Agreement

A contract is legally enforceable because it meets the requirements and approval of the law. An agreement typically involves the exchange of goods, services, money, or promises of any of those. In the event of breach of contract, the law awards the injured party access to legal remedies such as damages and cancellation.

Negotiation is essential in settings where computational agents have conflicting interests and a desire to cooperate. Mechanisms in which agents exchange potential agreements according to various rules of interaction have become very popular in recent years as evident, for example, in the auction and mechanism design community. These can be seen as models of negotiation in which participants focus on their positions. It is argued, however, that if agents focus instead on the interests behind their positions, they may increase the likelihood and quality of an agreement. In order to achieve that, agents need to argue over each others’ goals and beliefs during the process of negotiation. In this paper, we identify concepts that seem essential for supporting this type of dialogue. In particular we investigate the types of arguments agents may exchange about each others’ interests, and we begin an analysis of dialogue moves involving goals.

Both conventional wisdom and empirical evidence suggest that arranging a prior commitment or agreement before an interaction takes place enhances the chance of reaching mutual cooperation. Yet it is not clear what mechanisms might underlie the participation in and compliance with such a commitment, especially when participation is costly and non-compliance can be profitable. Here, we develop a theory of participation and compliance with respect to an explicit commitment formation process and to institutional incentives where individuals, at first, decide whether or not to join a cooperative agreement to play a one-shot social dilemma game. Using a mathematical model, we determine whether and when participating in a costly commitment, and complying with it, is an evolutionary stable strategy, resulting in high levels of cooperation. We show that, given a sufficient budget for providing incentives, rewarding of commitment compliant behaviours better promotes cooperation than punishment of non-compliant ones. Moreover, by sparing part of this budget for rewarding those willing to participate in a commitment, the overall level of cooperation can be significantly enhanced for both reward and punishment. Finally, the presence of mistakes in deciding to participate favours evolutionary stability of commitment compliance and cooperation.

This article analyzes European Union-China trade relations in the context of the current negotiations for a new comprehensive framework agreement between the European Union (EU) and the People’s Republic of China. China is a strong economic power with increasingly sophisticated production in its coastal regions and is attempting to establish itself as a gravity center by concluding many bilateral free-trade agreements in the region. Although China has a strong hold in the Far East, there may be specific policy areas in which China’s influence ends up being global.The article explains the steps taken for negotiating a new comprehensive framework agreement between China and the European Union, examines trade relations between the two entities as well as the bilateral trade relations from a Chinese perspective. It also seeks to analyze the various ways to improve the currently difficult EU-China trade relations. The article concludes that dealing with China was one of the main argument...

Introduction: The aim of the present study is to (a) describe the level of agreement between reports of health-related quality of life (HRQL) obtained from parents and young patients both on-and off-treatment and (b) explore the factors that may affect the level of agreement in the quality of life (QoL) between young patients and parental proxies. Patients and methods: The study group consisted of 149 young patients (77 children and 72 adolescents) with cancer followed up by an oncology in-patient clinic of a Greek children's hospital with one of their parents (n ¼ 298). After parental consent was obtained, data were collected using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and a sociodemographic data form. Results: The data collection showed that the best agreement was for the physical (ICC ¼ 0.82) and the school domains (ICC ¼ 0.68), whereas the worst was for the emotional (ICC ¼ 0.48) and the social domains (ICC ¼ 0.52). In the off-treatment group, the mother's age was a significant predictor of the child-proxy difference on the physical sub-scale (F ¼ 9.804, P ¼ 0.003). There was a negative relationship between the mother's age and patient proxy difference on the physical sub-scale. In the on-treatment group, the educational level of the father was found to be a significant predictor for the physical (F ¼ 4.30, P ¼ 0.041), school (F ¼ 5.51, P ¼ 0.022) and total sub-scales (F ¼ 10.41, P ¼ 0.002). Parents with basic education tended to have worse agreement with their children's reports on the physical and school sub-scales, while parents with higher education had worse agreement with their children's reports on the total sub-scale. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the children and adolescents with cancer reported better QoL than their parents. The predictors found to be significant need to be examined extensively by further studies.

