Vehicles

The aim of the paper was to examine the use of instructional materials from local resources for art based courses at the tertiary level. The paper examined the concept of instructional materials and their production for instructional purposes for art based courses. Effort was made to review literature on the categorization of instructional materials from local materials and how they can be developed and produced for use to enhance effective learning.

This paper presents experimental results carried out to evaluate the brake power, specific fuel consumption (SFC) and exhaust gas emissions when running on an unmodified diesel engine with fuel additive blended biodiesel. The multi-functional fuel additive was added (in mass basis) with B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% ordinary diesel fuel) in a special manner to increase engine brake power. For comparisons three fuels were tested in this investigation which are (1) B20X where X is the percentage of fuel additive, (2) B20 and (3) BO (0% biodiesel and 100% ordinary diesel fuel). The stationary engine test bed used consists of a multi-cylinder diesel engine, eddy current dynamometer with computer control data acquisition system and exhaust emissions analyzer. The exhaust emissions such as CO, HC, and NOx were measured using exhaust gas analyzer. It is found that B20X produces higher performance (brake power) with reduction in exhaust emissions and fuel consumption as compared to B20 and BO fuels. Fuel "B20X" could be a 'breakthrough' and the real solution as an alternative fuel for existing unmodified diesel engine. Detail results including B20X fuel's physicochemical properties are presented with discussions. © 2006 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx5/4107286/4107287/04107322.pdf?tp=&arnumber=4107322&isnumber=4107287

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) and its associated injuries are one of the major causes of death in developing countries. Some researchers blame illiteracy especially among commercial drivers while others mention the poor nature of the road as the cause of this menace. In recent years, road traffic accidents in Ghana have become a major social problem in the world as one writer put it " carriage without horses shall go and accident fill the world with woe ". The main objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of road traffic accidents in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Non-spatial/secondary data collection was used to obtain information on the location, the vehicle type, casualties, time and causes of the road accidents. One common feature is to assess information on RTAs. This study is therefore committed to explore issues surrounding road traffic accidents in Ghana with much emphasis on the Cape Coast Metropolitan area using Geographic Information System (GIS). Secondary data was used in obtaining the sample data. Data was collected directly from the record books of the MTTU in Cape Coast, a branch of the Ghana Police Service. Data was analyzed and interpreted with the aid of SPSS v. 21 and Arc GIS 10.3 versions. After the analysis, the study revealed that, 9 hotspots locations which were identified were comparatively competitive to each order. On a scale, the highest of all the hotspot intensity is Pedu Junction which recorded 33 cases followed by UCC East Gate which is responsible for about 30 counts. Morree Junction together with Nkanfoa/Third Ridge Junction recorded the same counts which are 22 each while Yamoransa Junction, Kotokuraba and Siwdu accounted for 21, 20 and 18 respectively. Kingsway and Abura recorded 15 occurrences each on a range. Finally, it was found out that most of the vehicles involved in road traffic accidents were private vehicles which numbered up to 232 cars making a share of (50.5%) out of the total of 459 vehicles. Hotspot locations and road traffic accident fatalities were mapped using GIS ArcMap/View.

Low vehicle occupancy rates combined with record conventional vehicle sales justify the requirement to optimize vehicle type based on passengers and a powertrain with zero-emissions. This study compares the performance of different vehicle types based on the number of passengers/payloads, powertrain configuration (battery and fuel cell electric configurations), and drive cycles, to assess range and energy consumption. An adequate choice of vehicle segment according to the real passenger occupancy enables the least energy consumption. Vehicle performance in terms of range points to remarkable results for the FCEV (fuel cell electric vehicle) compared to BEV (battery electric vehicle), where the former reached an average range of 600 km or more in all different drive cycles, while the latter was only cruising nearly 350 km. Decisively, the cost analysis indicated that FCEV remains the most expensive option with base cost three-fold that of BEV. The FCEV showed notable results with an ...

