Aspect

The article is devoted to the aspectual semantics of simplex (non-prefixed) verbs in Old Russian. Traditionally, these verbs have been considered to be aspectually unspecified in the Old Russian period. However, our analysis shows that already in the ancient period the class of simplexes was heterogeneous with respect to aspectual semantics;
several subclasses can be distinguished. The article offers a method (based on a complex approach that takes into account a number of morphological and semantic parameters) and algorithms that allow us determine the aspectual meaning of a particular verbal lexeme. It is also argued that for determining the aspectual status of a perfective or an imperfective verb morphological and semantic parameters (and prohibitions) have different degrees of importance. That indicates a certain asymmetry of the aspectual system observed in the Old Russian language.

Customers satisfaction is the most important criteria before buying any product. Technology today has grown to such an extent that every smallest possible query is found on internet. An individual can express his reviews towards a product through Internet. This allows others to have a brief idea about the product before buying one for them. In this paper, we take into account all the challenges and limitations encountered while reading the online reviews and time being consumed in understanding quality of the product from the reviews. We include several methods and algorithms that help the consumer to understand the Quality of the product in better way.

В статье обсуждается выбор основы СВ и НСВ при присоединении приставки. Например, почему мы говорим "задвинуть" (с основой СВ "двинуть"), но "затолкать" (с основой НСВ "толкать")? Почему мы не можем сказать "Он запрыгал в дом" в значении 'Он оказался внутри дома несколькими прыжками'? На часть из этих вопросов мы пытаемся дать ответы.

В докладе будут рассмотрены основные конструкции языка гбан (< южные манде), используемые для передачи модальных значений зон необходимости и возможности. Речь идёт о значениях внутренней, внешней и эпистемической необходимости и возможности. В гбан для выражения значений зоны возможности используются конструкции с глаголом sè ‘мочь’. Одна из этих конструкций обладает нетривиальным морфосинтаксическим поведением — она построена по модели соположения без явного подчинительного маркирования («Я могу я делаю») — и при этом демонстрирует «согласование» между служебной и знаменательной клаузами по некоторым предикативным грамматическим категориям).
Для выражения значений зоны необходимости используется набор слабограмматикализованных конструкций типа «ɛ̏ yȅȅ níí … + оптатив» («это есть [так], чтобы…»).
Отдельно предполагается рассмотреть значения так называемой внутренней и внешней «актуальности» ('Я смог сделать', 'Случилось так, что я сделал').

Aydın Türk, Y., & Çifci, A. (2017). The Effects of Landscape Characters on Rural Settlement Patterns. In I. Koleva, Ü. Duman Yüksel, & L. Benaabidate (Eds.), Ecology, Planning and Design (pp.349-359). Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
The most important factor in the settlement patterns of villages are transportation. Except for one village, the “transportation factor” comes to the forefront in the land choice for buildings and in the formation of the settlement patterns in all villages. Within this context, it is an absolute necessity to take into consideration the fact that transportation is an important component in the planning works for the rural areas.The second most important factor in the settlement patterns of villages is ownership. In general, settlements patterns overlap with ownership patterns. Ownership in villages has a multipartite structure and the sizes of the lots are too small. The ownership pattern that was created by complex and small lots in different shapes resulted in the formation of mixed and scattered settlement patterns. The results of the analyses that were made according to the predetermined criteria of the study, it was found that the elevation factor, especially with the effects of location and agricultural production, has important eff ects on the rural settlement patterns. In villages where the main means of living are hazelnut and tea production, the settlements are usually below the maximum elevation at which these products can grow. Again, according to the findings regarding the dispersion of settlements in terms of elevation levels, it was found that 7 of the 10 village settlements (Aksu, Başar, Kestanelik, Karaağaçlı, Mataracı, Şahinkaya ve Yeşilköy) are concentrated on the mid or higher parts of the slopes.Because in the rural settlements in Trabzon, the buildings are ususally concentrated on the mid or higher parts of the slopes, which are the suitable locations in the moderate-humid climate zones. Based on the predetermined criteria of the study, it was found that the slope factor has a moderate eff ect on the settlements. Due to the topographic structure of the city, the average slope angle is high. Therefore, the eff ect of slope on rural settlement patterns is moderate or low. The reason why the eff ect level of the slope factor is not high may be that the  topography of the city is quite sloping. The study has found that the aspect factor has the least eff ect on village settlement patterns. The city has a mountainous structure starting from the coast extending to the inner parts through valleys in the east-west aspect. For this reason, the aspect factor mostly have a low eff ect on land choice and settlement pattern. Because the slopes of some villages generally face north or west, there is no chance of selecting a suitable aspect in these villages. In some villages, although there are areas that face south or east, the number of buildings in these areas is very few. Due to the view factor, the buildings in the villages in coastal areas face north and therefore the eff ect of aspect factor is low.According to the findings of the study in villages where tea and hazelnut productions are predominant, the settlement pattern is very scattered or scattered depending on the type of agricultural managements. On the other hand, in villages at high altitudes where there is no agricultural production but where stock farming is predominant, there are more compact settlement patterns. Depending on the eff ects of the aforementioned factors, it was found that the settlement patterns of the sample villages are mostly scattered or linear. Due to the highly sloping topography of the sample villages, the amount of lands that are suitable for settlement and agriculture is very limited. In this case, the landowners build their houses anywhere in their lands regardless of the land structure and ground quality. Due to the fact that each landowner built his own house in his own land and the ownership patterns stemming from inheritance created ownership patterns that are complex and that contain small parcels of land and this led to the creation of scattered settlement patterns. It is important fi rst and foremost to identify in the planning works for the rural settlements the factors that shape the rural settlements. Before any planning works regarding the rural areas, ownership patterns in the rural settlements must be reorganized and the land parcels in the villages must be redesigned according to the requirements of agricultural production. Within this context, creating a ‘land arrangement model’ for the rural settlements in Trabzon is of top priority for the reorganization of the ownership patterns. The findings of the study have shown that the elevation factor, especially with the effects of agricultural production, have important eff ects on the rural settlement patterns. Consequently, in the works of land arrangement and settlements planning for the rural settlements, the lands to be allotted to settlement and agriculture can be planned according to the elevations of lands depending on the growth conditions of such products as tea and hazelnut.In addition to all these, it is also important that in the planning works, thelandscape characters that aff ect the rural settlement patterns be evaluated for the protection of the original characteristics of the rural areas. The relationships between the landscape charactersand the way of living in the rural areas, architectural characteristics, rural landscape characteristics, use of suitable materials, and natural texture of the area are important. For physical characteristics, natural characteristics, and socio-cultural characteristics are the basic values that set the character of rural areas, and all these characteristics and relationships must be defined and handled as a whole in the planning and design works.