Several classification systems are in use for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Three of them : Catterall, Salter Thompson and Herring (Lateral Pillar) are most commonly used. There has been debate on which is most reliable. The purpose of this paper was to systematically analyse the literature when the classifications were compared. The Ovid (Medline) Database was used and the MeSH terms Perthes Classification and Reliability were inserted. Eleven studies were retrieved but only five were suitable for analysis as they attempted to compare the classifications. Most studies used kappa agreements as the principal outcome measure, although intraclass coefficients and percentage agreements were also used. Only four studies assessed for both intraobserver reproducibility and interobserver reliability. A further study from the references appendages was found to be suitable, and was included in the analysis.

The water resources of the Incomati river basin, shared between South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique, are intensively used. Moreover, the basin is situated in a part of Africa that over the last 40 years has experienced a dynamic, sometimes turbulent and volatile, political history. Both ingredients might have been sufficient for the emergence of confrontations over water. Tensions between Mozambique, South Africa and Swaziland over Incomati waters existed but never escalated. This case study attempts to explain why cooperation prevailed, by presenting information about the natural characteristics of the basin, its political history, water developments and the negotiations that took place during the period 1967–2002. The paper provides four explanations why tensions did not escalate and cooperation prevailed. It is concluded that the developments in the Incomati basin support the hypothesis that water drives peoples and countries towards cooperation. Increased water use has indeed...

დღევანდელ საქართველოს სინამდვილეში განუსაზღვრელი ვადით დადებული შრომითი ხელშეკრულება ხშირად აღიქმება როგორც ბონუსი შრომითსამართლებრივ ურთიერთობებში, თითქოს დასაქმებულმა უნდა მოიპოვოს იმის უფლება, რომ მას ჰქონდეს უვადო ხელშეკრულება. ხშირად დამსაქმებლები დასაქმებულებთან მოკლევადიან ხელშეკრულებებს დებენ, რეალურად იმ მოტივით, რომ არ ჰქონდეთ აღებული გრძელვადიანი შრომითსამართლებრივ ურთიერთობაში ყოფნის ვალდებულება და ადვილი იყოს ხელშეკრულების გაუგრძელებლობის მოტივით დასაქმებულთან ურთიერთობის შეწყვეტა. მსგავსი არასწორი პრაქტიკაა გავრცელებული საქართველოს უმაღლესი საგანმანათლებლო დაწესებულებების უმრავლესობაში. წარმოდგენილ ნაშრომში ჩვენ საუბარი გვაქვს საქართველოს შრომის კოდექსისა და უმაღლესი განათლების შესახებ კანონების სამართალმდგომარეობებს შორის არსებულ კოლიზიაზე. ასევე ’’favor prestatoris’’ პრინციპის გამოყენებაზე კოლიზიების დროს.
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In the reality of today's Georgia, concluding an employment contract
with an indefinite term is often perceived as a bonus in the employment relationships, as if the employee has to obtain the right to have a permanent contract. Employers often conclude short-term contracts with the employees, in fact with the motivation to not undertake an obligation to be in a long-term employee relationship and to be it easy to terminate the relationship with the employee on the ground of non-renewal of the contract. Similar inproper practice is also developed in in most Georgian higher education institutions. In the presented paper we discuss the conflict between the Labor Code of Georgia and the laws on higher education. As well as an application of the ‘favor prestatoris’ principle in case of collisions.

