Urban Problems

Until recently, academia has largely neglected the vitality and tragedy that urbanization has been potentially posed in the peri-urban areas. Several studies indicated that urbanization causes both vitalities and tragedies in the area where the process is taking place. However, the vitalities and tragedies of peri-urban socio-cultural patterns, that induced owing to urbanization process, are largely missing. The empirical studies indicated that urbanization process cause upsides and downsides not only within urban perse but also on the its peripheries. This study dedicates to study the vitality and tragedy of urbanization on the farming community surrounding Finfinne with particular emphasis on socio-cultural patterns. The paper employs both quantitative and qualitative research method to investigate the socio-cultural vitality and tragedy of peri-urbanization process. The baseline finding revealed that socio-cultural patterns of the community were well structured and stable. However, unchecked urbanization with alarming rate induced impacts on the overall patterns of the farming community. Accordingly, socio-cultural patterns have been dismantled. For example, first language abandonment turned out to be worrisome. The ever increasing heterogenity challenged the local identity survival and progress. The local social values, norms, and community spirit faced serious challenges. Despite its negative aspects, urbanization impacted availability of infrastructures and social amenities into peri-urban area. This indicates that necessary cautionary measures should be taken before farming community eviction. In addition, awareness should be created among the community on how to adapt new urban life style. Controlling urban sprawling, deliberative and smart urban planning are forwarded as key recommendations based on the empirical study undertaken.

The Anantapur Municipal Corporation covers an area of about 2683 hectares. The Anantapur Municipal Corporation is geographically located at 16 0 .41 1 North latitude and 77 0 .36 1 East longitude. It is the district head quarter of the Anantapur district. The major urban problems of the Anantapur municipality are unbalanced development of the Municipal Corporation, pollution (air, noise, water and dust pollution) development of urban slums, shortage of housing, highly congested central business area of the Anantapur Municipal Corporation, high intensity of residential concentration in the old town, absence of organized commercial areas and shopping centres with sufficient parking and storage facility, in adequate city services like water supply, drainage, traffic and transportation, narrow circulation pattern of roads in the old town area, development of slums, encroachment of tanks and solid waste disposals. An analysis is found the quality urban life is poor and moderate. The environmental impact assessment index is low.

The Kakodonga river basin covers an area of about 1,113 km. The average maximum temperature is 0 0 28.5 C and the minimum temperature is 18.4 C. The average rainfall of the basin is 1766mm. In the present paper an attempt to analyse spatially land-use concentration and land-use efciency of the Kakodonga river basin. For the preparation of thematic maps, Survey of India (SOI) topographic sheets and IRS P6 LISS-III imagery (2011) data are used. The land-use categories data has been collected for three years (2012-2014) at the revenue circle level from the Economic and Statistical Department of Assam. To work out land-use concentration Bhatia's (1965) method was adopted. The major land-use categories are forest cover, area put under non-agricultural use, barren lands, permanent pastures, and other grazing lands, miscellaneous trees and groves, culturable wasteland, current fallow land, other fallow lands, and the net area sown. The land-use efciency has been worked out taking ve positive variables are net sown area, total irrigated area, area irrigated more than once, the intensity of irrigation, and intensity of crops.

PPP of Paper presented orally by the author (in Farsi) at the International Conference on New Towns, Ministry of Housing & Urban Planning (MHUP), New Towns’ Development Corporation of Iran, September 2004, Tehran, Iran.
Printed in the proceedings of the conference.

Abstract
The origins of the idea of new-town planning, worldwide, can be related, first, to the social and physical consequences of the conditions of living in large cities, suffering such problems as poor housing, overcrowding, lack of job opportunities, and on the other hand to the long distance of commuting from suburban areas to the city and also to the bad living conditions in some unplanned housing estates. The combination of these considerations has culminated in the almost universal acceptance of decentralisation policy and the formation of ‘self-sufficient’ (in terms of supplying sufficient employment opportunities) and ‘balanced’ (in terms of housing all socio-economic groups, proportional to the society at large) planned communities. Although the intention has always been the formation of problem-free living environments, the new-towns, in different countries, in spite of some achievements during their development processes, has faced various problems and threats. These problems, not only have varied dimensions, aspects and facets also their features and characteristics have transformed through time. Hence, the problems that the new-towns have encountered in their initiation and primary years of development are different from the ones they have experienced in their maturity. The purpose of this paper is to study the nature of the transformed new-towns’ planning problems. To achieve this end, and in order to be able to follow the processes of problem formation and transformation during a long history of planning and managing the urban change, the new-towns with rather longer histories of development have been considered. Here, besides differentiating between the problems of inhabiting in a new-town and the problems faced by new-town planners and managers, it is emphasised that some of the aims, planning solutions and design principles employed in new-towns have themselves created problems in later periods. It is thus that the lack of due consideration to the sustainability and strategic considerations in planning the new-towns will make them experience varied and changing problems and the accumulation of unresolved problems.

