Urban Environmental Management

A Ecologia de Paisagem é uma moderna disciplina da Ecologia dedicada a entender as diversas inter-relações entre a humanidade – suas atividades e seus artefatos – e sua aberta e ampla paisagem. Na Europa Central é considerada como resultado de uma visão integrada e sistêmica, por muitos denominada de holística, adotada por pesquisadores de várias áreas do conhecimento, como geógrafos, ecologistas, planejadores de paisagens, arquitetos e gestores do ambiente. O escopo fundamental dessa nova área do conhecimento é formar um elo entre os sistemas natural e humano, incluindo as atividades agrícolas e urbanas que mudam continuamente a paisagem.

The Shenzhen Environment Outlook documents the real situation and evident characteristics of urban environment and development of Shenzhen. It serves for various readers, including government policy makers, international experts who are concerned with Shenzhen, researchers, NGOs and ordinary citizens as well.

The Shenzhen Environment Outlook is the first urban environmental outlook report in China under Global Environment Outlook (GEO) assessment framework. Meanwhile, it is also the first application of the GEO assessment procedure in Mainland of China.

Green space distribution plays a vital role in urban planning since they contribute significantly in enhancing environmental quality of metropolitan areas by improving air quality, urban health, conserving biodiversity, reducing noise, etc. Migration of rural population into urban areas and widespread industrialization lead to the rapid growth of urban population, consequently expanding urban sprawls. Removal of vegetation cover can be identified as one of the most adverse effects of urbanization. Proper distribution of green spaces in urban environments is therefore a necessity for the sustainable development and healthy living. Hence, it is essential to identify the green space requirement quantitatively and spatially. In this endeavour, integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques can provide a time and cost effective methodology.Colombo city of Sri Lanka has been identified as one of the most polluted cities in South Asian region. Rapid urbanization and the population growth are the main causes for the degradation of environmental quality in Colombo. Unplanned constructions and settlements in Colombo have contributed to significant reduction of green spaces. Therefore, special consideration has to be made for the proper distribution of green spaces in future development and planning projects in Colombo.
In this study, available green spaces in Colombo are extracted through NDVI method using THEOS satellite imagery. Subsequently, green spaces required to be created are calculated with respect to WHO standards of green spaces per capita for healthy living (9.5 m2/ person) and a methodology is developed to spatially define appropriate areas to establish them.

This article brings the contemporary thinking and practice of Urban Environmental Management (UEM) to the solution of real problems in a major city of a developing country in Latin America. Such cities both face more immediate problems than the developed world and have fewer resources to deal with them. The study first considers the Latin American context and then reviews issues of poverty alleviation, industry, sewage and sanitation, water, energy, transportation and finance in Lima, Peru. Finally, it proposes a 5-year plan to help solve the urban environmental problems of Metropolitan Lima, an environmentally difficult, but important Latin American metropolitan area located between the Pacific Ocean and a hilly desert, utilizing a real world database and a limited budget.

Il presente capitolo tratterà di alcune esperienze, sia europee che italiane, concernenti la gestione, da parte delle pubbliche amministrazioni, del possibile ruolo di strumenti innovativi nella gestione del flusso informativo/comunicativo, con particolare riguardo verso tematiche tendenti ad incrementare processi di sostenibilità, sia attraverso politiche di integrazione delle nuove tecnologie con i mezzi tradizionali si con politiche volte ad incrementare l’efficienza della macchina amministrativa, la sua trasparenza e a processi democratici sempre più allargati.
Il tentativo è volto, quindi a ricercare quelle condizioni che possono promuovere una politica tendente alla sostenibilità economica e sociale.
Da un punto di vista generale si distinguono quattro tipologie di approccio nelle politiche urbane e volte a favorire l’accesso alla ICT da parte del maggior numero di cittadini. Ovvero:
1. un approccio strutturato sulla creazione di punti di accesso alla ICT, ed in particolare accesso ad internet;
2. fornitura, gratuita, di accesso ad internet operata attraverso gli edifici pubblici;
3. fornitura, a carattere gratuito per tutti, dell’accesso ad internet;
4. fornitura dell’accesso ad internet operata a carattere locale e su porzioni di territorio, in particolare le periferie, dove maggiori sono i divari sociali ed economici.
Nel seguito verranno analizzate le differenti esperienze europee che daranno una sintesi delle applicazioni della ICT nell’ambito locale.

The city of Bangalore in southern India is rapidly expanding, resulting in major transformations in land use, wetland management, and the distribution of green spaces. This paper examines how transformations in land use and governance consequent to urbanization can change people’s perceptions of and interactions with an urban ecological commons, using the case study of the Agara lake in the south Indian city of Bangalore. In less than four decades, the landscape surrounding the lake has altered from a fundamentally agricultural area, dependent on the lake for irrigation and drinking water, to a densely urbanized area where the lake is used predominantly for recreation. A change in governance from community management to state management has sidelined the fishers, fodder collectors and agricultural users who traditionally maintained this lake. The governmental agencies that are supposed to maintain the lake are unable to do so due to a complex governance structure, with overlapping jurisdictions, compounded by an ongoing litigation. Over the past decades, the lake has largely transitioned into an urban green space primarily used for recreation and nature watching. This case study provides us with a broader understanding of how changes in governance consequent to urbanization and city expansion can impact interactions between people and ecological commons in a rapidly growing Indian city.