Lo scopo di questa ricerca è analizzare alcune delle strategie conversazionali adoperate da apprendenti di italiano LS con livelli di competenza linguistica iniziale e intermedia corrispondenti al livello A2 e B1, rispettivamente, del QCER (2018). In particolare, ci interessa osservare le risorse linguistiche per manifestare l'accordo, una fra le funzioni discorsive più ricorrenti nell'interazione tra parlanti non nativi (ma anche tra parlanti madrelingua) e che, come vedremo, ingloba diverse sottofunzioni. La ricerca è basata su dati provenienti da due corpora raccolti fra apprendenti ispanofoni e lusofoni: il Corpus SE (Spagnolo Europeo è la L1 degli apprendenti), formato da registrazioni tratte sia dal corpus A. Ma.Dis. realizzato dall'omonimo gruppo di ricerca dell'Università Complutense di Madrid (Spagna), sia dal corpus IFI (Di Stefano, 2018); il Corpus PB (Portoghese Brasiliano è la L1 degli apprendenti), creato da Roberta Ferroni dell'Università di Sao Paolo del Brasile, anch'esso fa parte di un corpus più vasto denominato Ma dai!. Il confronto tra questi due corpora ci ha permesso di osservare gli elementi linguistici che ricorrono nell'interlingua di entrambi i gruppi che condividono lingue materne affini all'italiano, ma anche gli usi divergenti di alcuni elementi significativi, con particolare attenzione ai marcatori del discorso (d'ora in poi MD). Le domande che stanno alla base di quest'indagine e alle quali cercheremo di rispondere nel corso del lavoro sono le seguenti: a) All'interno della funzione globale di manifestazione dell'accordo si possono distinguere diverse sottofunzioni che chiameremo accettazione, allineamento e assenso. Ad un livello A2 e B1 di competenza linguistica gli apprendenti sono consapevoli delle differenze tra le tre funzioni? Questa consapevolezza si riflette anche nelle diverse risorse linguistiche impiegate? Come cambiano le risorse nel passaggio da un livello all'altro? b) Si possono individuare strategie ed elementi comuni ai due gruppi di apprendenti e che derivino dal fatto che si tratta di parlanti nativi di lingue affini all'italiano? c) Oltre ai MD quali altri elementi linguistici e discorsivi sono usati con questo scopo? Si tratta di elementi che convergono con l'uso che ne fanno i nativi o invece sono propri dell'interlingua di questo livello? L'articolo si apre con una riflessione teorica sulla funzione discorsiva della manifestazione dell'accordo e i suoi tipi, il ruolo che gioca nella struttura e nello svolgimento della conversazione e la preferenza per determinate risorse linguistiche, tra le quali spiccano i MD (§ 2). In seguito passiamo in rassegna alcuni studi sull'acquisizione

A Book Summary on "Getting to YES" A book by Roger Fisher and William Ury, with Bruce Patton as Editor The book, "Getting to YES", co-created by Fisher and Ury, is a manual for the laymen to using negotiation techniques that are based on principles, as opposed to positional bargaining, that is thought to be a facilitator for rather less successful negotiations. This so-called positional bargaining is the type that happens when two people reach an arbitrary compromise. In arbitrary compromise, the interests of two people are usually left partially unaddressed, as both have sacrificed a part of one's interest in order to cater to the other. The danger of positional bargaining is that it can produce unwise agreements and also decisions that are detrimental to the relationship between the two because one may concede or yield to the other in order to hasten the process of negotiation. In conceding or yielding, one has already failed to acknowledge his or her interests. In addition to such, a negotiation that considers the relationship of both parties leads to a rather sloppy agreement. On the other hand, a principled negotiation is the type that transcends to a more creative and wise outcomes to conflicts that cater to the interests of both sides. This type of negotiation separates the people from the problem, focuses on interests and not positions, generates a variety of possibilities before deciding what to do, and insists that the result be based on some objective standard. This so-called principled negotiation is the central topic of the book. The authors introduce the book by addressing the reason why there is a need to understand negotiation. It is, as the authors suggest, a universal problem that is dealt with by all of us. Negotiation is somehow inherent in our day-today transactions to face negotiations. However, much to our dismay, this everyday transaction is not an easy fit. As the book suggests, we often negotiate by way of arbitrary compromise. We consider less of our interests and think of the relationship and the person we are negotiating with. In this type of negotiation, people tend to be faced with a dilemma. Meaning, people tend to see negotiation as either soft or hard. The soft negotiator, as the adjective suggests, is the type to consider the relationship between the persons and readily concede in order to reach to an agreement. In the end, this type of negotiator often feels exploited and feeling as if his or her interests were below the interests of the other. In the contrary, a hard negotiator sees the negotiation as a competition; whoever holds his ground the longest fares better and can

