Urban Renewal and Inner Cities

In 1997, landscape architect Walter Hood published a monograph called "Urban Diaries" in which he studied the parks and open spaces in West Oakland, redeveloped through the Model Cities Program of 1970. In a period of about twenty years, Hood observed that many of these spaces were already in disrepair. This paper examines Hood’s analyses and proposals, and argues, following George Lipsitz, that Hood’s work reflects a consideration of urban space as immanent to the lives of African Americans in West Oakland. More broadly, it seeks ways of thinking about the redevelopment of Redevelopment through situated practices of urban design.

Professional standpoint states that the social disposition of the succeeding generations can be considerably predisposed, shaped or curbed through sheer creation of place. In itself, urban planning does not confine to the simple, methodical crafting of space, but leans a concise configuration to deliberately influence social equity and ecological conservation; preservation of culture and a positive contribution to the economy.

In the past decade, urban regeneration policy makers and practitioners have faced a number of difficult challenges, such as sustainability, budgetary constraints, demands for community involvement and rapid urbanization in the Global South. Urban regeneration remains a high profile and important field of government-led intervention, and policy and practice continue to adapt to the fresh challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century, as well as confronting long-standing intractable urban problems and dilemmas. This Companion provides cutting-edge critical review and synthesis of recent conceptual, policy and practical developments within the field. With contributions from 72 international experts within the field, it explores the meaning of ‘urban regeneration’ in differing national contexts, asking questions and providing informed discussion and analyses to illuminate how an apparently disparate field of research, policy and practice can be rendered coherent, drawing out common themes and significant differences. The Companion is divided into six parts, exploring: globalization and neo-liberal perspectives on urban regeneration; emerging econceptualizations of regeneration; public infrastructure and public space;
housing and cosmopolitan communities; community centred regeneration; and culture-led regeneration. The concluding chapter considers the future of urban regeneration and proposes a nine-point research agenda. This Companion assembles a diversity of approaches and insights in one comprehensive volume to provide a state-of-the-art review of the field. It is a valuable resource for both advanced undergraduate
and postgraduate students in Urban Planning, Built Environment, Urban Studies and Urban Regeneration, as well as academics, practitioners and politicians.

"Kentlerimizin içinde bulunduğu durum, gün ve gün artarak devam eden kentsel sorunlar, sorunlara çözüm olarak sunulan kentsel dönüşüm uygulamalarının yarattığı yeni sorunlar ve tüm bu haller gerçekleşirken siyasi süreçler altında ilerleyen planlama kurumumuzun bilimsel işlevini yerine getiremeyişi, şehircilikte yeniden yapılanmanın gerekliliğini çok uzun zaman önce Türkiye’deki şehir planlama camiasının gündemine taşımış, fakat çözüm halen ortaya konamamıştır.

Planlama literatüründeki planlamaya dair tartışmaların, planlamanın bir bilimsel disiplin olarak görülmesi kadar eski olduğunu iddia etmek hiç de yanlış sayılmaz. Geleneksel planlamadan kapsamlı planlamaya, yenilikçi planlamadan mekansal planlamaya, müzakereci planlamadan katılımcı planlamaya, stratejik planlamadan savunucu planlamaya, etkileşimsel planlamadan işbirlikçi planlamaya, eşitlikçi planlamadan sayamayacağımız bir çok diğer farklı planlama yaklaşımının literatürde yer almasının nedeni de tam olarak bu çözümsüzlük halidir.

Her planlama kuramı aslında içinden doğduğu toplumsal yapı ve bu yapıyı şekillendiren sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasal süreçler üzerinden okunmalı ve bu bağlamda anlamlandırılmalıdır. “Bu bağlamdan bağımsız teknik ölçütlerle şekillendirilebilecek bir planlama kurumundan söz edilemez” (Şengül, 2004: 20). Bunun yanı sıra, her planlama paradigması ve öngördüğü kurumsal yapılanma, mevcut sorunların çözümünden öte geleceğe dönük bir kent tahayyülünü ortaya koymaktadır (Şengül, 2004: 20). Her planlama yaklaşımı, temeline kentteki belli bir toplumsal yapıyı oturtur ve kuramı bunun üzerine kurar. Bu değişkenler çerçevesinde ortaya atılan her yeni kuramın aslında bir planlama sürecinden öte, toplumsal yapıyı şekillendirici hedefleri vardır; sadece planlama sürecine dair değil, kent yönetiminden, yönetilecek toplumsal yapının karakterine, kente nasıl müdahale edileceğinden, bu müdahale biçimlerinin neye göre şekilleneceğine kadar bir çok kritik noktaya dair çeşitli saptamalarda bulunur.