This paper describes the findings of an eight-year study on human health and community engagement in Anjukudisai, and 'objectionable' slum in Chennai. It shows that human behaviour, constrained by socio-economic factors, often leads to ecosystem degradation and frequently causes reactions that jeopardize people's health. Furthermore, institutional structures often prevent holistic integrated thinking and action. Urban health issues are closely linked to both environmental and socio-economic conditions. The impact of environmental degradation is often most severe on the poorest segments of society: slum dwellers, women, children, and the elderly.

After colonial times Latin America has been characterized by informal urbanization processes and spontaneous appropriation of the territory without any regulation or structure (Alcaldía de Medellín, 2006). Nowadays, in the specific case of Colombia, the migration processes continue and the main cities are still receiving thousands of people motivated for the economic opportunities or forced by the internal armed conflict. In Colombia, more than 75% of the population is living in cities and from that percentage, between 20 and 30% of the urban population is living in informal and precarious settlements. Colombia and Brazil are the countries with the highest rates of inequality and the lowest rates of urban security in Latin America (Echeverri, 2011).

Medellín is the capital of the department of Antioquia, the second largest city in Colombia and is located in the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, the second largest urban agglomeration in the country with more than 3.731.447 inhabitants. Almost 50% of the population of the city lives in informal settlements and occupy geographically dangerous areas (DANE, 2010). After decades of violence, insecurity, inequality and social segregation, in the last decade the city has experienced an urban renewal process so called Social Urbanism.

The bases of the Social Urbanism processes were the Urban Integration Projects (PUI), as a strategy of physical intervention in informal areas of the city. This paper is focused on the project development and management of the Northeastern Urban Integration Project (PUI), located in an area characterized for high levels of marginalization, segregation, poverty, violence and one of the lowest quality of life rates in the city.

Keywords: Informal settlements, public space, social housing, public facilities, environment, public transport, urban integration project, social urbanism, project management, urban development.

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the trip characteristics and its effects on trip frequency in the University of Lagos, Nigeria. The study focused on six motor parks in the University of Lagos and its environs (four internal and two external). Based on a preliminary study, the six parks have an average of thirty (30) waiting passengers per hour respectively, most especially during the peak periods. Each park has an average of eight (8) hours per day, which results into two hundred and forty (240) passengers per/day per/park. Thus, a total of one thousand, four hundred and forty (1440) passengers were available at the six parks during the peak period per week, on the average. This put the sample frame (the passengers) as one thousand, four hundred and forty (1440) passengers. However, a total number of three hundred and fifteen (315) questionnaires were completed and analysed. This eventually puts the sample size at 21.9%. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study revealed that, majority of the passengers (73.1%) in the study area travel purposely because of work and school. Most (93.0%) passengers’ travel time is less than 40 minutes. Most passengers (73.4%) in the study area and its environs depend on the campus shuttle and cabs for their daily trips/travel and most (70.5%) of the respondents pay an average of thirty naira as fare to their destinations. The inferential analysis found that, there is a statistically positive significant relationship between the trip frequency and trip time (n=315, r =.258, p = 0.01). Besides, there is also a statistically significant negative relationship between the trip frequency and trip purpose (n = 315, r =.-343, p = 0.01). The study recommends that, there is a need for proper maintenance of the campus shuttle, formulation of policies to cover the interior and mechanical standards, the need for organized queue at various terminals in the study area.

Key word: Public Transport, Trip Characteristics, Trip Frequency

Urban development in North-Western Region of India comprising Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Chandigarh is at cross roads. The Region is facing many crucial and new urban challenges in post liberalization era. The scale of emerging challenges, such as housing, slums, poverty, infrastructure and services, transportation, parking, environmental pollution, is unprecedented. Slums, with multiple deprivations, are growing rapidly even in the hilly states like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir due to migration of the poor population. Urban development seems to be neglected in urban policy planning over successive planning eras.


The onset of liberal regimes in promoting development of real estate markets, beginning of low interest home loans, lack of strong regulation of sale and purchase of land and housing seem to have made them the commodity for speculation. Housing problem seem to acquire serious dimension in the wake of rapid urbanization, commodification of land and housing, distortion in land market and weakening of public sector housing provision. The social segregation and marginalization of urban poor continue to be major challenges. The town planning is poor and local governance is weak to cope with haphazard urbanization and emerging urban problems in the region. The deficiencies in infrastructure and services are visible and people’s perception about the same is very poor. The social and environmental fabric of cities in the region is under stress.



