World Anti Doping Code

The persistence of doping in professional sports—either by individuals on an isolated basis and by whole teams as part of a systematic doping programme—means that professional sport today is rarely if ever untainted. There are financial incentives in place that incentivise doping and there are data that show that doping is often a systematic, organised enterprise (either at team-level, or at state-level). The main question to be answered today in professional sports is whether doping’s repressive anti-doping policies do not have greater negative consequences for society. Whilst some have suggested legitimising safe doping under medical control, in this paper, I argue that doing so will do little to prevent clandestine use of dangerous performance-enhancing substances, and suggest an alternative solution to lifting the ban on doping, i.e. starting from extending liability for doping in sport beyond athletes to those holding power and authority over athletes, to changing winning incen...

Islam recommends its followers to protect the body, to enjoy full health and also prohibits them from endangering their own soul (an-Nafs) which is within their body. This study attempts to present the perspective of Islamic Shari‘ah regarding performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) used in sports. This is achieved by showing that using prohibited substances and methods constitutes fraud. Moreover, it also has a detrimental effect on the right to life and the right of bodily integrity. The Problem: The problem states that some sports practitioners accept the idea of taking banned items and consider it to be inevitable in line with the sweeping trend of globalization. However, it is a fact that such behaviour contradicts Islamic ethics and rules which forbid cheating. Methodology: This study employed descriptive, analytical, and inferential methods as these methods suit the objectives and hypotheses of the study. Authenticity and Value: The originality and value of this study appears in its ethical presentation and treatment of the phenomenon which has been stripped of any moral determinant. Findings: The most important finding of this study is that cheating in sports, particularly doping in sports, is a serious problem that needs a radical solution. Furthermore, any respected athlete (male or female) who is taking PEDs should abstain from taking such drugs because it is considered as cheating that harms the body and endangers life. Accordingly, a person who takes prohibited and banned drugs contravenes both the Islamic Shari‘ah and the secular law. Moreover, that person deserves punishment suggested by both of these codes of law.
Keywords: Abrahamic religions, doping, ethics, gene doping, globalization, Islam, sports.

This dissertation examines the World Anti-Doping Agency’s harmonised set of anti-doping rules, known as the World Anti-Doping Code. The predominant focus of this study is the consequences which an athlete faces when confronted with the accusation that he or she has committed an anti-doping rule violation. The fundamental principles and rights as articulated in international human rights instruments, namely the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, will be referred to throughout this study and are the barometer for determining whether the rules of the Code sufficiently protect the rights of the athlete.

The rationales which underpin the World Anti-Doping Code will be critically analysed and an informed assessment will be made as to whether the myriad of justifications for these harmonised set of anti-doping rules are sufficiently compelling in light of the affects that an anti-doping rule violation has on inter alia the livelihood and reputation of the athlete.

This study affirms that the World Anti-Doping Code is neither justifiable in its current format nor does it sufficiently protect the rights of the modern athlete.

Das Buch „Doping und dopingäquivalentes Verhalten in Sport und Gesellschaft“ bietet eine multidisziplinäre Einführung in das Phänomen der Suche nach Leistungssteigerung, Optimierung und Konstanz in sportlichen und außersportlichen Handlungsfeldern. Anhand der Leitfragen „Was ist Doping?“, „Wer dopt?“, „Warum wird gedopt?“, „Warum ist Doping verboten?“, „Wie wird gegen Doping vorgegangen?“ werden die zentralen Fragen der Anti-Doping Arbeit ausführlich und umfassend beleuchtet. Auf der Basis dieser Betrachtungen werden im abschließenden sechsten Kapitel Handlungsempfehlungen für die Zukunft der Anti-Doping Arbeit formuliert.Durch seinen stringenten, übersichtlichen Aufbau ermöglicht das Buch sowohl eine kurzweilige Lektüre zu ausgewählten Fragen der Anti-Doping Arbeit, als auch eine ausführliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema Doping und dopingäquivalentes Verhalten in Sport und Gesellschaft.

Abstract

Doping in elite-sport is a topical issue that polarizes public opinion. This dissertation outlines crucial, fundamental questions that go unasked in general discourse about doping in elite-sport and that through being answered will allow the debate to be had at more meaningful level. 

This interdisciplinary dissertation draws widely on: scientific journal entries, textbooks, multimedia and official documents in subjects of biochemistry, biology, psychology and ethics.

A comprehensive, balanced, inter-disciplinary approach to the research that was used to form this dissertation allows for a multifactorial coverage of the issues addressed and means that, at the very least, the conclusions made have some equity.

This​ dissertation examines include: what doping is and who decides, the (not so) valiant institutional structures through which doping detection is currently undertaken, and what the current prevalence of doping is likely to be.  It aims to answer two questions: (i) is the playing field levelled by the current paradigm of doping prohibition? and (ii) in this human world, there are many examples of ideals that only fitfully work in reality, but is this an argument for not making the effort to put ideals into practice?

