Torques

The cross product frequently occurs in Physics and Engineering, since it has large applications in many contexts, e.g. for calculating angular momenta, torques, rotations, volumes etc. Though this mathematical operator is widely used, it is commonly expressed in a 3-D notation which gives rise to many paradoxes and difficulties. In fact, instead of other vector operators like scalar product, the cross product is defined just in 3-D space, it does not respect reflection rules and invokes the concept of "handedness". In this paper we are going to present an extension of cross product in an arbitrary number N of spatial Dimensions, different from the one adopted in the Exterior Algebra and explicitly designed for an easy calculus of moments.

This paper presents an approach to replace the conventional excitation system (AVR+PSS) with a nonlinear voltage regulators derived using synchronizing and damping torque analysis. Now-a-days a keen interest has been developed in designing nonlinear exciters to provide a good dynamic performance in the complex environment of a power system. A feedback linearization technique is used to design two nonlinear controllers that uses nonlinear control laws for derivation and analysis. The performance of two regulators are tested for different operating cases on linearized model of Heffron Phillip's model has developed and the synchronizing and damping torques are analyzed to study the nature of small signal stability Keywords: Feedback linearization, small signal stability, single machine infinite bus system, synchronizing and damping torques 1. INTRODUCTION The excitation control system plays prominent role in power systems. Many controllers have been developed to control the terminal voltage, but there is a considerable development in nonlinear controller designs which uses various controlling techniques such as feedback linearization, back stepping, and variable structure control, synergy control theory, etc. [1]-[11].These control designs aims to replace the conventional excitation system (AVR+PSS). the first design of the nonlinear control design is proposed in [12].Out of all these control designs Feedback linearization technique is widely used for generator excitation system [6] [7] [12-17]. All the nonlinear control designs presents the excitation control problem as regulator problem. Two nonlinear voltage regulators are considered from [6] and [7], which are two different approaches of Feedback linearization utilizes terminal voltage Vt as the design objective. Even though these nonlinear voltage regulators improves transient stability but shows a poor performance regarding the small signal stability [18].This paper postulates the merits and demerits of the two nonlinear voltage regulators that can be able to replace the conventional excitation system. In [6] the nonlinear control law is derived by using the derivative of the terminal voltage which uses input – output feedback linearization technique. The state variables are rotor angle , slip speed Sm and transient induced voltage due to field flux-linkages Eq' and in [7] the nonlinear control law is derived by cancellation of nonlinearities present in the derivative of the active power equation of SMIB and uses input state feedback linearization method. The state variables for these controller are terminal voltage Vt and slip speed Sm and generator active power Pg. To access the small signal behavior all the nonlinear control laws derived are linearized around an operating condition and the developed model is called Heffron Phillip's model which is quite similar to the high gain static automatic voltage regulator but it has positive feedback signal from the speed deviations acts like stabilizing signal just like power system stabilizers which damp out the oscillatory instability signal. From these model synchronizing and damping torques are developed for these nonlinear voltage regulators. Under weak system conditions the damping torque of the nonlinear voltage regulator in [6] reduces with increase in system loading and its reactance and becomes negative finally. These nonlinear AVR is better than static AVR but not over the conventional excitation system (AVR+PSS) where as the nonlinear voltage regulator in [7], the damping term coefficient increases with system loading and its equivalent reactance which is quite opposite to the nonlinear AVR in [6] makes to replace the entire AVR+PSS over a wide range of operating conditions.