İşte tam da bu noktada aslında “kent” dediğimiz alanı nasıl tanımladığımız önem kazanmaktadır. De Landa’nın (2006: 6) tanımıyla kent heterojen bir bileşkedir. Bu heterojenlik, sadece toplum içindeki farklı etnik gruplar ya da mekansal bakıldığında farklı fiziksel özelliklere sahip mahalleler olarak okunmamalıdır. Kent; farklı etnik kökenler, kültürel değerler ve ekonomik sınıflardan gelen insanlar bir yana; bu insanların kente geliş süreçlerinden, bu süreçleri doğuran siyasi, toplumsal ya da ekonomik kırılma noktalarına; yaşadıkları mahallelerin soyo-kültürel yapılarından, bu mahallerin oluşum süreçleri ve hatta sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel olarak kente katkılarına; yine aynı yerleşim alanlarının kente dair belirlenen sorunları içerip içermemesinden, sorunun kaynağı ya da kendisinin bu yaşam alanı ile özdeşleşmesine kadar bir çok farklı yatay ve dikey bileşkelerden oluşur. Bu her bir bileşke arasındaki farklı ilişkisel ağların, düzensiz bir şekilde çakışmalar ve paralellikler içererek oluşturduğu çözülmesi çok zor bir düğüm yaratmasıdır, kent. Bu düğümü çözmek ve ipi bir ağ gibi düzenli bir hale getirmek; düğümün dışında kalan iplikleri de katarak, çözülmesi çok daha zor, güçlü bir düğüme çevirmek; küçük düğümleri çözmek ve ağın ortasında güçlü bir düğüm bırakmak, vb. gibi pek çok farklı senaryo, önümüzde duran ve adına planlama kuramları denen külliyatı oluşturmuştur.

Dünya üzerinde daha önce deneyimlenmiş olan, savunucu, katılımcı, eşitlikçi, dayanışmacı gibi alternatif planlama örneklerinin Türkiye’de az rastlanır olduğu kabulü üzerinden inşa edilen bu çalışma; son yıllarda güncelliğini her daim korumuş olan kentsel dönüşüm süreci ve bu sürece karşı yıllardır verilen mücadelelerdeki kısır döngüyü kırmak adına, daha önce deneyimlenmiş bu alternatif planlama modellerini doğuran sürecin, Türkiye’de yaşanan planlama süreçleri ile benzerlikler içerdiğini savunur. Bu nedenle, yeni alternatif modeller üretmenin ya da mevcut üretilmiş olan alternatif yaklaşımların deneyimlenmesinin ne denli önemli olduğuna işaret eder. Çalışma, daha önce de belirtildiği üzere, her bir kuramın, ortaya çıkmış olduğu toplumsal yapı içindeki ihtiyaçtan doğduğunu kabul eder ve bunu değerli bulur; diğer kuramları eleştirmek ya da en ideal planlama kuramı şudur gibi bir tez ortaya atak niyetine sahip değildir.

Çalışma, günümüz uygulamalarındaki yanlışlıklar, planlamanın etik sorunsalı, son dönem projelerdeki katılım eksikliği ve katılım talebinin reddi, bilimden uzak uygulanan başarısız projeler ve kentsel dönüşüm projeleri karşısında birlik halinde hareket edemeyen ya da etse bile çoğunlukla başarısız olan mücadele alanlarını düşünerek; planlama etiğine sahip, planlamanın bilimsel doğrularını savunan bir camia ile bu kuramsal külliyat içinden “savunucu planlama” (advocacy planning) yaklaşımını masaya yatırmayı talep eder. Günümüz siyasi ve toplumsal yapısı içinde; yaşam alanlarımız bir bir dönüştürülüyor ve hatta yok ediliyorken, karar süreçlerinde söz alamayan bir kentli olarak; planlamada katılım, eşitlik, adalet, kent hakkı gibi kavramları her daim savunan bir plancı olarak; ve yaşanan süreçlerdeki “kent toprağını, kentsel dönüşüm adı altında rantsal bölüşümün en önemli sermayesi olarak görme halini en masum tanımlamayla—yönetimin adil olmayan yaklaşımı” olarak okuyan bir vatandaş olarak; savunucu planlamayı bir çıkış noktası olarak görebilir miyiz sorusunun cevabını aramaktadır.

Paul Davidoff, savunucu planlama modelini geliştirirken, yalnızca planlama sürecinin kendisine dair değil, aynı zamanda da plancılara ve planlama öğreticilerine dair de düşünmüş ve çeşitli eleştiriler getirmiştir. Bundan elli yıl önce gerçekleştirilmiş olan bu eleştirilere bugün halen Türkiye’den bir cevap verilemiyor olması ve elli yıl gecikmeli olarak aynı yanlışların Türkiye sınırları içinde tekrarlanıyor olması; savunucu planlama ve diğer alternatif planlama modellerini yeniden tartışılmaya açmanın ne kadar önemli olduğuna işaret etmektedir.

Üç bölümden oluşan bu çalışmada; birinci bölümde, savunucu planlama yaklaşımının temelleri; ikinci bölümde, bu yaklaşımın doğuşunda kentsel dönüşümün yeri; üçüncü bölümde ise, Türkiye’de yaşanan kentsel dönüşüm süreçleri içinde savunucu planlamanın gerekliliği üzerinden bir tartışma yürütülecektir."

