Viral and Bacterial Pathogenesis

We are currently witnessing a major epidemic caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The evolution of 2019-nCoV remains elusive. We found 4 insertions in the spike glycoprotein (S) which are unique to the 2019-nCoV and are not present in other coronaviruses. Importantly, amino acid residues in all the 4 inserts have identity or similarity to those in the HIV-1 gp120 or HIV-1 Gag. Interestingly, despite the inserts being discontinuous on the primary amino acid sequence, 3D-modelling of the 2019-nCoV suggests that they converge to constitute the receptor binding site. The finding of 4 unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV, all of which have identity /similarity to amino acid residues in key structural proteins of HIV-1 is unlikely to be fortuitous in nature. This work provides yet unknown insights on 2019-nCoV and sheds light on the evolution and pathogenicity of this virus with important implications for diagnosis of this virus.

Antifreeze proteins are found in a wide range of overwintering
plants where they inhibit the growth and
recrystallization of ice that forms in intercellular spaces.
Unlike antifreeze proteins found in fish and insects,
plant antifreeze proteins have multiple, hydrophilic icebinding
domains. Surprisingly, antifreeze proteins from
plants are homologous to pathogenesis-related proteins
and also provide protection against psychrophilic
pathogens. In winter rye (Secale cereale), antifreeze
proteins accumulate in response to cold, short daylength,
dehydration and ethylene, but not pathogens.
Transferring single genes encoding antifreeze proteins
to freezing-sensitive plants lowered their freezing
temperatures by w18C. Genes encoding dual-function
plant antifreeze proteins are excellent models for use in
evolutionary studies to determine how genes acquire
new expression patterns and how proteins acquire new
activities.

Respiratory syncytial virus rapid antigen detection tests (RADT) are used widely. RADT exhibited high specificity (97%) and moderate sensitivity (80%) compared with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 720 hospitalized children <3 years old. Older age, prolonged symptoms, and respiratory syncytial virus genotype-B infection were significantly associated with false-negative results of RADT.

Background
Anemia is a common blood condition that affects populations in both rich and poor countries.  The most prevalent anemia after iron deficiency anemia is the anemia of chronic disease. It is usually observed as a non-specific anemia in patients with infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, and may cause diagnostic challenges. Routine diagnostic tests are performed in these patients, but recently, new blood markers such as hepcidin antimicrobial peptide are used to evaluate the severity of the disease. 

Objective
To evaluate the association between inflammatory disease and the potential risk for anemia in pediatric age-groups.

Methods and materials
In this study were involved 64 children aged 0 to 18 years old, hospitalized in ‘’Pediatric Service’’, the University Medical Center of Tirana “Mother Teresa”, during May 2018. Patients were diagnosed with diseases associated with the inflammatory process. Complete blood count (CBC) tests and other tests that detect inflammation such as C-Reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (CRP and ESR), were determined in patients with hemoglobin (Hb)  levels < 11.5 g/dl. The CBC parameters are measured using Automated Cell Counter machines, ESR is measured using Westergren method, CRP test is based on the principle of the latex agglutination, and the colorimetric method is used for serum iron measurement. All the cases involved in this study were evaluated other examinations and laboratory tests, which were significant in the determination of the diagnosis.

Results
The average age of patients included in the study was 2.65 years old among which 56.25%  were male and 44.75% were female. 12.5% of patients had blood malignancies, 34.4% had acute bacterial diseases, 18.7% had chronic bacterial diseases, 23.4% had viral infections and 10.9% had autoimmune diseases. Patients with chronic bacterial diseases and viral infections had significantly higher levels of ESR (ESR=29.83, N=0-13mm/h) than others. Levels of CRP were higher in patients with acute bacterial diseases (CRP=52.84, N=3-20mg/dl), and the levels of hemoglobin were lower in patients with autoimmune diseases (Hb=9.14, N=13-16 ±2 mg/dl). This was presented with a high variance in the values of ESR (σ^2 = 286.09) and  CRP ( σ^2= 2002.28). The evaluations revealed a moderate positive correlation between Hb and RBC (R^2=0.15), a mild negative correlation between Hb and ESR, also between Hb and CRP.



Conclusion
The time span and the degree of the inflammation which coexists with the underlying disease, determine the type of anemia which associates them. These results suggest that in this pediatric age-group, the treatment should focus on the underlying disease in order to correct anemia.

Keywords
anemia, inflammation, pediatric age-group, hemoglobin, CRP, ESR, iron metabolism.