Contents
10TH AND 11TH CENTURY BURIAL SITES, STRAY FINDS AND TREASURES IN THE TRANSYLVANIAN BASIN, THE PARTIUM AND THE BANAT
IX.1. The geography of the Transylvanian Basin, the Partium and the Banat
IX.2. List of the 10th–11th century cemeteries, stray fi nds and treasures in the Transylvanian Basin, the Partium
and the Banat
IX.3. A historical review of the research of the cemeteries, stray finds and treasures of the 10th–11th centuries in the regions of the Transylvanian Basin, the Partium and the Banat
IX.4. The evaluation of the archaeological research of the 10th–11th centuries in archaeology IX.4.1. The evaluation of the Hungarian Conquest and its directions in Transylvania in the archaeological publications. The Hungarian Conquest and the concept of Hungarians in the archaeological publications
IX.4.2. Cemeteries: the remains of the Hungarian Conquest, opinions on the burial places in literature
IX.5. Analysis of the burial customs
IX.5.1. On the general characteristics of burial customs
IX.5.2. On the sizes of cemeteries
IX.5.3. The topographical location of the cemeteries
IX.5.4. Graves
IX.5.5. The problem of the continuation of 10th century burial rites into the 11th century
IX.5.6. Conclusions
IX.6. The analysis of the material culture of the 10th–11th century cemeteries, stray finds and treasures. The relative chronological system of the 10th–11th century cemeteries
IX.6.1. Elements of dress and/or of fashion
IX.6.2. Weapons
IX.6.3. Articles of personal use
IX.6.4. Horse equipment
IX.6.5. Pottery
IX.6.6. Coins
IX.7. The material culture of the 10th–11th century and the issues connected to continuity and discontinuity .
IX.8. The chronological system of the cemeteries, stray fi nds and treasures of the 10th–11th centuries. The issues connected to the relationship of the 9th–10th century horizons of the finds
IX.9. On the gender characteristics of inventories of the 10th‒11th century burials in short
IX.9.1. On child burials in short
IX.10. Conclusions
IX.10.1. The occupation of the territory. Populations in the 10th century Transylvania, Partium and Banat
IX.10.2. A social model as it is supposed: the 10th century „Hungarian” social model
IX.10.3. Possible military and political centers in the Transylvanian Basin, the Partium and the Banat.
Landscape, topography and hierarchy: the conquerors and the conquered
IX.10.4. ‘Border zones’ and crossroads
IX.10.5. The 10th–11th century cemetery types
IX.10.6. The quantities of (precious) metal in the cemeteries
IX.10.7. The issue of 10th–11th century graves and the spread of Christianity
IX.10.8. Conclusions

X.1. Rövidítés- és irodalomjegyzék
X.2. List of the fi gures and the plates
X.3. Képek és táblák forrásjegyzéke/Bibliography of the sources of the fi gures and the plates

В 2017 г. у с. Глиное Слободзейского района на левобережье Нижнего Днестра был исследован курган 116 скифского могильника III—II вв. до н. э. Под насыпью, окружённой кольцевым рвом с двумя разрывами, изучены два захоронения в катакомбах. В северной погребальной камере основного погребения 116/1 было совершено парное детское погребение, которое сопровождалось неординарным инвентарём — трёхъярусной гривной, парой золотых серёг, серебряным ноговитковым браслетом, двумя поясными бляхами с изображениями мужских лиц, бронзовым зеркалом с железной ручкой в футляре, двумя конусовидными и двумя плоскими трапециевидными подвесками, а также множеством составных украшений из бусин. В восточной погребальной камере этой катакомбы было устроено деревянное гробовище для захоронения мужчины — знатного воина. Помимо представительного набора вооружения, украшений и лепной миски, на костяке были найдены три фибулы. Во впускном погребении 116/2 также был погребён воин, возле которого лежала пара длинных боевых ножей. Курган 116 на основании фибул раннелатенской конструкции и фрагментов гераклейской амфоры изо рва датируется третьей четвертью III в. до н. э.
In 2017, barrow 116 of the Scythian cemetery of the 3rd—2nd centuries BC near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester Region was investigated. Two burials in the catacombs were studied under the mound, surrounded by a ring ditch with two ruptures. A paired children's burial was made in the northern burial chamber of the main grave 116/1, accompanied by an unusual inventory — a three-tiered torque, a pair of gold earrings, a silver multi-turned bracelet, two belt buckles with images of men's faces, a bronze mirror with an iron handle in a sheath, two conical and two flat trapezoidal pendants, as well as a bunch of composite adornments from beads. Wooden coffin was built to bury a man — a noble warrior in the eastern burial chamber of this catacomb. Three fibulae were found on the skeleton in addition to a representative set of weapons, adornments and a hand-made bowl. Also a warrior was buried in the secondary grave 116/2, a pair of long fighting knives lay near the body. Barrow 116 dates back to the third quarter of the 3rd century BC on the basis of the fibulae of the Early La-Tene construction and fragments of Heraclean amphora from the ditch.

