Anti Doping

Das Buch „Doping und dopingäquivalentes Verhalten in Sport und Gesellschaft“ bietet eine multidisziplinäre Einführung in das Phänomen der Suche nach Leistungssteigerung, Optimierung und Konstanz in sportlichen und außersportlichen Handlungsfeldern. Anhand der Leitfragen „Was ist Doping?“, „Wer dopt?“, „Warum wird gedopt?“, „Warum ist Doping verboten?“, „Wie wird gegen Doping vorgegangen?“ werden die zentralen Fragen der Anti-Doping Arbeit ausführlich und umfassend beleuchtet. Auf der Basis dieser Betrachtungen werden im abschließenden sechsten Kapitel Handlungsempfehlungen für die Zukunft der Anti-Doping Arbeit formuliert.Durch seinen stringenten, übersichtlichen Aufbau ermöglicht das Buch sowohl eine kurzweilige Lektüre zu ausgewählten Fragen der Anti-Doping Arbeit, als auch eine ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema Doping und dopingäquivalentes Verhalten in Sport und Gesellschaft.

Abstract

Doping in elite-sport is a topical issue that polarizes public opinion. This dissertation outlines crucial, fundamental questions that go unasked in general discourse about doping in elite-sport and that through being answered will allow the debate to be had at more meaningful level. 

This interdisciplinary dissertation draws widely on: scientific journal entries, textbooks, multimedia and official documents in subjects of biochemistry, biology, psychology and ethics.

A comprehensive, balanced, inter-disciplinary approach to the research that was used to form this dissertation allows for a multifactorial coverage of the issues addressed and means that, at the very least, the conclusions made have some equity.

This​ dissertation examines include: what doping is and who decides, the (not so) valiant institutional structures through which doping detection is currently undertaken, and what the current prevalence of doping is likely to be.  It aims to answer two questions: (i) is the playing field levelled by the current paradigm of doping prohibition? and (ii) in this human world, there are many examples of ideals that only fitfully work in reality, but is this an argument for not making the effort to put ideals into practice?

Through this research it can be concluded that doping is far more pervasive that WADA's statistics would suggest, doping detection methods are unfit for purpose, it is questionable whether the true motives for those who organise testing are more political than egalitarian and there are great genetic dissimilarities between elite-athletes (who are, as a group, already genetically superior to the rest of the population in terms of athletic potential).

All of these conclusions highlight that elite-sport has never and probably will never be an even playing field.  Looking forward, there are far-reaching moral and political implications for organised testing.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main hormone regulating red blood cell (RBC) production. The large-scale production of a recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by biotechnological methods has made possible its widespread therapeutic use as well as its misuse in sports. Since the marketing of the first epoetin in 1989, the development has progressed to the third-generation analogs. However, the production of rHuEPO is costly, and the frequent administration of an injectable formula is not optimal for compliance of therapeutic patients. Hence, pharmaceutical industries are currently developing alternative approaches to stimulate erythropoiesis, which might offer new candidates for doping purposes. The hypoxia inducible factors (HIF) pathway is of particular interest. The introduction of new erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for clinical use requires subsequent development of anti-doping methods for detecting the abuse of these substances. The detection of ESAs is based on two different approaches, namely, the direct detection of exogenous substances and the indirect detection, for which the effects of the substances on specific biomarkers are monitored. Omics technologies, such as ironomics or tran-scriptomics, are useful for the development of new promising biomarkers for the detection of ESAs. Finally, the illicit use of ESAs associates with multiple health risks that can be irreversible, and an essential facet of anti-doping work is to educate athletes of these risks. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the evolution of ESAs, the research and implementation of the available detection methods, and the side effects associated with the misuse of ESAs.

"ENGLISH BELOW "Depuis les années 1960, l'univers du sport a été marqué par l'expansion et par l'institutionnalisation d'une activité juridique et politique mobilisée autour de la lutte contre le dopage. Toutefois, si bien des signes donnent à penser que sont consolidées les conditions propres à édifier le dopage en « problème public », de même que semblent établis les éléments propres à faire de sa répression une cause porteuse d'universalité, la lutte contre ce phénomène laisse entrevoir une évolution discontinue.