Although globally the topic of adaptive reuse is not a new concept there exists a literature gap in this study in terms of the conservation of heritage or heritage architecture via adaptive reuse, hence the need for this study.
This research paper will discuss the definition and advent of adaptive reuse, the historical background or historical value of adaptive reuse to conserve heritage buildings. In addition, the author will investigate and explore case studies concerning the adaptive reuse of heritage buildings in South Africa as well as those abroad.The chosen topic aims to determine the factors influencing the adaptive reuse of a building, the requirements to be satisfied in order for the heritage building to be adapted for reuse.
Firstly, the literature and/or theories of adaptive reuse for the purposes of heritage conservation by 19th Century French architect and restorer Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc, Austrian historian Alois Riegl and 1960s architect and critical writer Ada Louise Huxtable will be used to support the findings of this research paper. Thereafter the relevance and application of the aforementioned theories will be further discussed.
This study is important in that it explores those factors which influence adaptive reuse of heritage architecture in South Africa and whether these factors are influenced by the historical background of the buildings, which era they were built in as well as the story behind their construction and erection. Research finding garnered from various case studies and interviews will be explored and assessed; thereafter observations leading to conclusion/s will be made.
It is hoped that the preservation of heritage architecture in South Africa will inspire national pride, reconnect society to these buildings by retrofitting them to meet the demands and needs of the new users as well as maintain the character of the specific location.
Keywords: Adaptive reuse, Heritage buildings, Heritage architecture conservation, Heritage resources.
"Conservation and Heritage is not about putting everything back into a sparking new shell but acknowledging the layers of history that have come to define a space."-Ng Sek San, d+a,issue 070. 2012. Ramli (2011:p1).

The paper examines current policy, practice and outcomes of the urban regeneration in Leeds, with special focus on industrial heritage of the city. This is a review article with critical, analytical and problem oriented approach. Due to its architectural, social, historical and technological significance, industrial heritage is recognised as a prominent factor of the identity of many cities today and is often associated with interests of the local community. As a former industrial city, Leeds has a number of unused industrial buildings and a lot of potential for developing on this base. Still, as research showed, regeneration projects focuse on promotion of comercial facilities, and attempts to attract primarily tourists, students and young professionals to the city. Regeneration causes effects such as gentrification, lack of public facilities and engagement of local community, and loss of the sense of place. Examples of alternative projects in Leeds are researched at the end and some different approaches for development of the city proposed. More holistic and integral approach, oriented towards needs of the local community is recognised as a possible direction for future development.

The street constitutes the main public space in informal areas. While they usually emerge spontaneously, and in an unplanned way, their examination allows us to understand that there are spatial patterns of organization. Physical and spatial aspects that make these urban spaces become different types of urban places. Through the understanding of these patterns of organization and by street-based upgrading strategies, urban places can be formally set, making the streets not only spaces for mobility, for accessibility or for the pipelines, but also productive spaces where local economies and social and cultural activities can be promoted, and where the sense of community is enhanced. Recent approaches to the regeneration of low-income and informal settlements are evolving into strategies characterized by improving their existing conditions, minimizing relocations of their inhabitants. This on-site approach together with street-based upgrading constitutes an effective eviction alternative that facilitates the regeneration of informal areas. This paper shows how the improvements in low-income and informal settlements based on the understanding of physical organization patterns and on street-based upgrading constitute very powerful catalysts for the revitalization and regeneration process of informal areas, preserving the social organization network of communities and securing land tenure rights. This conclusion will contribute to the urban regeneration strategies for planning informal areas based on streets and public spaces, and to its transnational applicability.

A report on the relationship between culture and tourism in cities, written by Greg Richards and Lénia Marques. Published by the Unitied Cities and Local Governments (UCLG) network, this report examines how cultural policy can contribute to the management and development of tourism, and how tourism can contribute to supporting urban cultures. This review concentrates on the cities of Amsterdam, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Lisbon, Montreal and Rome, and seeks to add new perspectives to current debates on 'overtourism' and the growth of the sharing economy.

Historic neighborhoods, often richly endowed with significant historical, architectural or social capital, arouse a critical inquiry in the conservation of urban spaces. The state, in its deployment of various policies, initiatives and interventions, overlooks the various tangible and intangible constructs of the urban fabric. The process of conservation embarks on a discourse that favors tourism and market led development, instead of addressing the real challenges faced by the inhabitants, who constitute the living heritage of the place. This paper argues that any intervention for conservation in historic urban cores should include the inhabitants as primary beneficiaries and equal partners, and thereby address the issues they face directly. This is necessary to identify, protect and promote heritage in all its forms and examine the role of the private sector in the dialogue on conservation. By studying the recent interventions carried out in the Walled City of Lahore by the government, in collaboration with the Walled City of Lahore Authority (an autonomous body under the Government of Pakistan), World Bank, and Aga Khan Foundation, I espouse on the dilemma of how an urban fabric develops and how it should be conserved. An analysis of the discrepancies in promises, visions, and expectations reveals new grounds to explore how conservation should work effectively for development and heritage protection.