With the fast-paced growth of computational horsepower and its affordability, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been rapidly evolving as a popular and effective tool for aerodynamic design and analysis in the automotive industry. In the real world, a road vehicle is subject to varying wind and operating conditions that affect its aerodynamic characteristics, and are difficult to reproduce in a traditional wind tunnel. CFD has the potential of becoming a cost-effective way of achieving this, through the application of different boundary conditions. Additionally, one can view wind tunnel testing, be it a fixed-floor or rolling road tunnel, as a physical simulation of actual on-road driving. The use of on-road track testing, and static-floor, and rolling-road wind tunnel measurements are common practices in industry. Subsequently, we investigated the influences of these test conditions and the related boundary conditions on the predictions of the aerodynamic characteristics of the...

Road safety barriers protect vehicles from roadside hazards by redirecting errant vehicles in a safe manner as well as providing high levels of safety during and after impact. This paper focused on transition safety barrier systems which were located at the point of attachment between a bridge and roadside barriers. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the behavior of transition systems located at upstream bridge rail with different designs and performance levels. Design factors such as occupant risk and vehicle trajectory for different systems were collected and compared. To achieve this aim a comprehensive database was developed using previous studies. The comparison showed that Test 3-21, which is conducted by impacting a pickup truck with speed of 100 km/h and angle of 25 to transition system, was the most severe test. Occupant impact velocity and ridedown acceleration for heavy vehicles were lower than the amounts for passenger cars and pickup trucks, and in most cases higher occupant lateral impact ridedown acceleration was observed on vehicles subjected to higher levels of damage. The best transition system was selected to give optimum performance which reduced occupant risk factors using the similar crashes in accordance with Test 3-21. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23820073
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457513002285

This paper introduces a case study on the potential of new mechatronic chassis systems for battery electric vehicles, in this case a brake-by-wire (BBW) system and in-wheel propulsion on the rear axle combined with an integrated chassis control providing common safety features like anti-lock braking system (ABS), and enhanced functionalities, like torque blending. The presented controller was intended to also show the potential of continuous control strategies with regard to active safety, vehicle stability and driving comfort. Therefore, an integral sliding mode (ISM) and proportional integral (PI) control were used for wheel slip control (WSC) and benchmarked against each other and against classical used rule-based approach. The controller was realized in MatLab/Simulink and tested under real-time conditions in IPG CarMaker simulation environment for experimentally validated models of the target vehicle and its systems. The controller also contains robust observers for estimation ...

This paper presents the level of road density and the number of vehicles passing on the Jakarta city toll road. This study was conducted at the Jakarta Toll Gate namely Semanggi I, Semanggi II and Halim. Data is obtained from observations when the driver pays the cost of the expressway at the toll gate. This study shows a reaction time for the payment of expressway costs, which are influenced by types of motorized vehicles such as sedans, jeeps, buses, and trucks. The results show that the reaction time of driver when before and after paying, the longest toll road costs is 48 seconds and the shortest is 1 second. Reaction time for the payment of expressway costs could shorten the travel time, with an average reaction time of 6.04 seconds on vehicles. The number of vehicles crossing the toll gate on 24 hours from the three Toll Gates amount 17.256 vehicles. As a result, Most of vehicle traf ic contributed by the behavior of driver at the Toll Gate.

The point of this paper is to plan and build up a unique mark based vehicle start framework with a perspective on decreasing vehicle robbery and to avert unapproved clients. As of late, vehicle seize has been on the expansion as outfitted burglars center around taking vehicles particularly the fresh out of the box new ones. Henceforth the need to shield the vehicles from thieves is viewed as basic. In this paper, it's not possible for anyone to touch off the vehicle with the exception of approved by the structured framework as of now catches its fingerprints design includes through enrolment into the framework. This is accomplished with the utilization of unique finger impression module, PIC18F4620 microcontroller and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module. All the more along these lines, in the wake of testing of the general planned task, the outcomes got were palatable. Consequently, the methodology received in this investigation can be applied to different frameworks and fields, for example, banks, participation framework the board in school, lodgings and homes.

The autonomous vehicle (AVs) market is expanding at a rapid pace due to the advancement of information, communication, and sensor technology applications, offering a broad range of opportunities in terms of energy efficiency and addressing climate change concerns and safety. With regard to this last point, the rate of reduction in accidents is considerable when switching safety control tasks to machines from humans, which can be noted as having significantly slower response rates. This paper explores this thematic by focusing on the safety of AVs by thorough analysis of previously collected AV crash statistics and further discusses possible solutions for achieving increased autonomous vehicle safety. To achieve this, this technical paper develops a dynamic run-time safe assessment system, using the standard autonomous drive system (ADS), which is developed and simulated in case studies further in the paper. OpenCV methods for lane detection are developed and applied as robust contro...