Davantage, l'analyse suggère que les politiques de lutte contre le dopage se distinguent par une bascule qui les voit osciller entre deux pôles : le pôle de la répression, voué à la sanction, et le pôle de la régulation, articulé sur des principes de compréhension. Mais aussi sur des images renouvelées de la vie sportive, qui tendent à insérer le travail sportif dans des coordonnées existentielles, ainsi que dans des représentations qui s'alimentent au répertoire des droits de l'homme et du respect de la dignité.

Ces évolutions et leurs conséquences posent alors bien des questions. De quelles dynamiques découlent ces relâchements ? Quel sens donner à l'apparente instabilité des principes qui orientent la régulation juridique ? Quelles peuvent être les conséquences de ce va-et-vient entre régime de punition et ouverture de la règle ?

Dans cette contribution, qui emprunte ses points d'appui théoriques aux travaux qui s'appliquent à identifier les contours d'une dynamique de « civilisation du droit », et en nous centrant sur les récentes révisions qu'a connues le Code mondial antidopage (CMAD), nous cernerons certaines des ambiguïtés de la lutte contre le dopage, ainsi que quelques-uns des problèmes centraux qui semblent devoir la conditionner"

"This paper opines that since the 1960s, the sporting world has undergone a change in attitude towards doping. The latter notably being provoked by the expansion and institutionalization of legal and political activities in this domain. However, despite the fact that the anti-doping movement has gained international public awareness and thus, advocates for a global answer, there remains many unsatisfactory aspects concerning this phenomenon and its discontinuous evolution.

In this respect, this paper highlights specifically the double nature of anti-doping policies, namely their disciplinary and repressive features vowed to punish, on one hand, and their civilizing prospects articulated on principles of comprehension and regulation on the other hand. Hence, their nexus raises many issues. The most important being naturally the role of human rights under the universal and monolithic disciplinary regime introduced by the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC).

Questions can be asked on these evolutions and their consequences. Which dynamics push towards this loosening? What is the meaning of the apparent instability of principles orienting this legal regulation? What are the consequences of this seesaw motion between repression and opening of the rule?

Thus, this paper will be using the concept of "civilization of law" and its theoretical framework to the recent revisions of the World Anti-doping Code (WADC) in order to identify some of the salient ambiguities of the battle against doping, as well as certain central problems which are likely to condition it.""

AIMS – To investigate the lifetime prevalence and moderators of non-medical AAS use in the five Nordic countries.
METHODS – We conducted a meta-analysis and meta-regression using studies gathered from searches in PsycINFO, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and reference checks. Included were 32 studies that provided original data on 48 lifetime prevalence rates based on a total of 233,475 inhabitants of the Nordic countries.
RESULTS – The overall lifetime prevalence obtained was 2.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-3.4, I 2 = 99.5, P < 0.001]. The prevalence for males, 2.9% (95% CI: 1.7-4.8, I 2 = 99.2, P < 0.001), was significantly higher (Qbet = 40.5, P < 0.001) than the rate for females, 0.2% (95% CI: 0.1-0.4, I 2 = 90.5, P < 0.001). Sweden has the highest prevalence of AAS use: 4.4%, followed by Norway: 2.4%, Finland: 0.8%, Iceland: 0.7%, and Denmark: 0.5%. Country, sample type, and male sample percentage significantly predicted AAS use prevalence in a meta-regression analysis. No indication of publication bias was found.
CONCLUSION – Though subject to some limitations, our findings suggest that non-medical AAS use should be regarded as a serious public health problem in the Nordic countries.

The VI St. Petersburg International Legal Forum took place on May 18-21, 2016 in the State Hermitage General Staff Building. It gathered 3750 participants coming from 77 states. The “Kutafin University Law Review” enjoyed the prestigious status of an information partner of the Forum, and its representatives followed the insightful discussions on most pressing issues in the fields of law, politics, and economics.