Keywords: new-towns, planned communities, New Town Development Corporation, problem transformation in new towns, urban planning, urban problems, planning problems, problem-definition,

The livelihood approach focuses on both material and non-material dimensions of a community. The paper aims to explain the recent livelihood scenario and the household strategies adopted by the professional motor vehicle drivers living in Dhaka city. Primary data have been collected from two hundred professional drivers living in four different neighborhoods in Dhaka City, by using a structured questionnaire. To supplement primary data, secondary data have also been collected from relevant sources too. The study reveals that, what are the different household strategies of the large number of drivers which is continued over the years. However, the paper argues that the drivers adopt such strategies through their household to survive in this city as they have limited access to existing economic and social systems.

Paper presented orally by the author in English at the International Conference for Integrating Urban knowledge and practice - Life in Urban landscape- Gothenburg, Sweden, May 29- June, 2005

The accumulation of unresolved problems in an urban area not only makes the process of their resolution very complicated, also, has negative impact upon the physical and mental well-being of residents as well as damaging its identity. The recognition of the overall idea and application of planning, and within this realm, problem identification and analysis, can be considered as essential steps towards the resolution of the problems that are within the sphere of the control of urban planners and governors. The rapid expansion and concentration of resources in Tehran, the capital of Iran, has been accompanied by a variety of substantive, spatial and procedural problems. Due to the rather volatile political, and hence administrative, history of the country, Tehran, in spite of its nearly sixty years record of planning, has been unable to enjoy a continuity needed to both combat its unresolved and persistent problems and to avoid the formation of new problems. As the planning system of Tehran is mainly focused on plan preparation activities, itself suffering deep deficiencies, there is a weak relationship between the plans and the resolution of problems through planning procedures. The ill-defined and imperfect approach to problem definition in Tehran by its different planning documents as well as the contradiction, lack of consensus, lack of common goals, different levels of acceptance of the concept and principles of planning and, sometimes, clash between the involved decision-makers and competing forces to gain power over the distribution of resources at national and local level, has diverted the solutions and activities intended to control and direct change in Tehran, either to less important problem areas, and to effects rather than causes, or has introduced weak solutions. Therefore, the crucial problems have remained unresolved and historically the country and its urban areas, including Tehran, have been prevented from having access to the benefits of a well-devised, coordinated and effective control mechanism directed towards solving urban problems.
The intention of this paper is to reveal the inadequacies of the existing plans to identify the key planning problems, the deviation of the existing planning policies and strategies from the key urban problems -as defined by this paper - and, to introduce the key decision areas on which basis an approach can be adopted to alleviate the present problematic situation.
A main assumption of this paper is that even without an all-inclusive improvement of the planning system in a situation like Tehran, with a rigid and underdeveloped planning system, in which forces for and against planning intermingle, efforts must be directed towards step by step resolution of crucial problems instead of producing comprehensive, long term planning documents. This requires a purpose-based definition of crucial planning problems, linking planning problems with urban policies and constraints impinged upon the policies to be implemented, avoiding the production of unreasonably complex plans; mainly unrelated to the needs and aspirations of the community, and, simplifying the existing decision-making environment by omitting the undue elements and relations.

Keywords: urban problems, key planning problems, problem-solving, problem-finding, planning system, plan preparation, Tehran

Jane Jacobs and Donald Schön share criticism for the rational method usually adopted to face urban problems; instead, their definitions of what problems are and the remedies they propose seem to be quite different, if not opposite. In spite of this first impression, the paper tries to explore the common features and the possible correspondences between their proposals.
Assignment for the Planning Theory and Practice course, Cardiff University - School of City and Regional Planning, a.a. 2011 - 2012.

Commercial cinema is a worldwide form of entertainment enjoyed by most of the planet's population and variety of cultures. Films are produced on six continents and marketed successfully internationally. However, cinema is more than a medium for telling stories of adventure, intrigue, comedy and romance. As most of the world's population now lives in cities, many films take place in urban settings, where a large number of those cities' physical and social problems are exposed. Commercial film, then, plays a useful role in determining how such issues can be confronted through the lenses of their many countries and cultures. That is, solutions to urban problems must be culturally sensitive. Moreover, as cities dominate life on planet Earth in the 21st century far beyond what their population alone would warrant, they are at the core of some of the most influential films of the last century. This paper, then, is significant in that it looks at some of these urban focused films and identifies the universal themes they consider. Resumen El cine comercial es una forma de entretenimiento mundial disfrutado por la mayoría de la población del planeta y una variedad de culturas. Las películas hoy en día se producen en seis continentes y se comercializan con éxito a nivel internacional. No obstante, el cine es algo más que un medio para contar historias de aventuras, intriga, comedia y romance. Como la mayoría de la población del mundo vive ahora en ciudades, muchas películas tienen lugar en entornos urbanos, donde muchos de los problemas sociales y físicos de las ciudades están expuestos. Las películas comerciales, entonces, desempeñan un papel muy útil en la determinación de cómo estas cuestiones pueden ser abordadas a través de la lente de diferentes países y culturas. Además, como las ciudades predominan la vida en la Tierra en el siglo XXI, mucho más allá de lo que sus poblaciones justificarían por sí solas, son el núcleo de algunas de las películas más influyentes del siglo