Electric mobility is at the forefront of innovation. Cutting down greenhouse gases when low-carbon electricity sources are maintained has answered the concerns of skeptics when switching to electric mobility. This paper presents a life-cycle-based comparative study between the electric and conventional gasoline vehicles with respect to their environmental performance, taking the case of Qatar. A well-to-wheel life cycle assessment is used to understand the carbon footprint associated with the use of alternative mobility when powered by non-renewable energy sources such as natural gas for electricity production. A survey was also conducted to evaluate the economic and practical feasibility of the use of electric vehicles in Qatar. The analysis showed that electric vehicles (EVs) have passed conventional gasoline vehicles with a minimum difference between them of 12,000 gCO2eq/100 km traveled. This difference can roughly accommodate two additional subcompact electric vehicles on the r...

The rapid growth of demand for transportation, both for people and goods, as well as the massive accumulation of population in urban centers has augmented the need for the development of smart transport systems. One of the needs that have arisen is to efficiently monitor and evaluate driving behavior, so as to increase safety, provide alarms, and avoid accidents. Capitalizing on the evolution of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), the development of intelligent vehicles and platforms in this domain is getting more feasible than ever. Nowadays, vehicles, as well as highways, are equipped with sensors that collect a variety of data, such as speed, acceleration, fuel consumption, direction, and more. The methodology presented in this paper combines both advanced machine learning algorithms and open-source based tools to correlate different data flows originating from vehicles. Particularly, the data gathered from different vehicles are processed and analyzed with the util...

We present an optimization model for the passenger car vehicle fleet transition—the timedependent fleet composition—in Germany until 2050. The goal was to minimize the cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the vehicle fleet taking into account lifecycle assessment (LCA) data. LCAs provide information on the global warming potential (GWP) of different powertrain concepts. Metaanalyses of batteries, of different fuel types, and of the German energy sector are conducted to support the model. Furthermore, a sensitivityanalysis is performed on four key influence parameters: the battery production emissions trend, the German energy sector trend, the hydrogen production path trend, and the mobility sector trend. Overall, we draw the conclusion that—in any scenario—future vehicles should have a plugin option, allowing their usage as fully or partly electrical vehicles. For short distance trips, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with a small battery size are the most reasonable choice ...

In order to achieve the European Commission’s ambitious climate targets by 2030, BEVs (Battery Electric Vehicles) manufacturers are faced with the challenge of producing more efficient and ecological products. The electromechanical powertrain plays a key role in the efficiency of BEVs, which is why the design parameters in the development phase of electromechanical powertrains must be chosen carefully. One of the central design parameters is the maximum speed of the electric machines and the gear ratio of the connected transmissions. Due to the relationship between speed and torque, it is possible to design more compact and lighter electric machines by increasing the speed at constant power. However, with higher speed of the electric machines, a higher gear ratio is required, which results in a larger and heavier transmission. This study therefore examines the influence of maximum speed on the power density of electromechanical powertrains. Electric machines and transmissions with d...

Vehicles’ braking is a key factor towards safer driving. In particular, tyre–pavement friction is connected with both industry and infrastructure requirements in terms of tyre characteristics and frictional properties of pavement surfaces respectively that both contribute to safe braking. For this reason, tyre–pavement friction is considered as one of the most pressing emergencies in roadway assets in order to reduce skidding related accidents. At the same time, sustainability aspects have been raised in modern infrastructure engineering. Hence, an issue is introduced on how sustainable materials used for pavement construction may contribute to tyre–pavement and consequently vehicles’ braking. For this reason, a laboratory process is developed to investigate the frictional properties of several utilized in pavement wearing courses including both traditional and sustainable materials (reacted activated rubber—RAR and reclaimed asphalt pavement—RAP). Environmental conditions (seasonal...

