UCI

Competitive cycling has always been particularly popular in the Benelux, France and Italy, but has spread first continetally and then globally in recent decades. But how global is actually competitive cycling today? In this article we analyze the globalization of road cycling for men. 
 
Wielrennen is van oudsher vooral populair in de Benelux, Frankrijk en Italië. Vanuit deze landen verspreidde de wielersport zich over de wereld. Maar hoe mondiaal is de wielersport vandaag de dag eigenlijk? In dit artikel analyseren wij de mondialisering van het wegwielrennen voor mannen.

Why did cycling become professional as early as the late nineteenth century, while other sports (such as rugby) and other sport events (such as the Olympic Games) remained amateur until the 1980s? Why are the organizers of the most important bicycle races private companies, while in other sports such as soccer the main event organizer is a nonprofit organization? To what extent have bicycle races changed since the late nineteenth century? And how does cycling reflect long-term economic changes? The history of professional road cycling helps answer these questions and understand many related phenomena. This chapter provides a long-term, historical perspective on (1) professional road cycling’s economic agents, i.e., the public, race organizers, team sponsors and riders, and the relationships amongst them; (2) cycling’s governing body, the International Cycling Union; and (3) professional cycling’s final product, i.e., the show of bicycle races. More precisely, the chapter mostly focuses on the history of male professional road cycling in Western Europe since the late nineteenth century. It is founded on both an analysis of quantitative time series on the Grand Tours (and, to some extent, the classics) and a review of the existing literature on the history of professional cycling, whether economic history, institutional history, cultural history, or sport history.

"ENGLISH BELOW "Depuis les années 1960, l'univers du sport a été marqué par l'expansion et par l'institutionnalisation d'une activité juridique et politique mobilisée autour de la lutte contre le dopage. Toutefois, si bien des signes donnent à penser que sont consolidées les conditions propres à édifier le dopage en « problème public », de même que semblent établis les éléments propres à faire de sa répression une cause porteuse d'universalité, la lutte contre ce phénomène laisse entrevoir une évolution discontinue.

Davantage, l'analyse suggère que les politiques de lutte contre le dopage se distinguent par une bascule qui les voit osciller entre deux pôles : le pôle de la répression, voué à la sanction, et le pôle de la régulation, articulé sur des principes de compréhension. Mais aussi sur des images renouvelées de la vie sportive, qui tendent à insérer le travail sportif dans des coordonnées existentielles, ainsi que dans des représentations qui s'alimentent au répertoire des droits de l'homme et du respect de la dignité.

Ces évolutions et leurs conséquences posent alors bien des questions. De quelles dynamiques découlent ces relâchements ? Quel sens donner à l'apparente instabilité des principes qui orientent la régulation juridique ? Quelles peuvent être les conséquences de ce va-et-vient entre régime de punition et ouverture de la règle ?

Dans cette contribution, qui emprunte ses points d'appui théoriques aux travaux qui s'appliquent à identifier les contours d'une dynamique de « civilisation du droit », et en nous centrant sur les récentes révisions qu'a connues le Code mondial antidopage (CMAD), nous cernerons certaines des ambiguïtés de la lutte contre le dopage, ainsi que quelques-uns des problèmes centraux qui semblent devoir la conditionner"

"This paper opines that since the 1960s, the sporting world has undergone a change in attitude towards doping. The latter notably being provoked by the expansion and institutionalization of legal and political activities in this domain. However, despite the fact that the anti-doping movement has gained international public awareness and thus, advocates for a global answer, there remains many unsatisfactory aspects concerning this phenomenon and its discontinuous evolution.

In this respect, this paper highlights specifically the double nature of anti-doping policies, namely their disciplinary and repressive features vowed to punish, on one hand, and their civilizing prospects articulated on principles of comprehension and regulation on the other hand. Hence, their nexus raises many issues. The most important being naturally the role of human rights under the universal and monolithic disciplinary regime introduced by the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC).

Questions can be asked on these evolutions and their consequences. Which dynamics push towards this loosening? What is the meaning of the apparent instability of principles orienting this legal regulation? What are the consequences of this seesaw motion between repression and opening of the rule?