Background: Notary is a public official who runs the profession based on principles of trust, honesty, thoroughly, independently, impartially, safeguarding the interests of those involved in law-drafting. As an independent profession because it is free from interference from any party, cooperation between notaries and banks by binding themselves with a cooperation agreement, not only damages the authority of an independent notary profession, but also has the potential to prioritize the interests of banks as creditors compared to the community as debtors which both require the services of a notary service in drafting authentic deeds. Research Method: This research is an empirical legal research, the research approach of this research is a sociological juridical approach, which is an approach that is done by looking at the reality that exists in practice in the field.Sources of data used in this study were taken from primary, secondary and tertiary data. Primary data used in sociological juridical research are data obtained from field research/interviews. The data used to complete the primary data are derived from literature review, the material used is through acts, books, magazines, newspapers, articles, journals, and website along with other references that support this research.Tertiary data are supporting legal materials that provide guidance and explanations for primary and secondary legal materials. Tertiary legal material in the form of information sources, namely the legal dictionary, Indonesian dictionary and encyclopedia. Data were analyzed qualitatively to get a description of the partnership agreement between the notary and the bank in drafting the deed of the bank credit agreement. Results:Partnership agreement between public notary and banking is an act that is prohibited in the notary position law and notary ethics code.The agreement makes a notary not independent, thus affecting the disruption of services provided by the public notary. Conclusions: The partnership agreement between the notary public and the bank makes the notary not independent in carry out his professional obligations because he prioritizes services to the bank instead of those who do not cooperate with notary.
Key words : Notary, Independent, Authentic Deed

Philip, called 'the Philip the Fair, king of Isabella, queen of England, Edward, king of England, conqueror', king of France, begat France, who begat who gave birth to the third since the Conquest Charles the Brown, count of Marche and later king of France and Navarre, the third to be born Philip the Tall, count of Poitou and later king of France and Navarre, the second to be born John, his son, who lived Louis, the firstborn, exactly eight days king of France and Navarre, who begat Joanna, his daughter, queen of Navarre and countess of Auxerre Philip, count of Valois, John of Valois, crowned of Charles, count of Valois , later king of France, who begat the French, captured at the battle of Poitiers who begat Charles, count of Alencon Charles, count of Evreux Louis, count of Evreux, and king of Navarre by right of his wife who begat Joanna, queen of France, married to Charles, king of France Family tree of the kings of France, displayed in order to emphasise Edward III's claim to the French throne

Past research on both job design and job analysis has evidenced a great deal of variability in the degree of convergence between incumbent and non-incumbent ratings of job characteristics. The present study attempted to shed light on this issue by identifying the factors that moderate the level of agreement between incumbents and non-incumbents. An examination of these moderators informed theoretical and practical aspects of job design and job analysis. As hypothesized, job complexity and job satisfaction moderated the level of agreement between incumbents and non-incumbents, with agreement being highest for jobs involving simple data operations and low levels of incumbents' job satisfaction. Because non-incumbents are affected by unique factors that do not affect incumbents and vice versa, non-incumbent and incumbent ratings should supplement each other.

This book deepens the study of the law of treaties by offering specific solutions to current legal problems. It provides a high-level theoretical and practical approach, touching upon all major current issues of the law of treaties. It is noteworthy that each subject-matter discussed in this work was thoroughly analyzed and supported by a rigorous methodology, including the use of the most accurate terminology and a well-reasoned explanation of each of the issues addressed in accordance with the most authoritative legal scholarly writings. This work is also a helpful reference for governmental and diplomatic officials, legal practitioners and the legal academia at large in trying to understand how international acts are negotiated and adopted, what the rules are for the formulation of reservations and introduction of amendments to conventional texts, how a State is definitely deemed to be bound by an international act or treaty, which the effects are of a treaty that came into force and how treaties should be applied at the international level, etc.

Traditional Tiwi is a language isolate within the Australian language group, traditionally spoken on the Tiwi Islands, north of Darwin. This language exhibits the most complex verb structure of any Australian language. Altogether there are 18 distinct verb slots; 14 prefixes and 4 suffixes. They encode subject, object and oblique arguments, they inflect for tense, aspect and mood, the location and direction of events with respect to the speaker, and the time of day that an event takes place. They also take prefixes and suffixes denoting associated motion, can be argument-raised by a causative or detransitivised by derivational morphology, and can take incorporated nominals, incorporated verbs, and incorporated comitative or privative arguments.
Traditional Tiwi has not been adequately described. Previous descriptions are limited and do not cover verb morphology with enough detail. This thesis brings together previous descriptions, early recorded data, and adds newly collected data and findings to produce an updated description of the language, with special reference to the verb morphology.
I focus in particular on two aspects of the verb morphology: agreement and incorporation. The Traditional Tiwi agreement system of inflecting verbs shows a high degree of complexity due to the interactions between subject, object and tense marking. I argue for the occurrence of an otherwise unreported phenomenon by which agreement affixes can shift between various controllers depending on the morphosyntactic context. Incorporation is also highly complex, as with other northern Australian languages that exhibit this feature. There are four distinct types of incorporation including verb incorporation, comitative and privative constructions, body part incorporation and regular nominal incorporation. I describe these with reference to incorporation phenomena in other Australian languages.
Traditional Tiwi however, is no longer spoken; the last two speakers died in 2012. The majority of the data on which this thesis is based was collected with one of these two last speakers, and therefore represents possibly the last documentary linguistic record of this important language.