Along with rapid growth of the cities and urban problems and difficulties, citizens and the realities of the modern life are forgotten more than before are. As the most effective and affected urban players, people have been ignore in lots of communities while interventions in the cities should be carried out based on people's needs. The function of people, groups, and institutes should be defined in line with public interest and appropriate strategies be devised. Collaborative planning approach has taken into account some concepts such as participation, interaction, and agreement and being all-inclusive as the effective dimensions and elements in planning process. The present study attempts to develop a framework for collaborative planning. Accordingly, it has been dealt with in four sections including history and origin of the collaborative planning, its definitions, the concept of understanding and the ways to achieve it, and its criticisms. Finally, preparing an appropriate context for the citizens' presence within the planning, it could be said that collaborative planning would lead to a better comprehension of the more extended dimensions of urban problems and would propose appropriate options regarding a better execution of the plans.

Opracowanie porusza kwestie związane z marketingiem terytorialnym w aspekcie wspierania rozwoju gospodarczego regionu. Przedstawione zostały także różne definicje marketingu terytorialnego, który staje się pomocnym narzędziem w zakresie wzmacniania wizerunku, konkurencyjności i rozwoju gospodarczego miast i regionów na krajowej i międzynarodowej arenie. W dalszej części opisany został rozwój regionalny, założenia marketingowego zarządzania jednostką osadniczą oraz elementy regionalnej strategii promocji. Zaznaczono ważną rolę władz regionalnych i innych środowisk w budowaniu spójnej strategii rozwoju gospodarczego. W ramach podsumowania podkreślono także zjawisko coraz większego znaczenia marketingu terytorialnego.

Paper presented orally by the author in English at the International Conference for Integrating Urban knowledge and practice - Life in Urban landscape- Gothenburg, Sweden, May 29- June, 2005 The accumulation of unresolved problems in an urban area not only makes the process of their resolution very complicated, also, has negative impact upon the physical and mental well-being of residents as well as damaging its identity. The recognition of the overall idea and application of planning, and within this realm, problem identification and analysis, can be considered as essential steps towards the resolution of the problems that are within the sphere of the control of urban planners and governors. The rapid expansion and concentration of resources in Tehran, the capital of Iran, has been accompanied by a variety of substantive, spatial and procedural problems. Due to the rather volatile political, and hence administrative, history of the country, Tehran, in spite of its nearly sixty years record of planning, has been unable to enjoy a continuity needed to both combat its unresolved and persistent problems and to avoid the formation of new problems. As the planning system of Tehran is mainly focused on plan preparation activities, itself suffering deep deficiencies, there is a weak relationship between the plans and the resolution of problems through planning procedures. The ill-defined and imperfect approach to problem definition in Tehran by its different planning documents as well as the contradiction, lack of consensus, lack of common goals, different levels of acceptance of the concept and principles of planning and, sometimes, clash between the involved decision-makers and competing forces to gain power over the distribution of resources at national and local level, has diverted the solutions and activities intended to control and direct change in Tehran, either to less important problem areas, and to effects rather than causes, or has introduced weak solutions. Therefore, the crucial problems have remained unresolved and historically the country and its urban areas, including Tehran, have been prevented from having access to the benefits of a well-devised, coordinated and effective control mechanism directed towards solving urban problems. The intention of this paper is to reveal the inadequacies of the existing plans to identify the key planning problems, the deviation of the existing planning policies and strategies from the key urban problems -as defined by this paper - and, to introduce the key decision areas on which basis an approach can be adopted to alleviate the present problematic situation. A main assumption of this paper is that even without an all-inclusive improvement of the planning system in a situation like Tehran, with a rigid and underdeveloped planning system, in which forces for and against planning intermingle, efforts must be directed towards step by step resolution of crucial problems instead of producing comprehensive, long term planning documents. This requires a purpose-based definition of crucial planning problems, linking planning problems with urban policies and constraints impinged upon the policies to be implemented, avoiding the production of unreasonably complex plans; mainly unrelated to the needs and aspirations of the community, and, simplifying the existing decision-making environment by omitting the undue elements and relations. Keywords: urban problems, key planning problems, problem-solving, problem-finding, planning system, plan preparation, Tehran