Based on compilation of extensive data on various aspects of urban development in North-Western India, the book is an attempt to contribute to the existing debate on emerging trends, concerns and strategies in urban development in India. With the discussion on the city and state level case studies from the region, the volume tries to explore how state and city governments in North-Western India have been dealing with the emerging urban issues and challenges and what sort of local policies are emerging to deal with the growing crucial urban problems. The volume provides good source of relevant data/ information to planners, local and state level policy makers and students of urban studies.

The study of Srinagar metropolis located in northern province of Jammu and Kashmir, highlights that there deficiencies in urbanisation; planning and governance; infrastructure and services; housing, slums and urban poverty; disaster management and urban environment in Srinagar. The study suggests evolving an urbanisation strategy for planned development of Srinagar. Planning and governance is core to the urban development and improvement in the same is crucial for sustaining future of the city. There is an urgent need to improve access of housing and basic services to the urban poor and enhance coverage of critical infrastructure to the vulnerable population.  Generation of livelihood and employment opportunities is necessary to growing population of unemployed people and urban poor to enable them to live dignity full life. The higher income will help them to access better education, health facilities and technical skills.  The urban environment must be improved by identifying sources pollution and controlling the same. The last but not least efforts are needed to improve the capacity of the city to prevent and manage disasters and augment the level of resilience.

This booklet is the result of a three-year funded programme at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) titled “Urban Resilience Assessment for Sustainable Urban Development”.  The Programme was developed with the specific intention of giving support to local government in South Africa. This was done with the recognition that municipalities have a potentially vital role in proactively managing processes of change.
The idea of resilience arguably adds a new and compelling dimension to policy and planning, but there is also a danger that, as its use multiplies, it will become an increasingly fuzzy, catch-all term that we pay homage to as a form of lip-service.
The specific purpose of this document is to assist municipalities in South Africa in applying ideas of urban resilience in a thoughtful, intelligent and critical, way. It is not designed as a “manual” or “tool box”, but rather as a tool to promote urban resilience thinking.
The booklet is the result of this three-years, trans-disciplinary Research  is divided into five major thrusts, being:
1. Resilience and urban governance
2. Resilience in urban form and fabric
3. Resilience in urban infrastructures
4. Resilience of natural assets and ecological systems
5. Green economies for resilience

This paper presents the results of a workshop held in August 2002 in support of an action-oriented program of research that adopts an ecosystem approach to human health in Chennai, India. The workshop brought together stakeholders and potential participants in the research program in a collaborative environment to explore environment and health relationships, identify key actors and stakeholders in managing for human health, and develop a conceptual model of environment and health in Chennai. The workshop also introduced the ecosystem approach to workshop participants and explored the feasibility of applying the approach in Chennai. This paper is intended to highlight the use of a stakeholder workshop within an ecosystem approach, as well as techniques employed in the workshop’s working sessions. Influences on the workshop come from soft systems methodology, adaptive management and participatory action research. Working sessions were oriented to problem identification and framing, system conceptualization and visioning. Workshop participants developed a diagrammatic expression of environment and health in Chennai known as a ‘rich picture.’ Important themes in environment and health were drawn from this expression, such as: slums as locations of most -vulnerable populations and objectionable conditions; surface water quality and water bourne disease (e.g., typhoid, cholera, diarrhea, dysentery); public participation in management of environment and health problems; and malaria. Workshop participants also helped to identify a mixed-methods approach to addressing these issues in slum areas. The workshop results are now being used to direct the broader program of research.

The neighborhood is the main base of urban body and the future of social life balance in the cities has much dependence to keep the unit of the neighborhood. It is the neighborhoods that make pleasant living in the large cities. During 20th century using the idea of residential neighborhood has been based for so many modern urban development theories and this idea has been welcomed to deal with various urban problems such as management issues, social and human relationships, health and welfare problems and also semantic and identity dimensions. Sardasht city is facing with various dilemmas regarding optimal management of spatial organization of the city. And the present approach in its major and centralized management has not led to sustainable urban development due to the lack relying on local building, public participation, and sustainable systems of local ecologic and thus meets the real needs of residents. Therefore, development of urban neighborhoods has known as the pilot point of developing sustainable management of the city. This study is focusing on this goal and testing the modern approach of sustainable neighborhood-oriented in the system of modern urban management in the Shabake 2 district. The method of the research is applied-development and the survey method is a way to doing it .statistical population of this research consists of all residents of Shabake 2 district of Sardasht which among Shirko Ahmadi, Rezgar Hamzeh pour, Mehdi Ehsasikhah ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE URBAN SETTLEMENTS-CASE STUDY: SHABAKE 2 NEIGHBORHOOD OF SARDASHT CITY, IRAN European Journal of Social Sciences Studies-Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2017 28 them 320 persons selected as random sampling for statistical sample. The data has analyzed by SPSS software. Results indicate that the value of sustainability of the neighborhood in terms of residents is in the moderate level. Also, findings of research indicate that there is difference among various places of this neighborhood in terms of sustainability. According to findings of research seems that the most important implementation strategy for sustainability is applying coordinated organizing strategies and empowering the neighborhood at the national-regional and local level.

The Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) regarded as a geo-spatial unit is very important economic bloc due to it shares common culture, religion and linguistic base with a big
threshold of population and resources. This region also has great potential for development underpinning by the GMS Development Cooperation and the Ayeyawady-Chao Phraya-Mekong Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS). Thailand located at the strategic location of South East Asian region has been intensifying economic interdependence with neighbouring countries through increasing cross-border trade and people’s mobility which made possible by means of greater degree of physical connectivity in the form of economiccorridors, continuous trade and investment facilitation. As a result, it opens up new opportunities for Thailand to engage cross-border production and supply chain linkages with neighbouring countries by establishing special border economic zones in prospective locations in order to take advantage of cheap labor from Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar and wider access to their primary markets as well as penetrating to regional and global markets.

Robust cross-border trade relations between Thailand and neighbouring countries have been observed over last 13 years in which trading patterns are becoming quite diverse depending on their comparative advantage, division of labor and specialization of production. In general, Thailand mainly exports consumer, intermediate and some capital goods to neighbouring countries, and imports primary goods such as agricultural, fishery products and ranges of resources from neighbouring countries. Cross-border trade gaps between Thailand and individual neighbouring countries greatly vary from one country to another. In addition, cross-border retail trades particularly carried out by rural poor are always conducted at specific allowed border crossings. Though the growth of cross-border trade and commerce is flourishing, it is probable that this progress might lead to some extent variation in regional development impacts. However, Thailand is facing significantly chronic interregional inequalities in which the Northeastern has long been a backward region followed by Northern region as well as obvious intra-regional differences.

Out of 30 border provinces, 19 backward border provinces were identified. Taking these cross-border trade interactions and people’s mobility as major factors, it can preliminarily be identified possible eight special border economic zones corresponding with priority manufactured commodities to be created in Thailand linking with neighbouring countries in order to bridge not only intra-regional and interregional disparities within Thailand but also international development gaps with Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia and Myanmar, respectively. Such policy implications for establishing special economic zones in Thailand need to be addressed with awareness in six main aspects: political, economic, social, infrastructural, environmental and institutional. Recommendations to promote special border economic zones have been made centering around exploring more geographical border areas as special border economic zones in Thailand and possible linkages with neigbouring countries, setting up a system for managing and administering special border economic zones, establishing local supply chains networks to link up with the proposed special border economic zones, providing cross-border logistics services, fostering close cooperation and coordination on managing social problems associated with cross-border migration, as well as rendering capacity building for integrated regional and local public administration system.

พื้นที่ลุ่มแม่น้ำโขงใหญ่ (Greater Mekong Sub-region หรือ GMS) ซึ่งถือเป็นหน่วยภูมิศาสตร์และพื้นที่เศรษฐกิจที่สำคัญ เนื่องจากมีลักษณะร่วมทางวัฒนธรรม ศาสนา และภาษาที่เหมือนกัน พร้อมกับมีประชากรและทรัพยากรจำนวนมาก พื้นที่นี้ยังมีศักยภาพสูงในการพัฒนา ซึ่งได้รับการสนับสนุนจากความร่วมมือด้านการพัฒนาใน GMS และกลยุทธ์ความร่วมมือทางเศรษฐกิจ อะเยาวดี-เจ้าพระยา-แม่โขง (ACMECS) ประเทศไทย ซึ่งตั้งอยู่ในทำเลที่มีความสำคัญทางยุทธศาสตร์ในภูมิภาคเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ ได้เสริมสร้างความเป็นอันหนึ่งอันเดียวกันทางเศรษฐกิจกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้านผ่านการค้าข้ามพรมแดนและการเคลื่อนย้ายประชากรที่เพิ่มขึ้น ซึ่งสามารถทำได้โดยการเชื่อมโยงทางกายภาพที่ดีขึ้นในรูปแบบของ corridors เศรษฐกิจ รวมถึงการอำนวยความสะดวกด้านการค้าและการลงทุนอย่างต่อเนื่อง ดังนั้น จึงเปิดโอกาสใหม่ให้ประเทศไทยมีส่วนร่วมในการผลิตข้ามพรมแดนและเชื่อมโยงห่วงโซ่อุปทานกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน โดยการจัดตั้งเขตเศรษฐกิจชายแดนพิเศษในตำแหน่งที่มีศักยภาพ เพื่อใช้ประโยชน์จากแรงงานราคาถูกจากกัมพูชา ลาว และพม่า รวมถึงการเข้าถึงตลาดหลักของพวกเขาได้กว้างขวางขึ้น รวมทั้งการเจาะเข้าสู่ตลาดภูมิภาคและตลาดโลก