Esta es la versión electrónica de un artículo aceptado para su edición en Verba (vol. 45, año 2018), disponible on line en http://www.usc.es/revistas/index.php/verba/index.


RESUMEN. Es bien sabido que los sustantivos cuantificadores en singular referidos a una pluralidad de entes suelen dar lugar a una doble opción de concordancia: la «canónica» y la denominada concordancia «ad sensum». Desde nuestro punto de vista, esta «doble concordancia» no responde al reemplazo de la concordancia morfológica por la rección, como se ha sugerido; en ambos casos tendríamos concordancia propiamente dicha. Por lo tanto, tampoco concebimos las muestras con plural ―que en múltiples circunstancias es la única opción posible― como ejemplos de silepsis. Nuestra propuesta se basa en reconocerle una doble función a la concordancia, y permite explicar: a) por qué la libre alternancia singular/plural no se da en todos los contextos sintácticos; b) por qué en español es posible hallar cuantificadores susceptibles de concordar en el nivel supranominal; c) por qué la interpretación distributiva de una oración no está necesariamente reñida con el hecho de que el verbo concuerde en singular con el sustantivo cuantificativo del grupo nominal sujeto, y no con el que, precedido de la preposición de, informa sobre la clase o la identidad del referente.


ABSTRACT. It is well known that singular quantifying nouns referring to a plurality of entities often accept both " formal " and " conceptual " agreement. From our point of view, this double possibility does not correspond to the replacement of morphological agreement with government, as it has been suggested; there is agreement in the strict sense in both cases. Therefore we do not consider examples with plural forms –the only choice in many circumstances– representative of synesis. Our proposal, which is based on the recognition of two functions of agreement, allows us to explain: a) why the free singular/plural alternation does not arise in all syntactic contexts; b) why it is possible to find quantifiers agreeing on the supranominal level in Spanish; c) why the distributive interpretation of a sentence is not necessarily at odds with the fact that the verb agrees with the quantifying noun within the subject nominal phrase in the singular, and not with the one preceded by de that informs about the class or the identity of the referent.

In this talk the author discusses the Extended Projection Principle in (a) clauses with overt subjects, (b) clauses with pro subjects and (c) clauses with fronted locatives in Serbian language from the perspective of Minimalist Program and Distributed Morphology. The aim of this paper is to (i) determine the main means of satisfying EPP in Serbian, (ii) place Serbian language in Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou 1998 typology, (iii) place Serbian language in Fukuda et al. 2016 typology, (iv) present new data that supports an idea that Serbian has TP and DP projections. Furthermore, the author argues that there is a possibility that full pro-drop languages are not a coherent group, as it has been observed for partial pro-drop languages (Alexiadou and Carvalho 2017). Further partition is caused by word-orders, both dominant and possible.
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This essay intends to analyze the consensual administrative action, approaching to the substitutive agreements in the administrative process for imposition of sanctions. The question to be answered herein is to verify if there is a necessary relation between public prerogatives and development of administrative activities. To answer it, the administrative consensus is worked in three perspectives: normative, theoretical and practical. In the first part, it is done the reconstruction of the typical administrative action's model, formalized in unilateral and imperative acts, in order to establish the paradigm to which the consensual administrative action dialogues. After that, it is done the analysis of the consensual administrative action, distributed in two chapters. In the first, doutrinaries's debates involving the theme are identified, consensus's theoretical premises in Administrative Law are indicated and the issue of availability of transaction in Public Administration is faced by the principles of supremacy and non-availability of public interest's critical analysis. In the second chapter, it is identified the model of consensus adopted by brazilian Administrative Law through appreciation of the norms that dispose about consensual instruments. The essay's third part intends to evaluate the practical field of the consensual administrative action through empirical study of the consent decree, as a substitutive agreement, in the CADE's administrative process for imposition of sanctions. In this chapter, it is recognized the main problems with the imposition of sanctions and the use of that administrative agreement by the antitrust authority, in order to discover the consensus' effect in Administrative Law. Finally, substitutive agreement's main guides are analyzed, which are: legality, public prerogative's negotiation, judicial control and repressive culture that prevails into Public Administration. In the conclusion, the question is retaken and the hypotheses exposed-negotiation of the public prerogatives' availability and preference of the substitutive agreements bi Public Power because of its expressive positive effectstested.