Transportation systems are central to all cities, and city planners and policy makers take special interest in assuring these systems are efficient, functional, sustainable, and, increasingly, that they have a positive impact on human health. In addition, vehicular emissions are increasingly costly to cities due to congestion and its impact on public health. This study aims to show the associations between the media and environmental variables and associated transit ridership. By tracking media influence, we illustrated how media coverage and attention to an issue over time may impact public opinion and ridership outcomes, especially at the local level where the issues are most salient. The relationship between air quality and transit ridership shown can be generally explained through a combination of infrastructure and human behavior. The media key terms examined in this analysis show that ridership is associated with favorable weather conditions and air quality, suggesting that ri...

The paper raises the issue of protection of civil aviation aircraft involved in the
carriage of goods against acts of unlawful interference. The importance of protection
of aircraft that are potentially dangerous transport infrastructure objects due to the
carriage of biological (bacteriological),chemical, nuclear (radioactive) components
as goods either legally or illegally reveals a real threat of emergency situation in the
case of unlawful interference in the use of explosive and incendiary devices. This
paper addresses the development and approval procedure scheme of the List of
potential threats of acts of unlawful interference in transport activities to implement
preventive measures for population and environment protection against the threat of
biological (bacteriological),chemical, nuclear (radioactive) terrorism. The mechanism
of security level distribution by the authorized bodies of the Russian Federation for
vehicles security, aircraft operators and procedures of civil aviation classification
have been studied as well. In conclusion, recommendations are presented for the
review and redevelopment of security levels taking into account the international,
national, and regional situation on a regular basis. It is recommended to add new
types of threats to the List of potential threats of acts of unlawful interference

One of the most challenging and complicated issues in city management in the present decade for Bangladesh is the traffic problem. It is a very common phenomenon in almost all the cities of Bangladesh. Presently, traffic congestion problem in Bangladesh are increasing at an alarming rate. The traffic problem has become to a very dangerous arena and has already implicit agonizing extent in the cities of Bangladesh. This type of study has been conducted in Dhaka but not in Chittagong city. Traffic management in Chittagong is not well organized as Dhaka so that the problem is becoming more complicated as the number of people in Chittagong is increasing and it is getting the priority after Dhaka. This article is dedicated to determine the current condition of traffic management in Chittagong City. This article explore the causes involved in traffic congestion including heavy concentration of vehicles, absence of adequate public transport, inadequate road infrastructure, faulty signaling equipment and poor enforcement of traffic rules. At the end of the paper the researchers tried to identify the solution of traffic jam in Chittagong Metropolitan City.

The last decade has witnessed an increased number of vehicles and increased vehicle speed on roads such that the frequency and severity of run-off roadway accidents has increased dramatically. Evaluation of guardrail system performance as an element of providing a safe environment for vehicles and to reduce occupant injuries is deemed to be vital issue. Hence, this paper is going to assess deflection and vehicle trajectory of current guardrail systems. For this purpose, the results of full-scale crash tests for different types of guardrail system are collected from previous crash tests available in the literature. The results showed that for Test 3-11 (according to NCHRP Report 350) with similar post spacing (1905 mm), the trend of vehicle exit speed declined while guardrail maximum permanent deflection increased. In addition, among all system types, guardrail with curb and Thrie-beam guardrail systems were subjected to the lowest amount of deflection although Thrie-beam guardrail was subjected to higher average values for both vehicle exit speed and exit angle. Further, weak-post guardrail system showed to have the highest maximum dynamic and permanent deformation compared to other systems whereas it caused the lowest exit angle to the vehicles. © 2013 Taylor and Francis.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13588265.2013.815020#.UrvmF_uA_5M

