Tourism Entrepreneurs

Sustainable development has gradually and over time brought about various approaches with different goals. Ecological city is one of these approaches that has a stronger emphasis on environment issue as well as the relationships between city development and nature. The purpose of this study was to determine the local factors effective on the achievement of ecological city in order to sustainably develop Darcheh city. This study was mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of paradigm, and descriptive-analytical and exploratory in terms of nature. Data was collected using document analysis and field study through two means: interviews with experts using the Delphi method and a questionnaire. In the qualitative phase (the Delphi method), 30 experts and specialists were interviewed. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population of the study was comprised of Darcheh citizens aging over 15, who were 37367 individuals in the year 2016. From among these, 375 participants were selected using cluster sampling. The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the urban planning experts, and its reliability was corroborated through Chronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the study in both phases (qualitative and quantitative) showed that the environmental and economic dimensionswith the average scores of 4.23 and 4.11 and (beta) regression coefficients of .345 and .349best describe the achievement of ecological city, there is a relative homogeneity among various neighborhoods of the city in terms of ecological city indices, and the ecological city development can be attained through a clear model. Moreover, according to Pearson correlation coefficient, the citizens who have had a higher educational level have shown a higher tendency (.585) to help implement the ecological city project.

The informal economy is a complex phenomenon that occurs in various forms and degrees worldwide. In Ecuador, the informal sector represents 46.5% of the economy. This research aimed to analyze the situation of informal trade in the tourism sector of Playas Cantón, Ecuador, and its relationship with the regional economic development. The study used a quantitative approach through a structured survey with different actors involved in tourism, such as tourists and residents, informal traders, tourism entrepreneurs, and local authorities, during March and April 2023, reaching a sample of 150 participants.

The results showed that the informal sector is an essential part of the tourism economy in Playas. Multiple causes and factors drive and sustain it, including the lack of formal job opportunities, flexibility in working hours, lack of regulation and sanitary control, and insecurity in the area.

The study recommends implementing policies and measures to address informality in the tourism sector, including formalizing and training informal workers to strengthen regulation and control of informal activities and ensure sustainable development.

In Bali, there are many family companies in the hotel business that failed in the second generation to lead the company and also many of which were successful, and even became big after being managed by the second generation due to success in the succession process, for example the I Gede Wirata and Kadek Wiranatha families who own 6 Bounty Group hotels, Putu Gde John Sastrawan with 4 Ramayana hotels, the late Ida Bagus Tjendana Putra with 4 Santrian hotels, based on this phenomenon, it appears that generational transfer (succession) of leadership in family companies is an important factor in the company's sustainability. Leadership succession in family companies does not always end in failure and brings company decline, it is evident that there are still companies that can survive for generations. Therefore, researchers are interested in researching and argue that it is necessary for family companies to prepare and plan for leadership succession as well and as early as possible to avoid failure in the intended leadership transformation. Seven things related to family companies are related to succession, namely: (1) unprofessional family companies; (2) there is no separation between company finances and personal finances; (3) family companies are considered unable to implement sound systems and procedures; (4) family companies only provide opportunities for family relatives to occupy key positions; (5) performance is not important, but more important is the ability to build a close relationship with the owner; (6) family companies will end up in the hands of the second generation, and (7) family companies do not view HR as an important company asset.

Biotech-Economics is a new concept in the literature on Sustainable Development implying the revision of production processes using renewable bio-resources and technological innovations. Bioeconomic activities have two common features: resource sustainability and economic efficiency towards Sustainable Development Goals. Theoretical foundations related to the transition to Bio-Economics emphasize the Circular Economy as the theoretical-applied model. Given the growing trend of the Bio-Economics in the world, this research pursues two goals. First, explaining the theoretical foundations of Bio-Economics and evaluating the transition process. Second, to provide a framework for identifying and analyzing variables affecting transition, based on the Circular Economy and on the macroeconomic scale. Indicators of Bio-Economics are based upon the three indices of Sustainable Development including economic-social-environmental variables. Empirical research in Bio-Economics shows that due to data limitations and heterogeneity of index measurement methods, statistical analysis methods using cross-sectional data are the most applied methods. Accordingly, using Factor Analysis method and bio-economic data of the European Circle Economy, the variables explaining the transition process have been identified. The results suggest that the most important economic variables of the transition include the share of investment and value added in the Bio-Economics, the biomaterial trade, and the market sentiment index. The effective variables regarding social and environmental indicators include daily calorie per capita, biowaste recycling, organic farming and innovations, respectively. Finally, the necessity of Iran's economy for transition to Bio-Economics was analyzed from two perspectives: Oil Vulnerability Index and Sustainable Development Goals, emphasizing the necessity of the transition to the Bio-Economics.

Urban space is often the cause of disputes. The underlying causes of these disputes are conflicting interests, attitudes and needs regarding the way it is used. Among the various functions performed by cities, tourism activities have been distinguished as the foremost in the cities of historical value. Mass tourism has developed in the last decade and its excessive flow of tourists has in turn leaded to overtourism which as described by literature is a negative phenomenon. The causes of conflicts related to the development of tourism and their scale are very diverse. The freezing of the tourism economy during the COVID-19 pandemic created an opportunity to balance its development in the future. As described in the article, this research aims at identifying the attitudes and expectations of Krakow's residence towards the tools of balancing the tourism economy in the post pandemic period. The statistical analysis of the acquired data collected through questionnaires from 386 respondents during July 2020 revealed that most of the respondents support the preservation of cultural heritage and landscapes over business and profit making.