Twenty First Century

This paper aims to explain the role of three factors i.e. mass media, communication and globalization in the twenty first century where the concept of mass society has become possible. The question is that how these three are interlinked and how they affect each other in present era. The integration of communication technologies have wired the globe in this way that the individual lives in an omnipresent condition. The information age is dominating every sphere of life as homogenization of heterogeneous societies of the world is evolving over time and international boundaries are removed by the electronic highways. Developed countries with modern technological instruments and resources are applying their methods to modernize the rest of the world that are depended on developed countries. The competition has been started between different societies of the world due to these three factors which needs to be overlooked that has created the unrest in the world through information revolut...

N THE PAST TWO HUNDRED YEARS, the rapid extraction and combustion of fossil fuels have contributed to anthropogenic interference in global climate systems, while also increasing net global wealth and some forms of economic development. In the twentyfirst century, it is now clear that fossil fuel sources have both positive and negative impacts on economies, livelihoods, and environments worldwide. What might formal Catholic teaching and theologicalmoral reflection offer to this situation? The institutional Catholic Church has engaged energy issues in multiple documents, ranging from papal encyclicals to the U.S. Bishops’ 1981 statement on energy.1 So too have discussions of fossil fuels, climate change, and ethics occurred within broader scholarly discourses of Catholic theology and ethics.2 Catholic organizations dedicated to the global common good and to countering the effects of climate change have proliferated in the U.S. and worldwide. This essay builds upon the growing ecclesia...

Well before the far-right resurgence that has most recently transformed European politics, Austria’s 1999 parliamentary elections surprised the world with the unexpected success of the Freedom Party of Austria and its charismatic leader, Jörg Haider. The party’s perceived xenophobia, isolationism, and unabashed nationalism in turn inspired a massive protest movement that expressed opposition not only through street protests but also in novels, plays, films, and music. Through careful readings of this varied cultural output, The Art of Resistance traces the aesthetic styles and strategies deployed during this time, providing critical context for understanding modern Austrian history as well as the European protest movements of today.

We live in the world of edutech and edubiz, where technology and business have effectively taken over the field of education. However, the question that begs answering is-have they made education truly more effective? In our modern world, if the traditional model of education was centred around Non-profits and the love of knowledge, then this new model focuses on profits and careers. Perhaps this is a good thing that has happened to education, even as it languished under outdated modes of teaching and non-inspirational pedagogies. The institutions had become shell-structures to put students through, and getting a certificate or a degree had become the ultimate goal. However, by turning tech-savvy with a business plan does not necessarily address the entropy and destruction that the education field has suffered. Yes, there is a problem with education, but neither technology nor a business plan with a focus on careers and placements, can on their own make these problems go away. What are the central problems plaguing education in our society today? The way I see it, there are four main problems with which contemporary education is grappling. They have to do with (a) the educational telos, (b) the role of the pedagogue, (c) the pedagogical system, and of course (d) the perception of studentship. Let's explore these problems even as we seek to respond to them.

This text, looking to identify and problematize the “challenge of inequality” for society today through undertaking a global history of inequality from the Stone Age to the present, is very much one of our time, and arguably one for our time. It can be aligned persuasively with how an intensifying concern about social and actually human dimensions of key societal institutions—especially economic and political ones—has followed the “first crisis of globalisation” (Gordon Brown, Beyond the Crash: Overcoming the First Crisis of Globalisation [2010]) and new discursive spaces have emerged to support analyses that stand apart from traditional economics or primarily economics-oriented approaches.

There is increasing recognition in the UK that social science research should generate an evidence base that reflects the ethnic diversity of the population and informs positive developments in public policy and programmes for all. However, describing and understanding ethnic diversity, and associated disadvantage, is far from straightforward. In practice, the ethical and scientific arguments around whether and how to incorporate ethnicity into policy-relevant social research are complex and contentious. In particular, untheorised or insensitive inclusion of data on ethnic 'groups' can have negative consequences. The present investigation begins to explore the extent to which social scientists have access to advice and guidance in this area of research. Specifically, the paper examines how ethnic diversity is explicitly or implicitly considered within the research ethics and scientific standard guidance provided by UK social science Learned Societies to their members. The review found little in the way of explicit attention to ethnic diversity in the guidance documents, but nevertheless identified a number of pertinent themes. The paper compiles and extrapolates these themes to present a tentative set of principles for social scientists to debate and further develop.

The essays collected in this volume were partly drawn from the contributions to the 2008 international conference “Julian Barnes and the European Tradition” held at Liverpool Hope University. They cover a large part of Julian Barnes's literary output, including his novels, short stories and non-fiction. Several essays examine Barnes's early novels in the larger context of the writer's persistent pursuit of truth in a postmodernist world which has lost its faith in the reassuring stability and teleology of grand narratives. Another recurrent concern in Barnes's novels which is analysed here pertains to the complex issue of Englishness and the definition of a national identity. Finally, contributors propose a thorough examination of Barnes's recent production and more particularly his preoccupation with death, illness, old age and religion.

In an era when, post-9/11, the terrorist Other has risen to prominence globally at the same time as migration has become a deeply contested issue, this context goes
someway towards explaining my increasing focus on Shakespeare as the site for cross-cultural Binglish.