Through this research it can be concluded that doping is far more pervasive that WADA's statistics would suggest, doping detection methods are unfit for purpose, it is questionable whether the true motives for those who organise testing are more political than egalitarian and there are great genetic dissimilarities between elite-athletes (who are, as a group, already genetically superior to the rest of the population in terms of athletic potential).

All of these conclusions highlight that elite-sport has never and probably will never be an even playing field.  Looking forward, there are far-reaching moral and political implications for organised testing.

"ENGLISH BELOW "Depuis les années 1960, l'univers du sport a été marqué par l'expansion et par l'institutionnalisation d'une activité juridique et politique mobilisée autour de la lutte contre le dopage. Toutefois, si bien des signes donnent à penser que sont consolidées les conditions propres à édifier le dopage en « problème public », de même que semblent établis les éléments propres à faire de sa répression une cause porteuse d'universalité, la lutte contre ce phénomène laisse entrevoir une évolution discontinue.

Davantage, l'analyse suggère que les politiques de lutte contre le dopage se distinguent par une bascule qui les voit osciller entre deux pôles : le pôle de la répression, voué à la sanction, et le pôle de la régulation, articulé sur des principes de compréhension. Mais aussi sur des images renouvelées de la vie sportive, qui tendent à insérer le travail sportif dans des coordonnées existentielles, ainsi que dans des représentations qui s'alimentent au répertoire des droits de l'homme et du respect de la dignité.

Ces évolutions et leurs conséquences posent alors bien des questions. De quelles dynamiques découlent ces relâchements ? Quel sens donner à l'apparente instabilité des principes qui orientent la régulation juridique ? Quelles peuvent être les conséquences de ce va-et-vient entre régime de punition et ouverture de la règle ?

Dans cette contribution, qui emprunte ses points d'appui théoriques aux travaux qui s'appliquent à identifier les contours d'une dynamique de « civilisation du droit », et en nous centrant sur les récentes révisions qu'a connues le Code mondial antidopage (CMAD), nous cernerons certaines des ambiguïtés de la lutte contre le dopage, ainsi que quelques-uns des problèmes centraux qui semblent devoir la conditionner"

"This paper opines that since the 1960s, the sporting world has undergone a change in attitude towards doping. The latter notably being provoked by the expansion and institutionalization of legal and political activities in this domain. However, despite the fact that the anti-doping movement has gained international public awareness and thus, advocates for a global answer, there remains many unsatisfactory aspects concerning this phenomenon and its discontinuous evolution.

In this respect, this paper highlights specifically the double nature of anti-doping policies, namely their disciplinary and repressive features vowed to punish, on one hand, and their civilizing prospects articulated on principles of comprehension and regulation on the other hand. Hence, their nexus raises many issues. The most important being naturally the role of human rights under the universal and monolithic disciplinary regime introduced by the World Anti-Doping Code (WADC).

Questions can be asked on these evolutions and their consequences. Which dynamics push towards this loosening? What is the meaning of the apparent instability of principles orienting this legal regulation? What are the consequences of this seesaw motion between repression and opening of the rule?

Thus, this paper will be using the concept of "civilization of law" and its theoretical framework to the recent revisions of the World Anti-doping Code (WADC) in order to identify some of the salient ambiguities of the battle against doping, as well as certain central problems which are likely to condition it.""

El artículo aborda la cuestión atinente a la competencia para conocer de las impugnaciones de las resoluciones sancionadoras por dopaje y, en particular, la polémica suscitada en torno a la posibilidad de que los órganos jurisdiccionales españoles controlen la legalidad de las resoluciones procedentes de federaciones deportivas españolas cuando actúan por delegación de las federaciones deportivas internacionales, potestad atribuida con carácter general al Tribunal Arbitral del Deporte.

In February 2022, a panel of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) issued a decision permitting 15-year-old Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva to compete at the 2022 Olympic Games, despite World Anti-Doping Code rules that mandated her provisional suspension due to a positive drug test.  Public reaction to the CAS decision was generally negative with some observers, including the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), accusing CAS of judicial activism by encroaching on the policy-making role of WADA.  However, a closer examination of the decision reveals that the arbitration panel was not only acting within the scope of its authority but fulfilling a necessary institutional role in the international sport system.  This institutional role ensures that international sport organizations, such as WADA, are held accountable for violating athletes’ fundamental rights and that athletes are able to participate in the evolution of sport rules – a role they would not otherwise have due to their lack of representation and decision-making power in the governance structures of sport organizations.

The term "international sports law" has firmly established itself in the lexicon of international lawyers. What are its subjects? The athlete possesses a number of rights and duties spelt in international documents, he can also defend his rights in the Court of Arbitration for Sports in Lausanne. However, he is rather a beneficiary of these norms than its creator. Undoubtedly states and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) are subjects of international sports law. A notable contribution to the formation of international sports law is made by international nongovernmental organizations. Set up in 1999 as a juridical person on the Swiss territory, the WADA activities in the fight against doping in sports have assumed an international scope. Nowadays the WADA unites representatives of the Olympic movement, 18 governments and 2 IGOs. The WADA is a unique hybrid organization whose legal status and normativity of whose international documents call for a further analysis.