The aim of this research is to unravel and interrogate critically the recent histories of the production and reproduction of Castlefield, Manchester. This unravelling is accomplished theoretically through the historicised application of Lefebvre‘s spatial triad. Production of space histories and Castlefield‘s ‗regeneration‘ are revisited principally through archival and interview evacuations of the neglected years of the 1970s. Urban public space is seen as the key city synecdoche. The thesis argues against what is called the ‗dominant academic narrative‘: challenging the narrative where it ignores or downplays the role of counter-representations and counter-projects in the production of urban public space. The empirical research is based mainly on archival data and complimentary interview and visual data; the analyses are qualitative. Visual representations of space largely neglected in the literature are foregrounded throughout the empirical research. Spaces of representation and spatial practice are interrogated from the perspective of public space analysis which emphasises the importance of the contested nature of representations of space within the public sector and the vulnerable and unstable character of some official representations of space. The thesis therefore does not seek to reproduce what might be called a ‗traditional‘ Lefebvrian analysis which counter-poses repressive official representations of space against quotidian heroic, poetic spaces of representation. The research challenges oversimplified characterisations of Castlefield as a space simply of heritage, leisure and exclusive residential enclaves. A dynamic, complex spatial portrait is revealed whereby ludic, ‗natural‘ and abstract space rise and fall though intricate spatial layering as time unfolds. Urban differential space and ludic space are found to emerge through the interstices of abstract space as key outcomes of the contestation of space. The thesis concludes that the potential for differential urban public space exists through the production of new spaces and their diverse politicised appropriation.

Close interaction with the people, administrators and political leaders of historic precincts in Hyderabad and Shahjahanabad, Delhi, revealed a great enthusiasm amongst all to improve their general standard of living. But the notion of 'space' as perceived by the public officials is radically different from that of the public itself. The former habitually sees it as a commodity; while the latter freely lets the socio-cultural forces dictate its usage. This difference in perceptions often hinders redevelopment due
to ao deficiency in understanding the cultural economics and evolution of the city core. As a result, most livelihoods become vulnerable to these deficient perceptions. Conceptual approaches derived from existing and proposed regulatory and planning tools may offer solutions for sustaining the resources of historic city cores effectively.

The study was undertaken by researchers at UNSW Sydney, with the assistance and support of the City of Sydney Council.
The aim of this research was to develop a survey tool for on-going assessment of social interactions and social cohesion at a large-scale urban renewal site that could be used to:
» Measure the nature of social cohesion and social interaction and identify opportunities and barriers residents face in contributing to social cohesion and community development.
» Understand the wellbeing of residents and workers, including their satisfaction with and attachment to the area, their local area preferences and desires, and their plans for the future.

Birçok hizmetin sanal ortamlarda gerçekleşiyor olması kentsel alanların varlığını ve sorunlarını ortadan kaldırmıyor. Tam da bu nedenlerle eşya, insan, para ve bilgi akışını hızlandırmak ve çevreye dağıtabilmek için her türlü ulaşım ve iletişim sisteminin inşa edilmesi, arttırılması gibi konularda hızlı bir evrim yaşanmakta ve bu arada kentler arası vahşi mücadeleler sergilenmektedir. En büyük risk, dengesiz ve önden kestirilemez ekonomik koşullar altında hangi kentsel girişimin başarılı olacağı hangisinin olamayacağı konusundaki kararların her zaman risk taşımasıdır. Bilim, araştırma-geliştirme parkları, dünya ticaret merkezleri, fuarlar, kapalı alışveriş merkezleri, kültür ve eğlence merkezleri ve hatta müzeler açma konusunda komşu kentlerle yarışılması bazen çok kötü sonuçlar vermekte ve bazen yarışan kentlerde bazı yeni yapılar atıl bile kalmaktadır. İyi bir geçişim planlaması bir ideal öngörüsü olmadan yapılamaz. Bu nedenle burada ütopyalardan söz edilmekte ve insansız ütopyalar yerine insanlı ütopyalar önerilmektedir.

Here I outline some new thinking regarding Lefebvre's concepts of differential space and the right to the city. The previous empirically orientated chapters in the book point to the potential of differential space but have so far left its nature and processes of production unexplored. Following Goonewardena et al (2008: 13) who argue for the need to take Lefebvre's spatial triad and the production of space ideas as a point of departure and Merrifield (2011) who urges us to go beyond Lefebvre, this chapter seeks to do just that. It does so by incorporating a fusion of differential space and right to the city ideas into contemporary contexts and grounded empirical case studies in the three cities which are the focus of this book. What follows is firstly, a conceptual discussion of the nature of the right to the city and its relationship with differential space. In the discussion below I focus on the ludic aspects and politicised appropriation characteristics of differential space. Secondly, is an analysis and discussion of case study empirical research, which argues that, inadvertently the potential for differential space was created through various heritage-led beautification and urban regeneration schemes

Abstract
Purpose
The chapter aims to discuss the social housing history and urban renewal experiences in Turkey while pointing out similarities to and variegations from the urban policy trends in the global north in the postwar era. To carry out these discussions, the chapter focuses on the Karapınar Project in Eskişehir.

Methodology/approach
The chapter is built on an anthropological case study and a self-funded video documentary research that includes insights from local inhabitants, projects’ authorities, urban experts, and planners in order to show contesting claims and views about the renewal, new housing conditions, and economic consequences.

Findings
The Karapınar Renewal Project is a Mass Housing Administration (TOKİ) project which claimed to be a ‘welfare oriented’, ‘renewal on-site’, ‘social housing project’ aiming to turn gecekondu – squatter settlements – into a healthy neighborhood. Yet, these claims fail to meet their promises and only appear to mask the actual rent-seeking motivations of the project.

Social implications
The chapter shows that large economic profits of the authorities create a significant contrast with economic burdens and dispossessions of the poor residents. The locals’ fears about the payments and concerns about changing living conditions are in sharp contradiction with the welfare claims of the state institutions.