Communal Modernisms: Teaching Twentieth-Century Literature and Culture in the Twenty-First-Century Classroom. Edited by Emily M. Hinnov, Laurel Harris and Lauren M. Rosenblum. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Xii + 203 pp. $90.00 Cloth.The editors of this noteworthy volume situate their work within a growing strand of modernist scholarship eager to shake up the traditionally "Monolithic Masculine Modernism" focused on Joyce, Pound, and Eliot (3). They propose a more inclusive lens, "communal modernisms," inspired by Virginia Woolf and Walter Benjamin's notion of "seemingly small, vibrantly lived, personal moments" as central to human history (2). The introduction also emphasizes the continued importance of feminism as a "key corrective" to studying and teaching modernism (4), as well as the vitality of "recovery, archival, and interdisciplinary work" to re-energize the Twenty-First Century classroom (5). The ed...

What makes Ohio the essential battleground state? Buckeye Battleground is the result of a decade's worth of research at the Bliss Institute on elections in Ohio, with special emphasis on the 2004 and 2008 presidential campaigns, and the 2006 gubernatorial campaign. Daniel Coffey and John Green seek to explain  why Ohio is, and has been, at the center of American elections. Using historical analysis, demographic data, and public opinion surveys, the authors demonstrate Ohio's role as the quintessential "battleground" state in American elections. This title is unique in its approach and coverage.

The global spread of the coronavirus pandemic has prompted inevitable comparisons with the flu pandemic of 1918–1920. However, in order for such comparisons to be fruitful, it is necessary to acknowledge the similarities between the two outbreaks and their differences. This paper compares different aspects of the "Spanish" flu and coronavirus pandemics in Ireland and the UK during the two periods. The first part of the paper provides a general overview, taking account of the nature of the two diseases and the contexts in which they occurred. The following two sections explore the extent to which both outbreaks exposed underlying social and economic inequalities and the measures taken by central and local government, as well as civil society, to combat the spread of disease. The final section examines the extent to which both pandemics highlighted existing failures and sparked demands to "build back better."

<jats:p>Ever since antiquities, theatre has been a medium of provoking sentimental reaction and an entertainment of the populace especially the elite. Authors of this genre do present active noble characters in their works making as if it is real. We do learn in Greco-Roman Empire how amphitheatre hosted Caesars, their officials and empiric subjects watching the gladiators and the persecuted Christians in the medieval era. Fifty years of cinema and the television as well as the new media have changed the mind-set of the global community towards life in general to form a unique interconnected universal cultural chains. In this research, we would like to use political activism theories called pluralist theories of Norris Pippa as critical lens to analyse the trend of political activism in the modern theatre of the early 21st century in comparison to that of the 20th century which led to violent revolutionary movements. </jats:p>

This work is the historical analysis of pandemics in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows that the influenza virus has been responsible for major pandemic outbreaks in the two centuries. The work shows that bacteria and viruses, especially Yersinia pestis and the influenza virus, have been responsible for the outbreaks of major pandemics in recorded history. It carries-out a compre- hensive and extensive analysis of the various impacts of historical and contemporary pandemics like the Plague of Justinian, Bu- bonic plague, Spanish flu, Cholera pandemics and also the novel COVID-19 had on the trajectory of world history. The work shows that such pandemics profoundly affects political, economic, social, religious, technological, health and educational developments in states in the post-pandemic periods. Additionally, this work com- prehensively identified the commonalities among the pandem- ic-causing diseases in the Twentieth and Twenty-first century. It shows, among othe...

There is increasing recognition in the UK that social science research should generate an evidence base that reflects the ethnic diversity of the population and informs positive developments in public policy and programmes for all. However, describing and understanding ethnic diversity, and associated disadvantage, is far from straightforward. In practice, the ethical and scientific arguments around whether and how to incorporate ethnicity into policy-relevant social research are complex and contentious. In particular, untheorised or insensitive inclusion of data on ethnic 'groups' can have negative consequences. The present investigation begins to explore the extent to which social scientists have access to advice and guidance in this area of research. Specifically, the paper examines how ethnic diversity is explicitly or implicitly considered within the research ethics and scientific standard guidance provided by UK social science Learned Societies to their members. The ...

This paper draws on longitudinal qualitative data from a study of family dynamics arising from the arrival of a new generation. It begins by outlining a conceptual framework for exploring historical and economic events through the accounts of families. It then outlines some of the very different ways that individuals responded to questions about the recession, reflecting both their distinct generational positions as well as their relative exposure to risk. How the credit crunch is experienced varies considerably according to the situations of individuals and families, with meaning created retroactively. The way in which individuals narrate their situations depends in part on the kinds of stories that members of the family tell about themselves and their relationships, as well as the less conscious family dialogue that lies behind these. Through an in-depth longitudinal case study, it is shown how family narratives change over time in response to events, suggesting how events in the present resonate with the unresolved legacy of events in the past.