Книга посвящена проблеме когнитивных истоков языковой катего-ризации; в ней рассматривается комплекс вопросов, связанных с общей проблемой представления знаний в языке. На конкретном материале показывается феноменологический характер базовых когнитивных структур пространства и времени, участвующих в формировании языковой картины мира. Предлагается когнитивная модель категории вида в русском языке, анализируется эпистемическое соотношение именной и местоименной систем.

This dissertation aims to provide an empirically driven and theoretically informed study of the tense, aspect and modality system of Saamáka (or Saramaccan), an English/Portuguese based creole spoken along the Suriname River, Suriname. The ambition of this dissertation is three-fold; First, to explore the semantic interpretations and syntactic distribution of each individual (core) tense, aspect and modality morpheme. Second, to establish the hierarchy of functional projections in the IP domain. Third, to validate whether Saamáka conforms to the universal hierarchy of functional projections as proposed by Cinque (1999, 2001). These goals are intertwined such that in order to validate the universal hierarchy of functional heads, it is necessary to investigate the semantic and syntactic characteristics of each individual tense, aspect and modality morpheme. Once it has been determined what the characteristics of a certain functional item are, it is possible to establish the overt manifestation of clausal functional heads of the language which can be compared to Cinque's universal sequence. A strong semantic and syntactic study of the IP domain of Saamáka not only contributes to the description of an underrepresented language and therefore to the understanding of language structure in general, but also makes a comparison with other languages more accessible. Such a comparison is relevant for the field of linguistics in general in that it will be informative regarding possible language structures which will contribute to the universal grammar debate and it is also relevant for the field of Creole Studies in that a comparison with other creole languages and/or substrate languages contributes to the creole genesis debate.

The purpose of the following essay is to analyze the pertinence and legitimacy of the category of aspect in Romanian language. The starting point for this purpose will be represented by the chapter reserved for the aspect in the latest edition of the academic Romanian Language Grammar (GALR, 2005), which has "officialized" this category in the Romanian linguistic research, and our analysis will be held on four coordinates. Firstly, we will discuss the theoretical basis of the category of aspect, with reference mainly to the transformational-generative linguistics, but without ignoring the particular solutions developed by the "applied" grammars of different languages too (especially English and French). The justification of this question is supported by the fact that GALR is based on a Chomskyan theory, developed itself on the idiomatic particularities of the English language and which is not perfectly adequate for the specific of the Romanian language. Secondly, we will take into account the ways of forming the aspect in Romanian and we will distinguish between the grammatical and the lexical-semantic procedures. Thirdly, we will have in view the relationships of the aspect with other adjacent categories (time and mode), and also with the modality phenomenon, each time indicating the superpositions, the similarities, the differences and even the incompatibilities between the mentioned processes. Finally, we will try to suggest a series of analytical solutions concerning the interpretation of the aspectual constructions by discussing several examples and contexts.