Originality/value
The Karapınar Project uses the concepts of ‘social housing’ and ‘welfare state’ which are normally associated with policies of social democratic ideology. Yet, when looking into the reality, it becomes clear that the Karapınar Project shifted the meanings of these concepts and utilized them to create a space for legitimacy.

Keywords:
Gecekondu , social housing, urban renewal, neoliberal urbanism, Turkey

Urban design and planning have played dominant roles in framing efforts to revitalise downtowns or CBDs. The effectiveness of revitalisation efforts around the world has been patchy. Through an analysis of the efforts of Townsville, a small regional city of 200,000 persons on Australia’s north-east coast, to revivify its CBD, the performative gap between the promises of urban design and planning and actual results paint a story of dashed hopes and unrealisable ambitions. The diagnostic frame that privileges abstract impressions and codifications cannot adequately account for the messiness of the embodied world and temporal city realities. A phenomenological lens provides insights into these shortcomings. The temporal dynamics of cities, grasped through the appropriation of Henri Lefebvre’s implosion/explosion dialectic is introduced to ground the analysis (2003, The Urban Revolution). The lesson to be learned is that provided by Daedalus to his son Icarus: it is time to suspend the hubris of being “voyeur-gods” and develop an empathy for the messiness of embodied (urban) life (de Certeau, 1998, The Practices of Everyday Life). More stylised and abstract urbanism is unlikely to overcome the historic shortcomings of contemporary urban design and planning.

This paper contributes to a critical understanding of the production of space through an exploration of notable spatial moments in the 1990s work of the Central Manchester Development Corporation (CMDC), particularly its role in the creation of new public space. Henri Lefebvre's ideas regarding the production of urban space provide rigorous theoretical grounding for the empirical research. Two chronologically overlapping 20th century discourses: the inner city urban policy discourse from the 1960s and the modernist city planning discourse that peaked in the era of technological optimism after World War Two are shown to be vital for a critical understanding of the Urban Development Corporation (UDC) regime. The paper unravels the as yet unproblematised origins of UDCs and CMDC and shows how the reorientation of the 1960s Urban Programme by the Labour government laid the ground for some of the subsequent Conservative government's urban policy shifts. New evidence from archival sources, supplemented by interviews with key informants, is presented which challenges and disrupts some conventional wisdoms regarding UDCs and CMDC. Research findings point to the crucial role of CMDC in stimulating the creation of significant new public spaces akin to differential space, which remain of great importance for Manchester. CMDC's deployment of large scale resources compounded the spatial practice of the previous decade leading to the production of unanticipated public space potentials and the politicised appropriation of urban space. In closing, the paper highlights the unintended and inadvertent legacies of the CMDC for public space in the 2000s.

The Research Overview

[To reveal the production of space] we should have tolook at history itself in a new light. We should have tostudy not only the history of space, but also the historyof representations along with that of their relationships –with each other, with practice, and with ideology. History would have to take in not only the genesis of these spaces but also, and especially, their interconnections, distortions, displacements, mutual interconnections, and their links with the spatial practice of the particular society… (Lefebvre 1991: 42)

- Theoretical framework: Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad
- plus understanding role of capitalist abstract space
- Archival and interview research methodology
- Counter-projects led by civil society groups
- Aspirational urban regeneration
(Leary and McCarthy 2013)
- Five axes of public space
- Public space as crucible of democracy
- Production of differential space through
urban regeneration interventions
- Visual representations of space

For Lefebvre, the state and its constituent institutions call for urban spaces but they do not act alone or with impunity in the production of space and their specific requirements are often contested. This was certainly the case in Lowell as the city entered a critical phase of post-industrial reimagining and transformation in the late 1960s. If we are to take seriously Lefebvre’s invocation to scrutinise the histories of the production of urban space, then of course the context in which the concept of the Lowell National Historical Park (LNHP) emerges in the 1970s becomes a critical historical moment requiring investigation. I argue in this chapter that this history was not an inevitable linear procession but rather involved a series of precursor projects and initiatives involving struggles of different spatial coalitions with greater or lesser support from the public sector. After explaining the emergence of Model Cities, in this chapter archival and interview data are used to dig beneath the surface of Model Cities to examine the importance of two neglected production of public space projects: the Western Canal beautification and Ecumenical Plaza. Lowell city council (LCC) has been criticised for its complicity in the destruction of significant historic buildings through the urban renewal programmes of the 1960s, particularly the loss of the Merrimack Mills Company factories and the boarding houses at Dutton Street. This chapter examines a positive contribution of LCC to post-industrial reimagining; the establishment of the Lowell Historic District Commission, an idea rejected initially.

This (summary) paper returns to the original gentrification paper by Ruth Glass as a way into the continuing and somewhat unsatisfactory gentrification debate. It does so within the framework of the 'reflective practitioner'  and the theoretical ideas of Henri Lefebvre. Some urgency is required because accusations of the evil that is gentrification are having an impact, I think unhelpfully on regeneration policy and practice in the UK and elsewhere. The paper starts with a critical engagement with Ruth Glass’ gentrification before considering ‘community and mixed communities -led regeneration. Since the 1970s the term gentrification has been used in a wholly derogatory way to signify harmful social change related to the operation of the housing market. This makes impartial evaluation of the processes and outcomes involved difficult indeed. Local authorities have taken the brunt of the criticisms although government has also been implicated. It is important to consider the original piece that coined the term because, although it is decades old, several of the arguments apply today, especially those regarding the so called displacement impacts of gentrification. The paper explores issues of gentrification and estate regeneration through a case study of the Aylesbury (public housing) Estate in central London and explores too the issues raised when an academic takes on a planning consultancy role involving work over a year long period.