Semakan semula Dasar Automotif Nasional pada 2009 (DAN09) telah meninggalkan dampak yang besar ke atas industri bina semula kenderaan perdagangan di negara ini. Pemansuhan berperingkat Lesen Import (AP) berkuatkuasa 1hb. Februari 2010 – 31hb. Disember 2015 telah menyekat industri bina semula (rebuilt) dari mengimport casis, kabin, enjin, transmisi, axle dan lain-lain komponen bagi tujuan pengeluaran. Kesannya, industri bina semula kenderaan perdagangan di seluruh negara berhadapan ketidaktentuan halatuju dan dilema penutupan kilang-kilang. Artikel ini membahaskan kewajaran pelaksanaan dasar pemansuhan AP di bawah DAN09 dengan meneliti hujah-hujah institusional berhubungnya, reaksi balas industri serta beberapa isu semasa yang dihadapi pihak industri. Data kajian dikumpul melalui tinjauan soalselidik ke atas 12 industri serta pemerhatian di tiga kilang di Pulau Pinang dan Lembah Klang. Tiga siri perbincangan fokus kumpulan turut diadakan dengan lima exco Pertubuhan Pembina Semula Kenderaan Perdagangan (CVRAM) antara Ogos hingga Oktober 2010. Kajian mendapati langkah pemansuhan AP berdasarkan hujah-hujah keselamatan, liberalisasi pasaran dan perlindungan alam sekitar dipersepsikan pihak industri rebuilt sebagai tidak kukuh, tidak demokratik dan diselubungi kepincangan tadbir urus. Pelaksanaan DAN09 memunculkan beberapa isu ke atas industri rebuilt seperti kekaburan polisi dan kebuntuan rundingan, sekatan pengeluaran, legitimasi perniagaan dan penyertaan dalam strategi keluar. Pihak industri mahu dasar penghapusan AP dikaji semula manakala isu-isu kelemahan institusional dan tadbir urus ditangani dengan langkah-langkah penambahbaikan di pihak kerajaan dan industri.

Kata Kunci: Masalah Halatuju, Industri Bina Semula Kenderaan Perdagangan (industri rebuilt), Dasar Automotif Nasional, Lesen Import (AP)

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) and its associated injuries are one of the major causes of death in developing countries. Some researchers blame illiteracy especially among commercial drivers while others mention the poor nature of the road as the cause of this menace. In recent years, road traffic accidents in Ghana have become a major social problem in the world as one writer put it " carriage without horses shall go and accident fill the world with woe ". The main objective of this study is to analyze the pattern of road traffic accidents in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Non-spatial/secondary data collection was used to obtain information on the location, the vehicle type, casualties, time and causes of the road accidents. One common feature is to assess information on RTAs. This study is therefore committed to explore issues surrounding road traffic accidents in Ghana with much emphasis on the Cape Coast Metropolitan area using Geographic Information System (GIS). Secondary data was used in obtaining the sample data. Data was collected directly from the record books of the MTTU in Cape Coast, a branch of the Ghana Police Service. Data was analyzed and interpreted with the aid of SPSS v. 21 and Arc GIS 10.3 versions. After the analysis, the study revealed that, 9 hotspots locations which were identified were comparatively competitive to each order. On a scale, the highest of all the hotspot intensity is Pedu Junction which recorded 33 cases followed by UCC East Gate which is responsible for about 30 counts. Morree Junction together with Nkanfoa/Third Ridge Junction recorded the same counts which are 22 each while Yamoransa Junction, Kotokuraba and Siwdu accounted for 21, 20 and 18 respectively. Kingsway and Abura recorded 15 occurrences each on a range. Finally, it was found out that most of the vehicles involved in road traffic accidents were private vehicles which numbered up to 232 cars making a share of (50.5%) out of the total of 459 vehicles. Hotspot locations and road traffic accident fatalities were mapped using GIS ArcMap/View.

A correct reproduction of a motorcycle rider’s movements during driving is a crucial and the most influential aspect of the entire motorcycle–rider system. The rider performs significant variations in terms of body configuration on the vehicle in order to optimize the management of the motorcycle in all the possible dynamic conditions, comprising cornering and braking phases. The aim of the work is to focus on the development of a technique to estimate the body configurations of a high-performance driver in completely different situations, starting from the publicly available videos, collecting them by means of image acquisition methods, and employing machine learning and deep learning techniques. The technique allows us to determine the calculation of the center of gravity (CoG) of the driver’s body in the video acquired and therefore the CoG of the entire driver–vehicle system, correlating it to commonly available vehicle dynamics data, so that the force distribution can be proper...