ความสัมพันธ์การค้าข้ามพรมแดนที่แข็งแกร่งระหว่างประเทศไทยและประเทศเพื่อนบ้านได้รับการสังเกตในช่วง 13 ปีที่ผ่านมา โดยรูปแบบการค้าที่หลากหลายขึ้น ซึ่งขึ้นอยู่กับข้อได้เปรียบเชิงเปรียบเทียบ การแบ่งงาน และความเชี่ยวชาญในการผลิต โดยทั่วไปแล้วประเทศไทยส่งออกสินค้าผู้บริโภค สินค้าระหว่างการผลิต และสินค้าทุนบางประเภทไปยังประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน และนำเข้าสินค้าพื้นฐาน เช่น ผลิตภัณฑ์เกษตร ประมง และทรัพยากรจากประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน ช่องว่างในการค้าข้ามพรมแดนระหว่างประเทศไทยและประเทศเพื่อนบ้านแต่ละประเทศมีความแตกต่างกันอย่างมาก นอกจากนี้ การค้าปลีกข้ามพรมแดน โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งที่ดำเนินการโดยคนจนในชนบทมักจะเกิดขึ้นที่จุดข้ามพรมแดนที่ได้รับอนุญาตเฉพาะ แม้ว่าการเติบโตของการค้าข้ามพรมแดนและการค้าจะเจริญรุ่งเรือง แต่ก็มีความเป็นไปได้ที่การพัฒนานี้อาจทำให้เกิดความแตกต่างในผลกระทบจากการพัฒนาในภูมิภาค อย่างไรก็ตาม ประเทศไทยกำลังเผชิญกับความไม่เท่าเทียมกันระหว่างภูมิภาคอย่างรุนแรง โดยภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือยังคงเป็นพื้นที่ที่ล้าหลัง ตามมาด้วยภาคเหนือ รวมถึงความแตกต่างที่เห็นได้ชัดภายในภูมิภาค

จาก 30 จังหวัดชายแดน พบว่า 19 จังหวัดชายแดนล้าหลังได้รับการระบุ โดยการพิจารณาการติดต่อทางการค้าข้ามพรมแดนและการเคลื่อนย้ายประชากรเป็นปัจจัยสำคัญ สามารถระบุเบื้องต้นได้ว่า มีสถานที่ที่มีศักยภาพจำนวน 8 แห่งที่สามารถจัดตั้งเขตเศรษฐกิจชายแดนพิเศษในประเทศไทยที่เชื่อมโยงกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน ซึ่งจะช่วยลดช่องว่างทั้งภายในภูมิภาคและระหว่างภูมิภาคภายในประเทศไทย รวมถึงช่องว่างการพัฒนาระหว่างประเทศกับกัมพูชา ลาว มาเลเซีย และพม่า ตามลำดับ ดังนั้น นโยบายในการจัดตั้งเขตเศรษฐกิจพิเศษในประเทศไทยจึงควรได้รับการพิจารณาอย่างรอบคอบใน 6 ด้านหลัก ได้แก่ ด้านการเมือง เศรษฐกิจ สังคม โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน สิ่งแวดล้อม และสถาบัน การแนะนำเพื่อส่งเสริมเขตเศรษฐกิจชายแดนพิเศษมีข้อเสนอหลักในการสำรวจพื้นที่ชายแดนที่มีศักยภาพมากขึ้นสำหรับจัดตั้งเขตเศรษฐกิจชายแดนพิเศษในประเทศไทย และเชื่อมโยงกับประเทศเพื่อนบ้าน รวมถึงการสร้างระบบในการบริหารจัดการและดูแลเขตเศรษฐกิจชายแดนพิเศษ การจัดตั้งเครือข่ายห่วงโซ่อุปทานท้องถิ่นที่เชื่อมโยงกับเขตเศรษฐกิจชายแดนพิเศษที่เสนอ การให้บริการด้านโลจิสติกส์ข้ามพรมแดน การส่งเสริมความร่วมมือและการประสานงานในการจัดการปัญหาสังคมที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการย้ายถิ่นข้ามพรมแดน รวมถึงการสร้างขีดความสามารถในระบบการบริหารจัดการภาครัฐระดับภูมิภาคและท้องถิ่นแบบบูรณาการ

The paper reports on both methodological and substantive findings. It presents a method for generating simplified representations for regional urban populations, their geographical sub-populations and communities. the method generates greatly simplified high-resolution socio-economic profiles of populated geographical areas from complex large census data sets.