This white paper examines the attitudes and perception of black community leaders regarding issues important to building capacity and development in Wilmington’s inner city. It sought to focus on capacity building and community development in Wilmington as a socio-political phenomenon. This paper begins with the assumption that social and political factors are as equally important as to economic factors in increasing the standard of living and quality of life in Wilmington’s inner-city communities. It considers the impact of social influences in shaping individual leaders political views. The findings show a measure of agreement among leaders regarding the most important issues facing their community, and strong agreement among the community leaders’ perceptions of the factors influencing political and social outcomes in the community. They were critical of the job government was doing to assist the community, yet equally critical of the efforts of the residents to address the problems their community faced.  They did not have much confidence in outside institutions nor did they have much faith in blacks who lived outside of the community helping to build community capacity and develop.  Capacity building and community development in inner city communities must be understood as they are situated in a complex and unique socio-political context and in accordance with internal community identity politics.

Met de Verkenning Post 65 wil de Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed kennis opbouwen over de ruimtelijke ontwikkelingen, de bouwproductie en de landschapsarchitectuur in Nederland na 1965. Stadsvernieuwing is een van de thema’s van deze tijd. Dit thema is bovendien nauw verbonden met de geschiedenis van de monumentenzorg. Niet langer stonden alleen de restauratie en beschrijving van de ‘monumenten van geschiedenis en kunst’ in de aandacht van de erfgoedzorg. De aanwijzing van beschermde stads- en dorpsgezichten speelde een
belangrijke rol in de stadsvernieuwing en de rehabilitatie van de historische stadscentra en dorpskernen vanaf halverwege de jaren zestig.

Un entretien avec Marc LEVINE (Université du Wisconsin, Milwaukee) à Nanterre, 27 octobre 2012 par le journal Justice spatiale - Spatial Justice (Frédéric Dufaux) L'entretien a été réalisé à l'Université Paris Ouest Nanterre à l'occasion du colloque international autour de la série The Wire:
http://www.jssj.org/article/un-entretien-avec-marc-levine/

In 1971 I penned the following MA thesis, Negro Folk Medicine In An Urban environment:  a Functional Analysis. Living, teaching in the ghetto of Detroit, left an unforgettable impression on the hardships therein and what transpired when the urban poor were and are victimized by the American health care system.  As a result, lack of access to the system left many with but one alternative ‘folk medicine’, handed down generation after generation from the Antebellum South. Its origin lay not in Africa from whence they came, but in Europe as the slave holders, many of they themselves poorly educated, needed to protect the health of their ‘investment’.
Today, nearly five decades later, the sheer neglect of Americas poorer citizens, by the medical establishment in which health has long been regarded as a privilege than a right, continues to be an indictment of the system and ‘Big Pharm’ in particular. In effect, it perpetuates what it is obligated to remedy. Folk medicine for the inner city poor thus, was not a viable alternative, but time and again, their only option.

Opper, A. 2016. Foreword. In H. Johnson. The ‘Dark’ City. 17-26. Johannesburg: CIRCA Gallery. [Introductory essay for a catalogue]

This short essay consists of a critical reflection of the the master's thesis of a former student, Harry Johnson (aka Hariwe). He completed his master's - for which I was a co-supervisor - at the University of Johannesburg's (UJ) Department of Architecture in 2015.

The essay was written for an exhibition catalogue Harry compiled on the occasion of a public exhibition of his award-winning architectural thesis. For this exhibition he was joined by collaborators Jono Wood and Dirk Chalmers. The show ran at the CIRCA Gallery, Johannesburg, from 24th November 2016 - 15th January 2017.

The Capital city of the Princely State of Hyderabad during the reign of the last Nizam experienced unparalleled urban improvement in the first half of the 20th century. Owing to the continued patronage by the regional kingdom, the city was able to transit from being a walled medieval town to an expansive city with a striking vernacular urban form. Alongside innovative water engineering of the region progressing from the legacy of the Qutub Shahis, there was unprecedented technological transformation in construction and a conscious urban design effort.

This cohesive continuity in environmental sensitivity, technological adaptation and architectural aesthetic has evidently broken since. Through an analysis of the political/cultural geography in which this transition took place and the current practice of adaptive re-use/conservation, this paper aims to examine the exclusiveness of this urban heritage and its state of conservation. It ultimately seeks to illustrate multidimensional challenges the built heritage of the 20th century pre-independence Hyderabad must face in the city’s on-going transition towards a global city.

