami, 1988) which covers mostly irrigated agriculture. Extent of tenancy has increased. Probit analysis revealed that likelihood of a household to be a tenant household is positively linked with number of agricultural worker in the household, bullock ownership and household head to be male.