Lingkungan dan manusia adalah dua hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Keduanya memiliki ikatan yang saling bersinambungan, saling memengaruhi. Kesinambungan keduanya perlu dijaga sehingga mampu berjalan beriringan antara aktivitas manusia sehari-hari dan lestarinya alam sepanjanga masa. Namun, pada kenyataannya keselarasan keduanya tidak dapat berjalan sempurna. Banyak oknum-oknum yang tidak bertanggungjawab merusak lingkungan hanya untuk kepentingan perekonomian pribadi atau pun golongan. Sehingga lingkungan dikesampingkan, keberlangsungan lestarinya tidak diperhatikan. Banyak perkotaan yang sekarang kekurangan RTH (Ruang Terbuka Hijau) yang di miliki. Penataan kota yang tidak tertata, menambah kesan bahwa perkotaan mengesampingkan kelangsungan kehidupan manusia dengan lingkungan yang lestari. Banyak terjadi ketimpangan di berbagai sisi, terutama ketika alam tidak bersahabat lagi dengan manusia. Surutnya air tanah, polusi udara dimana-mana, serta banjir yang menambah riuhnya dinamika kehidupan perkotaan di Indonesia. Akhirnya, banyak masyarakat yang sekarang sadar bahwa menjaga lingkungan dan melestarikannya adalah kewajiban tidak hanya slogan yang terpasang di sudut-sudut perkotaan. Eksistensi kelompok-kelompok sadar lingkungan (Pokdarling) dirasa perlu mendapatkan apresiasi dari masyarakat luas. Sebab, kehadirannya tidak hanya menyemarakkan aksi peduli lingkungan namun juga memberikan harapan baru terhadap kesadaran pentingnya keberlangsungan hidup antara manusia dan lingkungan yang ia tempati. Aksi-aksi yang mereka lakukan tidak hanya bersifat formal di jalan-jalan. Lebih dari itu, mereka memberikan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat luas sembari mendiskusikan permasalahan-permasalahan yang terkait dengan lingkungan. Mereka pula memberikan pendidikan secara berkala tentang perlunya kesadaran dan kecintaan terhadap lingkungan yang di mulai dari diri sendiri. Pokdarling memberikan ruang bagi masyarakat untuk mengkritisi dan ikut berperan terhadap pembangunan yang dilakukan oleh swasta maupun pemerintah di lingkungan tempat mereka tinggal. Sehingga, Pokdarling mampu memberikan pengertian kepada masyarakat perkotaan bahwa mencintai lingkungan dan melestarikannya tidak hanya kewajiban sebagian orang akan tetapi merupakan kewajiban bersama. Kewajiban yang merupakan hutang yang harus dibayar untuk masa depan anak cucu mereka di masa mendatang.

The Government of Karnataka set up the Lake Development Authority in 2002 mandated to work for the conservation of lakes in Bangalore as well as other parts of Karnataka. This study done in 2006 investigates how this agency envisaged managing the lakes of Bangalore through its Public Private Participation (PPP) model, with a focus on two lakes, Hebbal and Nagavara.

Con orígenes en formas colaborativas de economía no guiadas por el ánimo de lucro, en los últimos años ha surgido un nuevo modelo de servicios turísticos conocido bajo expresiones como la de "alojamientos turísticos" o "viviendas turísticas". Se trata de viviendas de carácter inicialmente residencial que, a través de una plataforma digital, son ofertadas con carácter turístico. Se trata de una actividad económica con mucha aceptación social pero que, sin embargo, está generando numerosos conflictos relacionados, por ejemplo, con el medio ambiente urbano.  Las Comunidades Autónomas, en el ejercicio de sus competencias en materia de turismo, han dictado normas que limitan esta actividad. Además, por otra parte, los Ayuntamientos, en ejercicio de sus competencias urbanísticas, están llevando a cabo una importante labor de control y limitación de la actividad a través de la técnica de la zonificación y que supone ubicar este tipo de viviendas en determinadas y concretas partes de la ciudad. A analizar los problemas jurídicos que se plantean con este tipo de medidas se dedica este trabajo.

Originally based on collaborative forms of economy not guided by the search of profit, in recent years a new model of tourism services known such as “tourist accommodation” or “tourist housing” has emerged. This model is orientend to residential housing and owners that, through digital services, is offered for touristic purposes. As economic activity with great social acceptance, nevertheless it is generating numerous conflicts related, for example, to the urban environment. The Autonomous Communities in the exercise of their competences in the tourism framework have approved regulations that limit this activity. On the other hand, the municipalities in the exercise of their urban competences are carrying out a major control and limitation of the activity through of zonification and locating this type of housing in specific areas of the city. This paper analyzes the legal perspective of this topic and how this type of measures and businesses are being development.

ABSTRACT
The planning of urban areas without consideration for environmental and socio-economic factors results in poor living conditions. Sustainable urban development requires achieving and maintaining a balanced development and environmental goals through better management and governance. Planning quality environment can be achieved and sustained when the environment is seen as a system. This research focuses on urban governance and management in relation to the socio-economic and environmental conditions in residential areas of metropolitan Lagos. 498 Questionnaires were randomly administered to residents in eight (8) wards of the Agege L.G.A to sample their opinions on the inherent nature of urban management and problems of governance in the study area. There was also personal interview with local government personnel for validity of data collected. Among major problems identified by the study are conversion/change of building uses from purely residential to mixed use, large household sizes, predominantly low income areas which have resulted into informal sector environment that has positively affected tax generation by Agege local government council. This change could improve the social-economic and environmental conditions of the study area.