This paper analyses the rental housing markets in the informal settlements of the cities of Port Moresby and Lae in PNG, which are complementing urban dwellers’ housing needs. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the operations and contributions of the rental housing market in informal settlements as submarkets to the mainstream housing market in the country. Purposive sampling technique was used to interview 75 respondents comprising landlords and tenants in the rental housing market in the informal settlements, based on several questionnaire surveys and a representative sample. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test are used for testing the relationship between selected key variables extracted from two research questions, namely: (i) What are the types of informal rental housing that are available in Port Moresby and Lae cities to complement housing in the formal market?, and (ii) How are the rental housing units in the informal settlements in Port Moresby and Lae cities managed and operated for purposes of sustainability? Findings reveal that there is no relationship between the rental charges and types of rental housing and housing standards (χ² < 2.8= 0.48). Findings also indicate that houses in informal areas are usually low-grade, built with scraps from waste, locally sourced materials and hardware materials that are not amenable to conventional housing maintenance and management technology. The median rent per month in the informal settlements was K700 (USD $180) as of 2015 while the median cost of constructing a typical house for rent is about K40, 000 (USD $10,000) for the same year. Furthermore, findings also show that rental houses in the informal settlements are frequently advertised through word of mouth (50%) and local notice boards (60%). There are economic incentives that drive the market for informal rental housing. Government needs to introduce appropriate laws leading to formalisation of informal rental housing to inject life into this dead capital, transform the country’s economy and increase the total housing stock.

Keywords: Informal Rental Housing Market, Invasion, Economic Incentives, Sub-Markets, Formal Rental Housing, Port Moresby, Lae

Youth in the inner-city West Palm Beach “Tamarind” community grow up amid drugs, dysfunctional families, and violent crime. Despite these odds, some of these youth have been transformed to lead relatively successful Christian lives through the work of Urban Youth Impact, a local Christian ministry. The following Grounded Theory study was designed to unearth a previously unrealized causal component in that transformation. The findings indicate that common to all the study subjects’ stories were events which were highly experiential in
nature, were unexpected or surprising, and which indicated a new pathway of living. These “Experiences of Unexpected Pathways” or “EUPs” included positive as well as negative experiences and tangibly demonstrated desirable or undesirable pathways for the future. EUPs helped these subjects say “I can change” in response to these new horizons. Practical recommendations were then made to Urban Youth Impact based on these findings.

Este artículo explora una muestra de los mecanismos económicos y modalidades operadas en el desarrollo de las intervenciones realizadas en el marco del "Plan Centro" en Bogotá, destacando el papel que juegan las redes de colusión, que incluyen agentes criminales,  autoridades de policia y de justicia y urbanizadores, entre otros,  en la instrumentación de prácticas predatorias para la captura de las brechas de rentas del suelo generadas por el proceso de renovación urbana.

The concept of Urban Renewal (UR) developed in America in the 1960s, and initially emphasized large-scale redevelopment, which led to oversupply and housing market saturation. Although conceptions associated with UR that employ small-scale renewal have since appeared, Taipei City Government has still applied large-scale redevelopments as the primary method. Furthermore, compared to the capitals of other Asian countries, Taipei City possesses higher Housing Vacancy Rates (HVR) and has the largest number of large-scale UR cases. Also, UR and HVR share similar notions such as house price level, housing attributes, investment motivations, and urban development.

In addition, it has been reported that plenty of renewed houses are vacant or not efficiently used. Therefore, this research aims to identify whether there is correlation between UR and HVR through HVR's influencing factors. In addition, it is doubtful that there is a new supply path for housing market when Urban Renewal Act was announced in 1998, and whether the new institution would cause higher HVR? In practice, reconstruction, the major mean of UR implementation currently, is also a possible threat that would contribute to high HVR.

There are several barriers to implementing UR such as the lack of other incentives and the gaps between departmental policies. Thus, from the analysis results and international cases, it is suggested that Taiwanese governments should make UR more attractive to investors on the one hand, and guidance and regulations should also be amended to prevent UR implementation from increasing HVR on the other hand. Finally, this research will point out the specific issues and solutions as findings and recommendations to address the problems between imperfect UR institutions and high HVR.

The study was undertaken by researchers at UNSW Sydney, with the assistance and support of the City of Sydney Council.
The aim of this research was to develop a survey tool for on-going assessment of social interactions and social cohesion at a large-scale urban renewal site that could be used to:
» Measure the nature of social cohesion and social interaction and identify opportunities and barriers residents face in contributing to social cohesion and community development.
» Understand the wellbeing of residents and workers, including their satisfaction with and attachment to the area, their local area preferences and desires, and their plans for the future.

During the 1980s, urban space became an important battleground in a confrontation between left and right over the meaning of freedom. While Thatcherism sought to harness the power of the free market to rationalise and reform the inner cities, the response of the 'cultural' left was to celebrate the emancipatory potential of flexible identities and expressive practices associated with urban subcultures. However, through close readings of eight contemporary authors, this book argues that a problematic consequence of the left's experiment with freedom was to elevate exclusion to the status of a political principle and to close down the space of politics itself. It explores how, in less than two decades, the coexistence of flexible cultural identities and urban space has become a virtual impossibility in British fiction. And it suggests that, today, the British novel is frequently marked by structures of failed utopianism, frustrated or incomplete experiments and even withdrawal and quietism, all of which are a consequence of the left's celebration of a cultural politics of disenfranchisement.

Digital modeling offers the opportunity to document a three-dimensional built reality to a high degree of precision, thus providing a means of recording physical attributes in perpetuity for the use of researchers and educators. Moreover, when digital modeling is supplemented by the ability to produce photorealistic renderings, researchers gain the ability to produce simulated photographic views from any vantage point within the modeled environment.