Libro sobre el poblado del Cerro de las Balsas/ Tossal de les Basses. Se describen y analizan las primeras intervenciones arqueológicas realizadas en el tanto de época prehistórica como, sobre todo, ibéricas.
Si se está interesado en algún capítulo, se puede pedir a mi dirección de email: pablorosser@gmail.com

RESUMEN: El castro de San Chuis posee una larga secuencia de ocupación que se prolonga desde finales de la Edad del Bronce hasta época romana. Sus murallas conocieron a lo largo de esos siglos modificaciones en su traza y estructura a partir de un modelo lineal que habría de ser renovado con morfología modular a comienzos de la segunda Edad del Hierro.
Se presentan en este artículo las series estratigráficas y dataciones radiométricas que permiten establecer la secuencia y fechas correspondientes a la fábrica de la misma, corroborando de esta forma el periodo de implantación de las murallas modulares en el contexto de las fortificaciones castreñas regionales.
PALABRAS CLAVE: Carbono 14, estratigrafía, Edad del Bronce, Edad del Hierro, muralla modular.

ABSTRACT: The hillfort of San Chuis has a long sequence of occupation extending from the late Bronze Age to Roman times. Its walls met during those centuries changes in its structure and trace from a linear model would be renewed with modular morphology in the early second Iron Age. This article shows the stratigraphic and radiometric dating series that establish the sequence and dates for its construction, thus confirming the period of implementation of “modular” walls in the context of regional hillfort’s fortifications.
KEY WORDS: Radiocarbon, stratigraphy, Bronze Age, Iron Age, module walls

This edited collection analyses the phenomenon of coin use for religious and ritual purposes in different cultures and across different periods of time. It proposes an engagement with the theory and interpretation of the ‘material turn’ with numismatic evidence, and an evidence-based series of discussions to offer a fuller, richer and fresh account of coin use in ritual contexts. No extensive publication has previously foregrounded coins in such a model, despite the fact that coins constitute an integrated part of the material culture of most societies today and of many in the past. Here, interdisciplinary discussions are organised around three themes: coin deposit and ritual practice, the coin as economic object and divine mediator, and the value and meaning of coin offering. Although focusing on the medieval period in Western Europe, the book includes instructive cases from the Roman period until today. The collection brings together well-established and emerging scholars from archaeology, art history, ethnology, history and numismatics, and great weight is given to material evidence which can complement and contradict the scarce written sources.

"[ES] Presentamos la revisión de uno de los conjuntos más significativos de la orfebrería de la II Edad del Hierro en el Norte y Noroeste peninsular, el conocido como procedente de Cangas de Onís (Oviedo, Aslurias), conservado en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional. La realizacidn de un nuevo análisis tecnológico y docuinenial de cada una de sus piezas nos ha permitido aportar nuevosdatos para su estiidio, así como plantear algunas hipótesis explicativas que entran en coniradicción con la historiografía tradicional.
[EN] We present a revision of one of the most important II Iron Age finds form the North and Northwest Iberian Peninsula Gold work form Cangas de Onís (Asutiras, Oviedo, Spain), keep in the National Arrchaelogical Musemum. The new technological and documentational analysis of each of these pieces allows us to propose hypotheses that are inconsistent with the traditional historiography."

[ES] Llevamos a cabo un estudio tecnológico del torques encontrado en San Xiao de Montoxo (Cedeira, A Coruña) y publicado inicialmente por Federico Maciñeira, así como una exposición de los documentos relacionados con su adquisición por parte del Museo Arqueológico Nacional y una revisión historiográfica de la obra de Maciñeira en lo concerniente a la arqueología del oro. El objetivo es mostrar algunas alternativas a la vía tipológica en arqueología del oro, como el estudio tecnológico basado en la observación directa (para conocer el proceso de fabricación) y el análisis historiográfico/documental (para clarificar las condiciones del hallazgo de un elevado número de piezas).
[EN] We develop a technological study of the gold torc found at San Xiao de Montoxo (Cedeira, A Coruña) and initially published by Federico Maciñeira, as well as a presentation of the documents related to his purchase by the Museo Arqueológico Nacional and a historiographical review of the work by Maciñeira concerning gold archaeology. The aim is to show some alternatives to the typological perspective in gold archaeology, such as the technological study based on direct observation (to know the fabrication process) and the historiographical/documental approach (in order to clarify the find conditions of a high number of pieces).