Keywords: Socio-Economic Condition, Environmental Condition, Urban Governance, Urban Management

Urban planning and design can impact mental health, but it is unclear how ever-growing and changing cities can sustain the psychological wellbeing of vulnerable groups, who are among the most mentally sensitive to spatial inequalities. This systematic review synthesised quantitative and qualitative studies on urban design interventions and their impact on wellbeing in vulnerable groups. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched five online databases from inception to May 2020. A total of 10 papers were included. We found mixed evidence of benefits for wellbeing linked to urban regeneration projects or focused interventions (green spaces, transport, security). Interventions that were centred around participation, sustainable living, and quality of design (e.g., perceived sense of safety) were as-sociated with increased residential satisfaction and wellbeing, particularly among low-income communities and women. Risk of bias was low to medium, but there was high methodological heterogeneity; studies were mainly from Western countries, and none of the included studies investigated the experiences of people with disabilities, migrants, or racial minorities. This review highlights the importance of inclusive and sustainable design interventions to create happy places for all strata of society, although further investigation is warranted.

Malaysia has twice launched nationwide recycling campaign in 1993 and 2000. The result of the campaign to encourage household participation in recycling is inconclusive as the programs were concentrated only in urban areas. This study is an effort to conduct a comprehensive study on the effects of the recycling campaign and awareness on household recycling participation. A standard questionnaire survey was conducted on 460 households in selected residential areas that have active recycling programs in Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory (KLFT). The study identified the socioeconomic characteristics of household recyclers and non-recyclers and their levels of knowledge on recycling by applying discriminant analysis. In addition, evaluation of the barriers and motivations of households performing recycling was investigated using factor analysis. The information was combined to form a profile of household recyclers and non-recyclers in urban Malaysia. Formulation was conducted on different recycling strategies and awareness campaigns at the household level to improve the existing recycling programs and facilities for the improvement of household participation. The study succeeded in forming a profile of household recyclers dominated by higher income earners with higher educational backgrounds , who owned houses and had deeper appreciation of recycling as a social norm. The non-recyclers had lower education and income, were tenants in one-storey houses, with little knowledge of recycling and its challenges. The study summarized the urgency for more strategic and targeted approach to recycling campaigns at the local level, taking into account the socioeconomic backgrounds of the community, for more active participation in recycling at all levels.

Greening public city space is a growing issue in France. With examples drawn from Paris and Montpellier, this article seeks to understand what happens when city-dwellers green the public space outside their door and when policies encourage spontaneous flora on the street. Plants were already part of ancient cities and have been a tool for urban planning since the nineteenth century leading to the development of public green spaces and street-tree planting. Urban ecology sparked an interest for spontaneous flora in the 1980s. Public policies concerning water, climate, and biodiversity have been trying to take this unbidden vegetation into consideration since the beginning of this century. Besides, the
social sciences have shown that city-dwellers are interested in plants to embellish their
balcony, and in city gardens and parks. We tried to find out if this vegetation can be more than just a tool to plan, to green, to bring biodiversity, and to beautify urban space. We argue that letting planted and unbidden flora colonize sidewalks and allowing people to act directly on it brings residents and plants to co-inhabit and co-domesticate the streets, and challenges the timelessness of a city by introducing a life cycle.

Over the years, the nature of drinking water supply and associated practices of consumption and regulation has enormously evolved in the cities of the global south. The existing literature on water provisioning in Indian cities is mostly skewed towards the megacities. The million plus cities, which are the new sites of ‘urbanization’, are less studied. In this context, the article analyzes the current scenario of drinking water provisioning in Patna and attempts to situate the ‘water economies’ in the broader debates on development, state and sustainability.

Patna presents a pertinent case of endemic ‘state failure’ supposedly due to an inept state machinery to manage ‘water economies’ which led to unregulated private and community appropriation of groundwater to meet drinking water needs posing critical sustainability challenges at the city level. The article argues that sustainable development of urban centres will depend on how, in the long run, the unregulated exploitation of natural resources (in this case water) is managed through appropriate ‘institutional mechanism’ and how an equitable water provisioning is ensured to the citizens.

This paper analyzes how collective leadership develops from more individualistic leadership through ethnographic analysis of the rise of urban environmental stewardship in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Longitudinal analysis of a 30-year period reveals how leadership shifted from being highly individualistic, to become more pluralistic, and ultimately more collective. I demonstrate how specifying the location of leadership action in the case addresses ambiguity regarding the definitions of and distinctions among collective, plural, and integrative leadership. I identify two processes that helped to relocate leadership from more individualistic to increasingly collective, emergent spaces: fueling a public imaginary and organizing inclusively. These processes were central to connecting and mutually advancing collective leadership and collective impact.

Effective environmental management is a complex and challenging task for city governments1 in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The cities inherited from the socialist period poor quality environmental infrastructure and services such as technologically outdated water and wastewater treatment plants, water distribution networks with high leakage rates, a sewerage system that often does not cover the whole city area, inefficient coal fired boiler houses in heating plants, high energy losses in the distribution network and in houses, waste disposal sites that do not meet the requirements of modern sanitary landfills, soil and groundwater contaminated by industrial plants, traffic congestion due to lack of by-pass roads etc. In the recent years, new environmental challenges are emerging: the traffic is rapidly increasing due to quickly rising ownership of private cars causing air and noise pollution, the waste generation is growing due to changing consumption patterns and increased packaging.