We begin this essay by considering the question of Austen's “relatability” in light of the range of places Austen is taught and marketed in order to make two foundational arguments: that twenty-first-century readers of Austen are far more likely than readers of previous generations to encounter Austen initially through adaptations and other commodities (rather than through her novels); and that popular adaptations and appropriations frequently carry with them implicit readings of Austen and her work that shape those first encounters. This strikes us as an opportunity rather than a problem, and so we argue for an audience-based approach to teaching her works based in adaptation and analogical thinking. Such an approach seems all the more important given the profound differences that exist not only between Austen and us, but also among twenty-first-century readers themselves. Teaching Austen effectively, we argue, requires both foregrounding these differences and recognizing the power of analogical thinking to create points of entry and overlap. The essay then explores several activities tried by ourselves and by others that, rather than insisting on the relevance of Austen's fiction, ask students to think either via analogy or adaptation to illuminate specific parts of the novels. These range from exercises in mapping the novels and casting Austen films in a global context, to thinking about social hierarchies, property, and money, the expressiveness of commodities, and the status of documents. It is not just that Austen teaches her readers skills that we now associate with “close reading;” it is that she extends her modeling of interpretive practice to cultural objects and products themselves — in many cases resembling the very ones sold under the Austen brand today.

Over a course of centuries, various food processing technologies have been explored and implemented to provide safe, fresher-tasting and nutritive food products. Among these technologies, application of emerging food processes (e.g., cold plasma, pressurized fluids, pulsed electric fields, ohmic heating, radiofrequency electric fields, ultrasonics and megasonics, high hydrostatic pressure, high pressure homogenization, hyperbaric storage, and negative pressure cavitation extraction) have attracted much attention in the past decades. This is because, compared to their conventional counterparts, novel food processes allow a significant reduction in the overall processing times with savings in energy consumption, while ensuring food safety, and ample benefits for the industry. Noteworthily, industry and university teams have made extensive efforts for the development of novel technologies, with sound scientific knowledge of their effects on different food materials. The main objective ...

Based on Roberto Saviano's book Gomorra (2006), production of the TV series Gomorra – La serie (2014) was met with scepticism as many feared it would glamorise organised crime and, consequently, attract young people toward Camorra affiliation. The series' bleak portrayal of criminals and criminality was offered as a response to such concerns. Despite the preoccupations, Gomorra – La serie was hugely successful and, because of its quality, was sold to other countries. In Italy, the series' success can be measured by the popularity of its Twitter hashtag #GomorraLaSerie. Engaged with Henry Jenkins' theories of media convergence and based on a corpus of tweets bearing this official hashtag, this article proposes a quantitative analysis and advances conclusions regarding the Italian TV audience and second-screen viewing practices. Additionally, through a qualitative study of Saviano's tweets about the series, it examines the writer's use of the social media platform as a tool of narrative continuity. Finally, the article highlights a few examples of fan-generated media and concludes with remarks regarding Saviano's problematic position at the centre of a transmedia object.

We live in a rapidly changing world: a world of fragmentation, inequality, environmental challenges, continuing disease and poverty, populations on the move. All this change and dislocation has created much human need to be met in the name of Christ. It also fuels new trends in church growth. This chapter discusses the contribution that TEE (Theological Education by Extension) can make, and is making, as a tool for twenty-first century mission in its different dimensions. God calls the global Church to equip all her members for mission in this contemporary context. This call is above all theological, because it issues from the mission of God Himself. Then comes the strategic question, of how training institutions and local churches can best work in partnership to provide accessible training to all church members. There is also an educational dimension, so that busy working Christians can be trained in ways that fit their capacity, interests and learning styles. In this chapter we show how these considerations helped to shape TEE's philosophy and methodology when it began in Central America fifty years ago and then became a worldwide movement. The story is continued up to the present with examples of remarkable fresh growth in contemporary TEE, especially in Asia. However, no movement can afford to be complacent, and the chapter concludes with proposed areas for renewal and development of TEE in the 21 st century.

Groundwater suitability for agriculture in an island with limited recharge area may easily be influenced by seawater intrusion. The aim of this study was to investigate seawater intrusion to the suitability of the groundwater for oil palm cultivation at the ex-promontory land of Carey Island in Malaysia. This is the first study that used the integrated method of geo-electrical resistivity and hydro-geochemical methods to investigate seawater intrusion to the suitability of groundwater for oil palm cultivation at two different land cover condition. The relationship between earth resistivity, total dissolved solids and earth conductivity was derived with crop suitability classification according to salinity, used to identify water types and also oil palm tolerance to salinity. Results from the contour conductivity maps show that area facing severe coastal erosion and area still intact with mangrove forest exhibits unsuitable groundwater condition for oil palm at the unconfined aquifer thickness of 15 and 31 m, respectively. Based on local sea-level rise prediction and Ghyben-Herzberg assumption (sharp interface), the condition in the study area, especially in severe erosion area, by the twenty-first century will no longer be suitable for oil palm plantation. The application of geo-electrical method combined with geochemical data, aided with the information on environmental history and oil palm physiography, has demonstrated that the integration of techniques is an effective tool in defining the status of agricultural suitability affected by salinity at the coastal aquifer area. © 2012 Saudi Society for Geosciences.

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