POSTER - Os conxunto dos Torques de Xanceda constitúen unha das obras cimeiras da arte galaica en ouro da Idade do Ferro. Neste poster pretendemos amosar algunhas das principais características tipolóxicas e iconográficas relativas a estas pezas e explicar, mediante deseños e fotografias pormenorizadas, aspectos formais e simbólicos dos torques na súa relación e paralelismos con outras mostras da plástica galaica en diferentes soportes .

[ES]: se presenta el estudio analítico de 12 objetos de orfebrería castreña del Museo Arqueológico Nacional. Mediante un estudio topográfico y de composición con la técnica no destructiva de fluorescencia de rayos X (ED-XRF) se valoran los rasgos de taller y tecnológicos de estas producciones. La diversidad en la composición de los diferentes elementos estructurales se revela como un elemento destacado.
[EN]: this paper deals with the analytical study of 15 Castros Culture gold objects from te National Archaeological Museum in Madrid. Topgraphic study and non destructive ED-XRF analysis give us new intormation about workshops and technological features of the gold production. Diversity of composition in structural elements is shown.

Abstract: The recent discovery of new documents related to the privet collection of the Asturian art collector Sebastián de Soto Cortés (1833-1915), recovered from different public and privet archives, has revealed new data relevant for the study of Castros culture goldsmithing objects from this collection, partially preserved now a day at the Museo Arqueológico Nacional and the Instituto Valencia de Don Juan in Madrid. Among the recovered data, we must highlight the information regarding the findings from the councils of Piloña and Laviana recovered between the middle of the 19th century and the beginning of the 21th century. These documents add new information regarding the origin and context of some of the objects belonging to these findings, allowing us to present other objects that are now a days missing.


Resumen: La reciente identificación de nuevos lotes de documentos relativos a la colección del coleccionista asturiano Sebastián de Soto Cortés (1833-1915), repartidos entre diferentes archivos públicos y particulares, ha aportado datos relevantes para el estudio de las piezas de oro castreñas conservadas en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional y el Instituto Valencia de Don Juan, en Madrid. Entre los datos recuperados, destaca la información referida a hallazgos producidos entre mediados del siglo xix y principios del xx en los concejos de Piloña y Laviana. Estos documentos añaden información sobre la procedencia y el contexto de recuperación de algunas de estas piezas, permitiendo dar a conocer otros materiales hoy desaparecidos.

... OSCAR GARCÍA VUELTA Departamento de Prehistoria. Centro de Estudios Históricos-CSIC XOSÉ-LOIS ARMADA PITA Departamento de Humanidades. ... Page 2. 118 OSCAR GARCÍAVUELTA / XOSE-LOIS ARMADA PITA FIGURA 1. Torques de San Xiao de Montoxo. ...

[ES] Estudiamos seis piezas de bronce figuradas, datables en la segunda Edad del Hierro y procedentes del Noroeste y Meseta norte occidental de la Península Ibérica, que pueden ser definidas como «bronces sacrificiales» por la relación de sus escenas y motivos iconográficos (zoomorfos, calderos, torques, hachas) con rituales de sacrificio. El estudio topográfico e historiográfico de los materiales introduce novedades en el análisis de la cuestión.
[EN] We study six ornamented bronzes from the north-west and the north-western Meseta of the Iberian Peninsusla and dated to the later Iron Age that can be defined as "sacrificial bronzes" because of the relationship of their scenes and inconographic motifs (zoomorphs, cauldrons, torcs, axes) to sacrificial rituals. Topographical and historiographical study of this material introduces new aspects to the analysis of the subject.

[EN] The paper studies a group of bronze pieces with sacrificial motifs from the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula dating from the Late Iron Age. On the basis of formal and topographic analysis of these objects, we examine their importance to knowledge of the ritual and symbolic aspects of these societies, and analyse the main research problems they raise.
[ES] Este trabajo estudia un grupo de piezas de bronce con motivos de sacrificio del Noroeste de la Península Ibérica datables a fines de la Edad del Hierro. A partir de su análisis formal y topográfico, examinamos su importancia para el conocimiento de los aspectos rituales y simbólicos de estas sociedades, y analizamos los principales problemas que plantean.