Consequently, the CEE cities need guidance and assistance in developing a sound approach to municipal environmental management. The most effective way to address environmental management challenges and make appropriate sustainable choices is to apply strategic planning to develop and implement a city-specific Municipal Environmental Strategy. This guidebook provides practical advice on how an environmental strategy can be developed and implemented at the city level. It introduces the concept of strategic planning for environmental management. It describes the process and the outputs of strategic planning, points out what is needed to proceed, and guides the reader through the process in a practical, step- by-step approach.

Poor air quality is a pervasive problem in cities and is associated with a suite of air pollutants that include
gases and particulate matter (PM). Managing the concentration of these pollutants in the atmosphere near
the ground is the objective of air quality management plans that compare measured values against health
guideline values to design policy responses. However, the spatial and temporal variation in pollutant
concentrations can be very large such that values measured at a fixed station may have little relevance to
specific urban environments. This work examines the distribution of PM near roads in Dublin using the
materials that accumulate on the leaves of nearby trees measured using saturation isothermal remenant
magnetization (SIRM). Following a dry period from 25th to 28th June, 2013, approximately 200 leaves of
street trees of a variety of species were collected in Dublin; these were picked at head height, from
locations with varying traffic densities and land use categories, after a dry weather, on weekdays during
growing season. The highest SIRM values observed were on trees that line busy streets with high traffic
densities and at traffic intersections. The results show the potential for trees to act as filters, screening
pedestrians from busy roads and that bio-magnetic monitoring can provide data at a high temporal and
spatial resolution at low cost.

The key objective of this study is to explore the factors that affect customer's purchase decision of residential apartment i n Dhaka City, capital of Bangladesh and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Data for this study is collected from 470 respondents who are of lower-middle and middle income group living in Dhaka city area through structured and non-disguised questionnaire having close ended questions. The convenience sampling method is used for choosing the respondents though survey method where a five point Likert scale has been used to measure variables. This exploratory study also intends to categorize the considered 25 variables into factors. This study has found six factors which affect the purchase decision of a residential apartment among two particular income groups in a specific area. It concludes that the financial and project facilities factors affect the purchase decision of buyers followed by Physical quality and location and communication factors. Also the two factors environmental and promotional factors affect the purchase decision of the buyer from these two particular income groups. The real estate developers, market researchers and policy makers can be benefitted from the study as the customers from lowermiddle and middle income groups are vital consumers having confined financial ability but need for a proper and sustainable housing. The influencing factors identified from this study can be used in estimating housing demand and to increase the supply on account of these two income group people to develop the real estate market policies and strategies.

Bellandur Lake or Tank has for years sustained a local economy of agriculturists and fishermen, apart from providing cultural and recreational values to the several villages located around it. This study done in the years 2007-08 looked into the changes that took place in the Bellandur Tank due to the pressures of urbanisation on the land around it. This included expansion of the city limits, opening up of new spaces for development through construction of ring roads, seeking for new sources of water and consequent neglect of older sources such as the lakes or tanks. The multiplicity of agencies involved in managing the water body and the land around it is also scrutinised.

This paper focuses on the transitional peripheral zone of a large Indian metropolis, and the inability of the public sector (i.e. urban local governments) there to provide the array of services necessary for the maintenance of a satisfactory quality of life due to the rapidity of population growth. This is explored in the specific context of waste management. Using a series of photographs, the problems in the peri-urban setting are revealed. The response of civil society organizations is illustrated in efforts to take control of this problem.

Citizen groups can be important actors in urban environmental stewardship, and network structure often influences function and performance. However, most previous studies focus on cities in “developed” countries, thereby overlooking conditions relevant for the parts of the planet where most people live and most urban growth is expected. This paper describes a citizen network engaged in environmental issues in Bangalore, India, where rapid urbanization puts pressure on conventional management structures as well as the ecosystems providing benefits for the city’s inhabitants. The study uses a mixed methods approach of qualitative interviews and social network analysis. Results show that the citizen network functions as a platform that enables interaction between diverse interest groups, and as a watchdog that monitors parks, lakes and trees to prevent further loss of fragmented urban ecosystems. The network’s activities are influenced by internal tensions between inclusiveness and efficiency, and between internal and external legitimacy. Although core actors have central network positions, strong leadership or political alliances are not considered important; members instead prefer to emphasize transparency and democratic participation. This limits the capacity to act collectively on controversial issues, but creates an inclusive forum that bridges between groups in the heterogeneous and dynamic population. This is important for monitoring Bangalore’s fragmented ecosystems and for raising public awareness and support. Findings indicate an urgent need to develop a comprehensive framework for urban environmental stewardship, to better describe potential roles of citizens in governance across diverse social, political and ecological conditions, and during different periods of urban change.