Bantu languages, which are spoken throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa, permit wh-questions to be constructed in multiple ways, including wh-in-situ, full wh-movement, and partial wh-movement. Shona, a Bantu language spoken by about 13 million people in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, allows all three of these types. In this dissertation, I conduct the first in-depth examination of Shona wh-questions, drawing on fifty hours of elicitation with a native speaker consultant to explore the derivational relationships among these strategies.

Wh-in-situ questions have received a wide variety of treatments in the syntactic literature, ranging from covert or disguised movement to postsyntactic binding of the wh-phrase by a silent question operator. In Bantu languages, wh-in-situ questions are often taken to be derived via a non-movement relation (e.g., Carstens 2005 for Kilega, Diercks 2010 for Lubukusu, Muriungi 2003 for Kîîtharaka, Sabel 2000 for Kikuyu and Duala, Sabel & Zeller 2006 for Zulu, Schneider-Zioga 2007 for Kinande), but alternatives have rarely been considered. I demonstrate how movement-based analyses that have been proposed for wh-in-situ in non-Bantu languages make the wrong predictions for Shona wh-in-situ, which lacks word order permutation, extraction marking, island effects, and intervention effects. These properties provide support for the traditional Bantuist view that the relation between the pronunciation site of an in-situ wh-phrase and its scopal position in the left periphery is not movement; I claim that in Shona it is unselective binding.

Many Bantu languages, including Shona, prohibit wh-phrases from appearing in the canonical preverbal subject position. Wasike (2007) demonstrates that this restriction applies to topicalized non-subjects as well as preverbal subjects. I replicate these results for Shona and argue that they cast doubt on Sabel & Zeller's (2006) attempt to characterize the ban with an appeal to improper movement. I argue instead that restrictions on the distribution of wh-in-situ in Bantu are tied to restrictions on the domain for focus licensing. This claim is further bolstered by an examination of crosslinguistic variation within Bantu with respect to whether the ban on in-situ preverbal wh-subjects applies in embedded clauses. I observe a previously unnoticed generalization: languages that universally ban in-situ preverbal wh-subjects (like Zulu) have immediately after the verb (IAV) focus effects; languages that do allow in-situ preverbal wh-subjects in embedded clauses (like Shona, Lubukusu, and Kîîtharaka) also lack IAV effects.

Full wh-movement in Shona gives rise to questions that bear a certain similarity to English wh-questions. However, using a range of diagnostics including extraction marking, island effects, reconstruction effects, and the distribution of temporal modifiers, I argue that what appears to be full wh-movement in Shona actually has a cleft structure: the wh-phrase moves to become the head of a relative clause, which is selected by a copula in the matrix clause. Just as in wh-in-situ, an ex-situ wh-phrase is pronounced lower than its scopal position, and the relation between these two positions is established via unselective binding. Additional evidence for this proposal comes from the sensitivity of partial wh-movement to island boundaries below but not above the pronunciation site of the wh-phrase, a pattern that has been predicted by previous analyses (e.g., Abels 2012, Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006) but for which empirical support has been lacking until now. I therefore unify full and partial wh-movement under a single analysis for cleft-based wh-in-situ that involves a step of relativization (independently needed for relative clauses) and a step of unselective binding (independently needed for wh-in-situ).

Gender assignment and exponence changed dramatically from Old to Middle English. This paper provides insights on the mechanisms and chronology of this change by quantitatively analysing the annals 1129-1154 of the Peterborough Chronicle. A logistic regression reveals substantial effects of formal, semantic and extralinguistic parameters on gender reassignment.
Lexical-to-referential-gender transition is largely a directed development in which correspondence of sex and gender plays a major role. At the same time, instances of random gender-reassignment occur and produce gendered noun-phrases incompatible with both the Old English as well as the Middle English system of gender-assignment. Pronouns adopt referential agreement before adnominals as a diachronic application of the Agreement Hierarchy (Corbett 1979) predicts.