What are linguistic features, and how do they manifest themselves in natural languages? The Georgian language provides a particularly acute set of challenges to linguists in the way it questions received assumptions about grammatical functions, thematic relations, and natural language categorization. 

This dissertation tackles these facts by examining first what the evidence for different domains of grammar are in Georgian. How do data from Georgian verb morphology challenge traditional assumptions underlying lexical incremental assumptions behind the morpheme? Do inversion facts argue for monostratal or multistratal conceptualizations of grammatical functions?

The answer to both of these questions is highly complicated, and requires an extensive look at the Georgian systems of case, agreement, tense, aspect, and modality.  In particular I assess the viability of classical treatments such as Harris (1982), Anderson (1993), Marantz (1992), and Stump (2001) and find that Georgian poses problems for each one.  I go on to assess in the second part how differential feature hierarchies in morphology versus syntax argue for the existence of distinct feature geometries.  Feature hierarchies, it turns out, are epiphenomena of set-theoretical properties of these geometries.  In the last chapter, I discuss the literature on feature hierarchies arguing how many scholars have misunderstood this highly abstract area of grammatical theorizing.

If metaphysics is to have a future, then Haas argues, ontology--the traditional teaching and learning of the question of the meaning of being--must be suspended: being cannot simply mean essence or existence, presence or absence, or some combination thereof. Rather, being's way of being-neither present nor absent, but implied-shows what it always already was, an implication. But being, as we know, also implies unity and time and aspect. And this has implications for teaching and learning the history of philosophy as metaphysics (and all other areas of philosophy, as well as knowledge in the arts and sciences, and for any being whatsoever), if it is to have a future. And it also has implications for us-for the traditional names by which we know ourselves, from human being to Da-sein, must then also be suspended, at least if metaphysics is to have a future. Or, as the Spartans say: if.

В центре работы стоит категория инкомплетива, которая совмещает в себе прогрессив и результатив. Ставятся и разрешаются следующие вопросы: Является ли инкомплетив совмещением прогрессива и результатива в тривиальном смысле (раздел 3.1.1)? Возможен ли моносемантический анализ инкомплетива (раздел 3.1.2)? Какие пути развития доступны инкомплетиву (разделы 1.1, 3.2)? Первым шагом в решении этих вопросов является рассмотрение данных прогрессивов и результативов ([Dahl (ed.) 2000] и [Недялков (ред.) 1983]), к ним применяется модель семантических карт. Итоговые семантические карты совмещаются. Проецирование на них данных инкомплетивов (13 показателей) показывает, что инкомплетив действительно является простым совмещением прогрессива и результатива. Моносемантический анализ инкомплетива признаётся крайне затруднительным, поскольку результатив — акциональный модификатор (раздел 2.2.1), а прогрессив — аспектуальный. В ходе осмысления наблюдаемого варьирования в семантике прогрессивов и для моделирования диахронии прогрессивов предлагается понятие прото-процесса, которое оказывается релевантно для диахронии инкомплетива: переосмысление из результатива в прогрессив или наоборот — т. е. возникновение инкомплетива — возможно в контекстах, нарушающих только одно свойство прото-процесса (раздел 2.1.4). Последний сценарий, основанный на дополненной в нашей работе гипотезе К. Эберт (1995), подтверждается на материале трёх языков (раздел 3.2).
Краткая версия работы доступна в виде хэндаута к защите.

This short overview of the Greek language of the New Testament focuses on those topics that are of greatest importance for the average reader, that is, those with important implications for translating the New Testament into English. It begins with space and time context of New Testament Greek, continues with some difficult syntactical issues (word order, system of prepositions) and concludes with the controversial field of verbal aspect

The present dissertation concerns the notion of completion and how it is lingually expressed in Modern Greek. Within the framework of the research, aspectively adversative sentences were analysed. Based on the results, a set of postulates describing a fragment of the Modern Greek aspective reality is proposed. Then, Hampel and Oppenheim’s (1948) deductive model of explanation is employed, in order to verify the adequacy of the proposed theory. It is the first work in Modern Greek aspectology that employs the postulational method and the deductive model of explanation.

Among the assumptions made in the dissertation are: 1) completion is a complex meaning involving obligatorily the meaning of termination and holicity (the property of being whole), 2) holic completion should not be confused with partitive completion, 3) the meaning of termination may be lexified (conveyed by lexical morphs) or semified (conveyed by affixes) whereas the meaning of holicity is solely lexified in Modern Greek, and 4) forms of momentous verbs lexify simultaneously termination and holicity.