This paper presents study of a multi-slice subdomain model (MS-SDM) for persistent low-frequency sound, in a wheel hub-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (WHM-PMSM) with a fractional-slot non-overlapping concentrated winding for a light-duty, fully electric vehicle applications. While this type of winding provides numerous potential benefits, it has also the largest magnetomotive force (MMF) distortion factor, which leads to the electro-vibro-acoustics production, unless additional machine design considerations are carried out. To minimize the magnetic noise level radiated by the PMSM, a skewing technique is targeted with consideration of the natural frequencies under a variable-speed-range analysis. To ensure the impact of the minimization technique used, magnetic force harmonics, along with acoustic sonograms, is computed by MS-SDM and verified by 3D finite element analysis. On the basis of the studied models, we derived and experimentally verified the optimized model with...

One of the most challenging and complicated issues in city management in the present decade for Bangladesh is the traffic problem. It is a very common phenomenon in almost all the cities of Bangladesh. Presently, traffic congestion problem in Bangladesh are increasing at an alarming rate. The traffic problem has become to a very dangerous arena and has already implicit agonizing extent in the cities of Bangladesh. This type of study has been conducted in Dhaka but not in Chittagong city. Traffic management in Chittagong is not well organized as Dhaka so that the problem is becoming more complicated as the number of people in Chittagong is increasing and it is getting the priority after Dhaka. This article is dedicated to determine the current condition of traffic management in Chittagong City. This article explore the causes involved in traffic congestion  including heavy concentration of vehicles, absence of adequate public transport, inadequate road infrastructure, faulty signaling equipment and  poor  enforcement of traffic rules. At the end of the paper the researchers tried to identify the solution of traffic jam in Chittagong Metropolitan City.

Systems in vehicles are being modified due to current technological trends. One of the commonest modified systems in vehicles was the transmission system. This study presented    views of drivers on preference for automatic or manual transmission vehicles in Ghana.   In all, data was collected from 1260 drivers selected randomly through survey, in-depth interviews and six focus group discussions. The study indicated that manual transmission vehicles were more in Ghana with the automatic now gaining relative patronage. However, automatic transmission vehicles were preferred by females than males. The first three factors that determined preference for automatic transmission were shifting quality, easy to use and power (engine) performance. However, for manual transmission vehicles repairability (easily reparable), reliability and better fuel economy were the first three factors that determined driver’s choice for such vehicles. The results further showed that most respondents believed...

Abstract: This paper contains a description of the mechanical design route that was adopted in building a small AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle). At the outset, we decided to follow a set of guidelines that defined a broad set of specifications that featured safety, low weight, small length, large mission time, easy-to-use, application specific, and most importantly low cost. How closely did we arrive at this desired set of specifications? The paper will address the most important design issues, lessons learned, and problems that remain for further development.

The aim of this paper is the development of a 7-DOF (Degrees Of Freedom) mathematical model of an IndyCar and the implementation of an Artificial Neural Network in order to predict the optimal setup parameters of the car, reducing time and costs for race teams. The mathematical model is created by using MATLABTM and Simulink software starting from a telemetry acquisition at the Houston circuit and is based on Vertical Vehicle Dynamic equations. The optimal setup parameters have been predicted through an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) by using the NFTOOL Toolbox of MATLABTM software. ANN is implemented in a Quarter Car model, firstly, in order to train the network and predict the parameters able to reduce tire deflection and suspension travel in the time domain and the resonance peaks amplitude in the frequency domain. Then, it is implemented in the 7-DOF model in order to predict the best setup parameters able to reduce body movements and the weight transfers of the car.

With the increase of vehicles in large urban centers, there is also an increase in the number of traffic jams and accidents on public roads. The development of a proper Intelligent Transport System (ITS) could help to alleviate these problems by assisting the drivers on route selections to avoid the most congested road sections. Therefore, to improve on this issue, this work proposes an architecture to aid an ITS to detect, analyze, and classify the traffic flow conditions in real time. This architecture also provides a control room dashboard to visualize the information and notify the users about the live traffic conditions. To this end, the proposed solution takes advantage of computer vision concepts to extract the maximum information about the roads to better assess and keep the drivers posted about the traffic conditions on selected highways. The main contribution of the proposed architecture is to perform the detection and classification of the flow of vehicles regardless of t...