"Doping is addressed from two different scopes: on one hand, the legal regulations for prevention and repression are studied; on the other hand, the clash between the anti-doping control mechanism and a fundamental right such as the sportsperson’s privacy is noted. The Organic Act No. 7/2006 on Protection of Health and Fight against Doping in Sports rules on this matter in Spain. Well now, the problem arises when the anti-doping legislation worldwide and in Spain, which enables some healthcare professionals and other people involved, to carry out several anti-doping operations that may conflict with the sportsperson’s fundamental right to privacy. For this reason, it is pertinent to raise the issue if one of these operations, such as the duty of permanent localization, is sufficiently justified in terms of protecting the sportsperson’s health.

El dopaje es abordado desde dos dimensiones distintas: de un lado, se estudia el régimen jurídico de su prevención y represión; y, de otro lado, se advierte la colisión que desencadena el mecanismo del control antidopaje con un derecho fundamental como es la intimidad del deportista. En España, sobre la materia rige la Ley Orgánica N° 7/2006 de Protección de la Salud y de Lucha contra el Dopaje en el Deporte. Ahora bien, se presenta el problema consistente en que la legislación antidopaje a nivel mundial y español habilita a los profesionales sanitarios y a otras personas implicadas a efectuar una serie de operaciones "antidoping" que pueden llegar a entrar en conflicto con el derecho fundamental a la intimidad del deportista. Es, por ende, pertinente plantearse si una de estas operaciones, como es el deber de localización permanente, queda suficientemente justificada en función de proteger la salud del deportista."

This paper describes evolving patterns of drug misuse in sport, and reciprocal systems for defining and detecting doping across the late twentieth century.  The International Olympic Committee's list of prohibited substances and methods is presented as a primary tool for developing and administering such systems.  Developments in the list since its introduction have been stimulated both by increasingly sophisticated detection methods, and by the imperative to recognise and anticipate trends in doping.  The historical argument that doping is incompatible with the ethical nature of sport, and relates to pressures and inducements to misuse drugs, particularly at the elite level, is also addressed.  Finally, recent developments in international collaboration between governments and the sporting community are covered, and continued efforts to harmonise standards in anti-doping policies and practices are advocated.

The Journal of the Malta College of Family Doctors ABSTRACT The number of persons taking part in organized sports in our islands is increasing every year. Many of these athletes and the events that they participate in are subject to doping control tests by the National Anti-Doping Organisation (NADO) or the national federation or association of their particular sport. A small number of these tests record a prohibited substance present in the athlete’s sample, which may have serious consequences on the sporting career of the athlete. Many athletes consult their general practitioner (GP) or team doctor regularly for advice when they develop a medical condition. This article is intended to provide the GP with background information regarding drugs that may be used safely and without consequences for the athlete, the procedure to follow when the athlete needs to be treated with drugs which are prohibited to athletes, and the pitfalls of accidental doping.

Over 20 years after the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999, doping remains widespread in international competition. Performance-enhancing drug use particularly affects Olympic track and field, despite renewed efforts to control doping in the sport. This commentary assesses the current state of research on doping in Olympic track and field, identifies key research gaps, and recommends research and policy priorities to more effectively tailor anti-doping efforts to the needs of track and field athletes. Methodological challenges in estimating the prevalence of doping, limited research on athletes' attitudes toward doping, and insufficient data specific to track and field all continue to hinder the development of effective anti-doping policies. Research gaps call for the greater identification and incorporation of athlete perspectives, improved doping frequency statistics, education implementation information, and consistent anti-doping terminology to better inform anti-doping strategies. Once sufficient data is collected and universalized, efforts towards implementing equitable educational measures, increasing athlete policy input, and the reevaluation of policy systems and organizations can be prioritized.

The persistence of doping in professional sports—either by individuals on an isolated basis and by whole teams as part of a systematic doping programme—means that professional sport today is rarely if ever untainted. There are financial incentives in place that incentivise doping and there are data that show that doping is often a systematic, organised enterprise (either at team-level, or at state-level). The main question to be answered today in professional sports is whether doping’s repressive anti-doping policies do not have greater negative consequences for society. Whilst some have suggested legitimising safe doping under medical control, in this paper, I argue that doing so will do little to prevent clandestine use of dangerous performance-enhancing substances, and suggest an alternative solution to lifting the ban on doping, i.e. starting from extending liability for doping in sport beyond athletes to those holding power and authority over athletes, to changing winning incentives for doping, to making sport sustainable in the longer time by devising ways of providing athletes with a steady income which is not linked to record breaking or sponsorships.

A systematic review of the social science literature on doping published between 2000 and the present (July 2014) was conducted. A total of 529 relevant publications were identified. This included 481 academic peer-reviewed journal articles (90.9% of the total), 43 chapters in scholarly books (8.1%) and five scholarly books (0.9%). Each publication was coded for year of publication, research methodology, country of origin (i.e., where data collection occurred), populations studied, sample sizes and focus of the study. CONTACT FIRST AUTHOR FOR FULL COPY OF REPORT