В докладе будут рассмотрены основные конструкции языка гбан (< южные манде), используемые для передачи модальных значений зон необходимости и возможности. Речь идёт о значениях внутренней, внешней и эпистемической необходимости и возможности. В гбан для выражения значений зоны возможности используются конструкции с глаголом sè ‘мочь’. Одна из этих конструкций обладает нетривиальным морфосинтаксическим поведением — она построена по модели соположения без явного подчинительного маркирования («Я могу я делаю») — и при этом демонстрирует «согласование» между служебной и знаменательной клаузами по некоторым предикативным грамматическим категориям).
Для выражения значений зоны необходимости используется набор слабограмматикализованных конструкций типа «ɛ̏ yȅȅ níí … + оптатив» («это есть [так], чтобы…»).
Отдельно предполагается рассмотреть значения так называемой внутренней и внешней «актуальности» ('Я смог сделать', 'Случилось так, что я сделал').

"Cappadocian Greek is an extreme case of language change
and dialectal variation among the Modern Greek dialects in
having lost the tripartite grammatical gender distinction into
masculine, feminine and neuter nominals, a distinction
operative in Greek since its earliest recorded stages. In this
paper, I argue that this linguistic innovation should not be
viewed exclusively as the result of language contact with
Turkish, as is most commonly assumed in the literature, but
rather as the result of a series of language-internal analogical
levellings of gender mismatches in polydefinite constructions,
a process most probably accelerated by language contact but
certainly not triggered by it."

La gramatika kategorio genro estas trajto de multaj lingvoj, i.a. hindeŭropaj kaj ŝemidaj, grava pro la amplekso de la koncernataj vortospecoj (substantivoj, adjektivoj, pronomoj, numeraloj, artikoloj, verboj...), pro la rolo ludata en la morfologiaj procezoj deklinacio kaj konjugacio, kaj pro la sintaksa procezo de akordo, kiu ĝin akompanas. Genro ne limiĝas al gramatikigo de la biologia sekso. Cetere la rilato inter ambaŭ nocioj vekis kaj plu vekas akrajn disputojn. Ni tamen ne intencas en tiu ĉi studo enfokusigi la kutimajn vira, ina aŭ neŭtra genrojn, sed prefere ion transversan, kion ni ĉi tie nomos viva genro, kiun trajton oni kutime atribuas al vivantaj estaĵoj: bestoj kaj homoj, sed ne kreskaĵoj.

En la unua ĉapitro de la ĉefa parto, ni skize prezentos la problemaron de genro por montri, kie lokiĝas nia ĉefa temo: viva genro.
La deirpunkto de tiu ĉi verkaĵo estis la konstato, ke viva  genro funkcias malsame en la proksimaj lingvoj rusa kaj pola. Ni do, duaĉapitre, komparos la situacion en ambaŭ lingvoj, de
sinkronia vidpunkto, kaj enkondukos priskribon de la  malnovbulgara (alidire malnovslava) aferstato, kio ebligos doni diakronian alrigardon al la genezo de viva genro en slavaj lingvoj.
En la tria ĉapitro ni prenos iom da alto kaj rigardos la gravecon de viva genro kaj de aliaj trajtoj rilate esprimadon de sintaksaj rilatoj inter verbo kaj ĝiaj plej proksimaj komplementoj. Estos okazo enkonduki ergativecon kaj bazajn nociojn de ĉi-rilata lingva tipologio. En la kvara ĉapitro ni daŭrigos laŭ la diakronia akso kaj, de la slavaj lingvoj, retroiros ĝis la pra-hindeŭropa. Estos por ni okazo prezenti aktualan debaton pri la eventuala ergativeco de tiu lingvo. Temas pri malnova hipotezo, nun ne plu en favoro, kiun ni tamen volas reenfavorigi, ĉar la argumentoj kontraŭ ĝi ne aspektas al ni fortikaj.

Hybrid nouns, nouns which induce different agreements according to the target, have been described in various languages. The new question is why they exist at all. There is clear evidence that hybrids vary considerably in the agreement they control, even within a single language. It therefore seems logical to align this variability with lexical semantics, and this is convincing for some hybrids. But this motivation is hard to reconcile with the fact that some hybrids are hybrids only for part of their paradigm. These latter instances suggest that the underlying motivation for some hybrids is a form-meaning mismatch.