Thus, this paper will be using the concept of "civilization of law" and its theoretical framework to the recent revisions of the World Anti-doping Code (WADC) in order to identify some of the salient ambiguities of the battle against doping, as well as certain central problems which are likely to condition it.""

Currently, health related issues are the most crucial and life-threatening issues for humans. These health issues include several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and many more. At present time, cancer is considered as one of the most deadly disease which is increasing consistently in both men and women. Cancer is a medical condition which is caused due to uncontrolled growth of cells present in the lung. The early prediction of its symptoms can help doctors to diagnose it efficiently. Hence, automated computer aided design systems are proposed to identity the lung cancer. These systems are based on the machine learning process where initially, database is learned through their specific process of learning and then classification process is applied. However, these systems fail to deliver the desired performance for medical applications. To overcome this issue, we focus on the deep learning technique and introduced Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) based model which flows the information in both direction i.e. forward to backward and backward to forward for better learning. This scheme of LSTM is known as BiLSTM because it process the data in two directions. Prior to this, the data preprocessing technique is also incorporated which performs missing value imputation using KNN imputation. The proposed approach is implanted using MATLAB tool and tested on Lung Cancer UCI dataset. The performance is measured in terms of classification accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, sensitivity and F1-score. Further, we compare the performance with existing techniques. The comparative analysis shows that proposed approach achieves better performance when compared with state-of-art techniques.

Currently, health related issues are the most crucial and life-threatening issues for humans. These health issues include several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and many more. At present time, cancer is considered as one of the most deadly disease which is increasing consistently in both men and women. Cancer is a medical condition which is caused due to uncontrolled growth of cells present in the lung. The early prediction of its symptoms can help doctors to diagnose it efficiently. Hence, automated computer aided design systems are proposed to identity the lung cancer. These systems are based on the machine learning process where initially, database is learned through their specific process of learning and then classification process is applied. However, these systems fail to deliver the desired performance for medical applications. To overcome this issue, we focus on the deep learning technique and introduced Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) based model which flows the information in both direction i.e. forward to backward and backward to forward for better learning. This scheme of LSTM is known as BiLSTM because it process the data in two directions. Prior to this, the data preprocessing technique is also incorporated which performs missing value imputation using KNN imputation. The proposed approach is implanted using MATLAB tool and tested on Lung Cancer UCI dataset. The performance is measured in terms of classification accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, sensitivity and F1-score. Further, we compare the performance with existing techniques. The comparative analysis shows that proposed approach achieves better performance when compared with state-of-art techniques

Currently, health related issues are the most crucial and life-threatening issues for humans. These health issues include several chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, cancer and many more. At present time, cancer is considered as one of the most deadly disease which is increasing consistently in both men and women. Cancer is a medical condition which is caused due to uncontrolled growth of cells present in the lung. The early prediction of its symptoms can help doctors to diagnose it efficiently. Hence, automated computer aided design systems are proposed to identity the lung cancer. These systems are based on the machine learning process where initially, database is learned through their specific process of learning and then classification process is applied. However, these systems fail to deliver the desired performance for medical applications. To overcome this issue, we focus on the deep learning technique and introduced Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) based model which flows the information in both direction i.e. forward to backward and backward to forward for better learning. This scheme of LSTM is known as BiLSTM because it process the data in two directions. Prior to this, the data preprocessing technique is also incorporated which performs missing value imputation using KNN imputation. The proposed approach is implanted using MATLAB tool and tested on Lung Cancer UCI dataset. The performance is measured in terms of classification accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, sensitivity and F1-score. Further, we compare the performance with existing techniques. The comparative analysis shows that proposed approach achieves better performance when compared with state-of-art techniques.

El artículo aborda la cuestión atinente a la competencia para conocer de las impugnaciones de las resoluciones sancionadoras por dopaje y, en particular, la polémica suscitada en torno a la posibilidad de que los órganos jurisdiccionales españoles controlen la legalidad de las resoluciones procedentes de federaciones deportivas españolas cuando actúan por delegación de las federaciones deportivas internacionales, potestad atribuida con carácter general al Tribunal Arbitral del Deporte.