However, rather than attempting to construct visually convincing replicas of simulated environments, my research relies on digital technologies to deconstruct biases inherent in historical photographs. In this essay, I describe and reflect on my approach as it developed over the course of my research into Urban Renewal efforts undertaken in the city of Fargo, North Dakota beginning in 1955.

A reunião teve como objetivo problematizar as regiões
centrais de grandes metrópoles latinoamericanas, com
foco específico para a realidade de São Paulo. Estudos
recentes vêm mostrando que na última década as
metrópoles latinoamericanas vêm passando por processos
de transformação relevantes em suas áreas centrais. O
ciclo de esvaziamento populacional vem sendo revertido,
e as maiores cidades vêm passando por um processo de
crescimento populacional nestas áreas. Tal crescimento
populacional foi precedido de uma nova atenção que
vem sendo dada pelo poder público para as suas regiões
centrais, com projetos de requalificação urbana e uma
abordagem urbanística que atribuiu novo valor ao tecido
urbano consolidado, à rua-corredor e aos espaços públicos
históricos.
Tais transformações trazem um conjunto de novas
problemáticas para o debate sobre as áreas centrais: os
riscos de gentrificação e expulsão de grupos populares; o
superadensamento e encortiçamento de algumas regiões; a
extinção de modos de vida tradicionais.
Em paralelo, as políticas de preservação do patrimônio
histórico e cultural passaram por transformações também
muito significativas nas últimas décadas, atingindo a
escala urbana em várias dimensões: o tombamento na
escala de conjuntos urbanos e bairros; a preocupação
com a paisagem urbana em termos de áreas envoltórias;
a organização da sociedade civil para demandar
instrumentos de preservação em contextos democráticos;
a memorialização de edifícios ou lugares de consciência
e memória relacionados à repressão ou ao terrorismo de
Estado.
A combinacão desses dois processos - as transformações
nas regiões centrais e o aumento da agenda e relevância
das políticas e formulações relecionadas à preservação
- resultaram que a dimensão da preservação histórica e
cultural é cada vez menos contornável nos processos de
planejamento urbano como um todo, incidindo de forma
particularmente forte sobre as regiões ceotrais.
O seminário proposto - Áreas centrais em metrópols
latinoamericanas - tem como objetivo problematizar
a articulação entre os novos fenômenos em curso nas
áreas centrais em suas relações com as estratégias de
planejamento territorial e preservação do patrimônio como
um todo. Divide-se em um conjunto de mesas de trabalho
que mesclam as questões referentes às transformações
recentes e à preservação, sob um conjunto de temáticas
estratégicas para se pensar tais questões: segregação
espacial, moradia, gentrificação, urbanismo, trabalho e
grupos sociais, além de uma mesa específica com uma
abordagem regional latino-americana.
O seminário representa uma convergencia de um conjunto
de instituições e grupos de pesquisa: os órgãos de
preservação em todas as esferas em atuação em São Paulo
(IPHAN, CONDEPHAAT, DPH); o CPC-USP, O Núcleo de
Apoio à Pesquisa São Paulo: Cidade, Espaço e Memória; a
FAU-USP; o grupo de pesquisa Metropoles de L’Amerique
Latine (Coordenação IRD/CNRS, França).
Em relação à programação de atividades, trata-se de
um seminário que combina atividades em três níveis:
a. um conjunto de mesas de trabalho que problematiza
as articulações entre as estratégias de transformação
e de preservação em diferentes temáticas, com
especialistas latinoamericanos e paulistanos; b. Grandes
sessões de debate sobre as áreas centrais de cidades
latinoamericanas; c. Um conjunto de visitas a partes
específicas das regiões centrais da cidade de São Paulo,
tendo em vista a identificação de processos recentes e
sua análise comparativa em relação a outras metrópoles
latinoamericanas.

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the notion of local urban policy hybridity in Manchester, England. It presents the findings of qualitative research set in the context of the parallel entrepreneurial city and sustainable regeneration debates. The research objective was to examine the extent of Manchester’s conversion to the politics of the entrepreneurial city on the assumption that this signals a departure from efforts towards the city’s achievement of sustainable regeneration and social equity goals. Manchester was selected because it has been held up as an iconic entrepreneurial city. The continuing entrepreneurial city debate, instigated by David Harvey in the 1980s, runs alongside that of sustainable egeneration in ways that are seen as sometimes complementary but usually contradictory. The software package NVivo 7 was used to assist with data analysis. The methodological approach was based loosely on the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin: the approach of the analysis mainly followed the qualitative interpretive approach of discourse analysis. Key community strategy documents are found to
interweave elements of the entrepreneurial and managerial governance discourses and also incorporate conceptual elements that have emerged recently such as a concern with crime, sustainability and community nvolvement. The paper provides valuable insights into the hybrid nature of Manchester’s actually existing local community strategies which feature a robust adherence to the managerial mode of local urban policy.

An interview of William Julius Wilson (Harvard University) with the Journal justice spatiale - spatial justice (Frédéric Dufaux), Laboratoire Mosaïques (UMR LAVUE) in Nanterre, on the 27th of October 2012. The transcript of the interview is online, on the Journal’s site, with its French translation:
http://www.jssj.org/article/un-entretien-avec-william-julius-wilson/