In the light of the above assumptions, the following three groups of Modern Greek verb forms have been distinguished: 1) autosignificators of completion, that is sufficient significators (markers) of completion, 2) cosignificators of completion, which convey completion jointly with lexificators of holicity, and 3) lexificators of completion, which refer to events composed of completed subevents.

This paper studies the development of aspect markers in an Arabic pidgin, Juba Arabic, spoken in South Sudan, and an Arabic creole, Ki-Nubi, spoken in Kenya and Uganda, both deriving from the 19th century contacts between the Anglo-Egyptian army in the Sudan and the indigenous recruits. It claims that the earliest varieties of Arabic used in communication in this area did not have any grammaticalized aspectual markers. At a later stage, a general modal marker, BI, was borrowed from Sudanese Arabic. When a second marker, GI, was introduced for the marking of non-punctuality, it took over the marking of habituality from BI.

В статье приводятся наблюдения над свойствами именных групп и глагольных предикатов в русском языке. Сходства между единицами данных классов отмечались в литературе, однако анализ материала русского языка демонстрирует ряд специфических особенностей. Для классификации именных групп целесообразной представляется интеграция традиционного подхода (предметные vs. вещественные имена) и подхода, предложенного М. Крифкой (кумулятивные vs. квантованные имена). Для каждого типа именных групп обнаруживается соответствие среди глагольных предикатов, при этом параллелизм прослеживаются не только на уровне самих единиц двух классов, но и на уровне системных связей между единицами в составе каждого класса (в частности, способности варьирования). Наблюдаемый изоморфизм оказывает определенное влияние на способность тех или иных глагольных предикатов и имен сочетаться в рамках одной предикативной группы (по крайней мере, это касается групп, где наблюдается накопительное соотношение).

Previous studies indicate that even advanced learners of English as a Foreign Language and speakers of English as a Second Language extend the progressive to stative verbs, contrary to the predictions of the Aspect Hypothesis (AH). We test this claim based on a corpus of beginning and lower intermediate learner writing produced by speakers of three languages with and three without a progressive. In contrast to previous studies, we measure the frequency of stative progressives using the variable context method, which is frequently used in research on dialectal variation. Results reveal that stative progressives are very rare at the beginning/lower intermediate level, regardless of the presence of a progressive in the learners' L1, confirming the claim of the AH for beginning and lower intermediate learners. Moreover, stative progressives mostly occur in contexts that are grammatical in native usage, especially in the interlanguage of learners with a progressive in their L1.

The theory of situation-type aspect based on scales (e.g. Tenny 1994; Jackendoff 1996; Rappaport Hovav 2008; Rappaport Hovav and Levin 2010) is applied in the present study to aspectual English verb particles and Slovak verbal prefixes. I argue that both particles and prefixes come in two types, non-scalar and scalar, depending on how they describe the change denoted in the verb root. Non-scalar particles and prefixes do not alter argument structure, e.g. The children walked (on) in silence. They appear in predicates without an underlying scale, which are consequently atelic. In contrast, scalar particles and prefixes appear in predicates with an underlying scale, which are potentially telic. Scalar prefixes and particles can alter argument structure because scales require an obligatory realization of the measured participant, e.g. Ally slept *(off) a headache. The study reviews manifestations of argument-structure alternations as well as factors that determine the effect of particles and prefixes on telicity.

Este artigo apresenta muito sucintamente dados preliminares sobre os padrões microclimáticos registados pelas quatro estações meteorológicas localizadas no Parque Arqueológico Vale do Côa. A investigação aqui apresentada faz parte de um doutoramento, submetido à School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, sob orientação do Professor Timothy Darvill, que teve como objectivo criar uma escala de urgência de intervenção conservativa na arte rupestre ao ar livre do Vale do Côa. Este projecto lidou com a identificação e utilização de diferentes variáveis na avaliação da condição dos afloramentos com arte rupestre do Côa. Este artigo examina a relação entre orientação cardeal dos afloramentos e painéis gravados e o seu estado de conservação. De uma forma global, investigação levada a cabo teve como propósito principal melhor informar, gerir e, especialmente, priorizar possíveis intervenções futuras de conservação (Fernandes, 2012). Palavras-chave: orientação cardeal, conservação de arte rupestre ao ar livre

This paper very briefly presents preliminary data on climatic patterns recorded by the four weather stations located in the Côa Valley Archaeological Park. Research presented here is part of a doctoral thesis submitted to the School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, under the supervision of Professor Timothy Darvill, aimed at creating a conservation intervention emergency scale for the Côa Valley open-air rock-art. This project dealt with the identification and use of different variables in assessing the condition of rock art outcrops in the Côa. This article analyses the connection between aspect of the engraved outcrops and panels and their current condition. The overarching aims of carried out research were to better inform, manage and especially prioritize possible future conservation interventions (Fernandes, 2012).