Gender in Chichewa is described as a complete system.
First the basic data on gender agreement are presented
and it is shown how the available agreement markers correlate
with the noun genders (and how the system has
changed in the recent past). There follows a discussion
of interesting phenomena which do not fit easily into the
main gender system. Next structures involving conjoined
noun phrases headed by nouns from various genders are
analysed in detail. The rules required to account for
the Chichewa system prove particularly complex; rules
proposed for other Bantu languages do not cover all the
Chichewa facts. The data are important for comparative
work within Bantu and for typological claims which go beyond.

The objective of going out to contract is to obtain specific services, equipment, materials or licenses as required to
support the general business objectives.
The FWA can be used as "umbrella agreement" that sets
out the terms (particularly relating to price, quality and
quantity) under which individual contracts "Call Off" can
be made throughout the term of the agreement
Under the terms and conditions of the FWA, the buying
organisation may purchase materials, or works, or services
without any commitment for using such agreement

North American languages exhibit a variety of agreement systems, including nominative-accusative, ergative-absolutive, hierarchical/direct-inverse, and agent-patient patterns, as well as phenomena such as object agreement, inverse number, and omnivorous number. This chapter examines the patterning and exponence of agreement in these languages, including the φ-features tracked by agreement, types of agreement systems and how these systems reflect grammatical alignment, debates about the syntactic status of agreement markers (as genuine agreement or clitics), and the points at which agreement can occur in the clausal spine.

This paper surveys the distribution of formal and semantic agreement in German, using three types of trigger nouns (gender mismatch nouns, pluralia tantum nouns, and polite pronouns) in four syntactic contexts (attributive, predicate/T, pronouns, and nominal ellipsis). The distribution of agreement is shown to be dependent on the properties of the controller and the target, as well as the type of agreement dependency. The paper provides new evidence for the existence of two types of nominal ellipsis, and establishes a context in which predicative agreement can be tested in German. The findings lead to a refined Agreement Hierarchy, and a dual feature system is proposed which derives the basic tendencies of the Agreement Hierarchy and leaves room for language-specific deviations.

In this thesis, I propose that the distribution of nominal phrases is constrained by the relative positions of phi-features that nominal phrases contain. More specifically, I propose a condition according to which two syntactic nodes bearing visible phi-features cannot be directly merged. This constraint results in the well-described generalization according to which Agreement is severely limited in the Nominal Domain and complements to nominals may not bear direct case-marking, unlike the complements of verbs and prepositions. Next, I suggest that the propagation of phi-features can be blocked by a formal feature – epsilon – that is borne on such morphemes as prepositions and linkers, as well as oblique case markers. A nominal phrase merged with an epsilon may combine with another nominal phrase when a bare nominal phrase may not. Next, I argue that the syntactic identity of nouns can be fully reduced to phi-features. The proposed approach is shown to extend to adjectives – another category whose syntactic behavior is largely determined by the presence of phi-features. To that effect, I show that the ban on direct marking of the complements of both adjectives and nouns can be understood as a constraint on the merger of two phi-bearing structures. I show how the proposed theory can account for several well known syntactic phenomena, including the ban on double Absolutives in Ergative languages and the lack of Structural Dative marking in the Nominal Domain. The empirical data is mainly drawn from Slavic, Romance, Germanic and Iranian languages of the Indo-European family and from Nakh-Dagestanian languages.

The typical assumption in a pro-drop language like Spanish is that covert as well as overt subjects occupy a preverbal position at Spell Out in which their case and agreement properties are satisfied. This paper presents evidence against such a claim. On the one hand, we show that pre-verbal overt subjects pattern with left dislocated DOS and 10s in a wide range of syntactic contexts: ellipsis, extraction of quantifiers and interpretation of preverbal quantifiers. In these same contexts, sentences with a silent subject differ from sentences with overt ones. We conclude that overt pre-verbal subjects are necessarily left dislocated.

The present paper argues for a view of gender agreement without either grammatical or natural gender being represented as syntactic features. Rather than deriving declension classes in terms of realisation, I postulate them as the only relevant feature that is lexically specified on the noun. Agreement copies the declension class and triggers presuppositions. When these presuppositions clash with those already active in the discourse, default agreement is realised. The paper moreover provides a quantitative analysis of semantic correlates of declension classes and a novel analysis of SC declension classes.