We investigated the relationship between aggression and anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use intent among adolescents. A nationally representative sample of Norwegian 18-year-olds (N = 1,334, females = 58.7%) took part in a survey in 2013 (response rate = 64.9%). Participants completed the physical and verbal subscales of the Short-Form Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, the Intent to Use AAS Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. They also provided demographic information and answered questions about AAS use, gambling participation, as well as cigarette and snus use. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Lifetime and past year prevalence of AAS use was 0.1%. Between 0.4% and 1.7% of participants disclosed intent to use while between 1.1% and 2.5% expressed neutral intent to initiate AAS use. Compared to persons low on aggression, individuals high on aggression were more likely to report intent and curiosity towards initiating AAS use. Our findings indicate that aggression is a risk factor for AAS use contemplation among adolescents.

El artículo aborda la cuestión atinente a la competencia para conocer de las impugnaciones de las resoluciones sancionadoras por dopaje y, en particular, la polémica suscitada en torno a la posibilidad de que los órganos jurisdiccionales españoles controlen la legalidad de las resoluciones procedentes de federaciones deportivas españolas cuando actúan por delegación de las federaciones deportivas internacionales, potestad atribuida con carácter general al Tribunal Arbitral del Deporte.

SUMMARY Although the fight against the use of doping in sport has been going on for almost 90 years, its effects have become tangible in the last 45 years only, thanks to the use of valid and sensitive analytical methods. Historically, extensive international scientific cooperation and technological progress have laid down the basis for the development of high quality doping control laboratories worldwide. New biotechnology products are constantly being discovered and are made available on the doping market, so that anti‐doping approaches must be raised to a higher level, and analytical methods must be constantly improved and refined, since it has bacome obvious that to some extent they lag behind new sophisticated doping agents. However, all the methods must first be scientifically proven and tested in order to be adequately used against doping in sport. If the technology and systematic use of the latest scientific anti‐doping knowledge continue to develop and advance, it will greatly contribute to the development of analytical methods.

Transparency is both a powerful idea and a technology of power associated with accountability, justice and democracy, which opposes the secretive and shadowy power of surveillance wielded by states and corporations. This article examines surveillance and transparency not as a dichotomy but as a constitutive relation in the field of academia, focusing specifically on ranking and rivalry in the context of competitive performance. Transparency-as-openness (open access platforms) is enmeshed in enclosures assembled from (self-) surveillance, personal data, public institutions, and private enterprise. The analysis pays particular attention to how altmetrics and credibility metrics – used to enhance personal prestige and professional standing – reinforce the neo-liberalisation of higher education. The article concludes by engaging critically with the politics and poetics of open enclosures with a view to re-imagining the practice of academic freedom.

The determination of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) in biological fluids is of great interest in the early pregnancy diagnostics, the evaluation of pregnancy disorders, as a tumor marker, as a screening procedure for anti-doping control, and many other purposes. A simple sandwich-type UltraMicro Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (UMELISA) has been developed for the measurement of HCG in serum and urine samples. Strips coated with a high affinity MAb directed against HCG are used as solid phase, to ensure the specificity of the assay. The HCG assay was completed in 1.5 h, with a measuring range of 0.76-400 mIU/mL. The intra-and inter-assay coefficients of variation were lower than 10 %, depending on the HCG concentrations evaluated. Recovery percentages were 96.43-97.16 % (serum) and 98.10-99.04 % (urine). The assay detected intact HCG, nicked HCG, HCG ␤, and nicked HCG ␤, and did not recognize any of the interfering molecules tested. Regression analysis showed a good correlation with Elecsys in serum

The Journal of the Malta College of Family Doctors ABSTRACT The number of persons taking part in organized sports in our islands is increasing every year. Many of these athletes and the events that they participate in are subject to doping control tests by the National Anti-Doping Organisation (NADO) or the national federation or association of their particular sport. A small number of these tests record a prohibited substance present in the athlete’s sample, which may have serious consequences on the sporting career of the athlete. Many athletes consult their general practitioner (GP) or team doctor regularly for advice when they develop a medical condition. This article is intended to provide the GP with background information regarding drugs that may be used safely and without consequences for the athlete, the procedure to follow when the athlete needs to be treated with drugs which are prohibited to athletes, and the pitfalls of accidental doping.