Metadichol ® is a nano formulation of long-chain lipid alcohols derived from food It is a inverse agonist of Vitamin
D receptor (VDR), Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), and ROR gamma (RORC) that could have beneficial effects on
skin diseases. We now present case studies of patients with various skin diseases who has symptoms mitigated on
treatment with Metadichol. The proposed mechanism is that Metadichol by its actions on the above mentioned
nuclear receptors affects Th1, TH2,Th 17, IL 17 and IL22 and IL 23 pathways that exacerbate many Skin diseases.
Metadichol is the first molecule to successfully navigate around the problems involved with promiscuous ligands
and targets. It fulfills the goals of the emerging field of Polypharmacology i.e a single drug is able to bind to multiple
targets beyond the "one drug, one target" concept. We show how Metadichol is an innovative treatment for treating
multiple skin diseases like eczema, acne, diabetic wounds viral and bacterial infection and also improving skin
texture. Metadichol ® is a safe non toxic low cost solution and is an alternative to numerous clinical candidates in
combating over 3000 skin diseases.

The circulation of infectious diseases in the community settings in urban and rural areas remains to be a hectic problem. One of the sources of microbial diseases is toilets. This study aimed at isolating, identifying and establishing bacterial loads associated with public restrooms in students’ hostels at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania. Samples were collected from a total of thirty toilets (60 samples) in different surfaces; (i) surfaces associated with toilets (toilet seats and toilet bowls), (ii) surfaces routinely touched with hands (door handles in and out of the restrooms, faucet handles and toilet flush handles) and (iii) the restroom floors. Samples were inoculated in MacConkey and Blood agar and then incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. All isolates were sub cultured and identified based on macro- and micro-morphology and Standard Biochemical Tests. The establishment of total bacteria load was done using Standard Plate Count Method. The sensitivity testing of the isolates were carried out using the Disk Diffusion Method on nutrient agar plate. The following bacteria genera and species were isolated from the students’ toilets; Staphylococcus aureus (25.0%), Escherichia coli (36.7%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (6.7%), Proteus mirabilis (6.7%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (11.6%). The results from total bacterial count indicated that the surfaces routinely touched with hands had highest bacteria load compared to restroom floor and toilet seats. However, the differences of means among the surfaces were not statistically significant (P= 0.6762).  Sensitivity testing of the isolates against commonly used antibiotics in the study area showed that all bacterial isolates tested were resistant and intermediate resistant to at least one antibiotic.

کابینت های ایمنی زیستی ( )BSCsفضاهای کاری محصور با هود تهویه هستند که به منظور نگهداری
میکروارگانیسم های بیماریزا در طی فرآیندهای میکروبیولوژیکی طراحی شده است.
هدف اصلی کابینت های ایمنی زیستی محافظت از پرسنل آزمایشگاه و محیط زیست در برابر میکروارگانیسم
بیماریزا است زیرا ممکن است در هنگام کار با چنین میکروارگانیسم هایی ، آئروسل ها ایجاد شوند. این ها فقط
برای موجودات خاص گروه خطر و برای فرآیندهایی که ممکن است منجر به تشکیل آئروسل شوند استفاده می
شود.

Modulation of genetic expression by the skillful use of dietary, nutritional, and botanical interventions is clearly the leading edge of modern nutritional practice. Thus, familiarity with the concepts and implementation of "nutrigenomics" must become incorporated into the clinical skill set of chiropractic and naturopathic physicians. This article focuses on the nutritional and botanical inhibition of the primary "amplifier of inflammation" known as nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). From both clinical and pharmacological standpoints, the safe and effective inhibition of NF-kappaB is considered a major therapeutic goal for the prevention and treatment of conditions associated with an upregulated inflammatory response, namely diabetes, arthritis, cancer, autoimmunity, and the aging process in general. This article introduces concepts and terminology that will facilitate the effective clinical implementation of a nutritional protocol aimed at relieving excess inflammation by inhibiting NF-kappaB.

We are currently witnessing a major epidemic caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The evolution of 2019-nCoV remains elusive. We found 4 insertions in the spike glycoprotein (S) which are unique to the 2019-nCoV and are not present in other coronaviruses. Importantly, amino acid residues in all the 4 inserts have identity or similarity to those in the HIV-1 gp120 or HIV-1 Gag. Interestingly, despite the inserts being discontinuous on the primary amino acid sequence, 3D-modelling of the 2019-nCoV suggests that they converge to constitute the receptor binding site. The finding of 4 unique inserts in the 2019-nCoV, all of which have identity /similarity to amino acid residues in key structural proteins of HIV-1 is unlikely to be fortuitous in nature. This work provides yet unknown insights on 2019-nCoV and sheds light on the evolution and pathogenicity of this virus with important implications for diagnosis of this virus.

RESUMEN - ABSTRACT
Las investigaciones aquí desarrolladas buscan una aproximación interdisciplinaria al fenómeno de la salud y la enfermedad, así como a la naturaleza de la práctica médica en la posmodernidad. La filosofía de la medicina se inspira fundamentalmente en la actual filosofía de la ciencia, que ha abandonado la idea de una realidad objetiva o de un orden natural inmutable, reemplazándola por la representación de nuestro conocimiento, adquiriendo así uno de sus rasgos fundamentales, el carácter holístico e interpretativo.
Enfermedad, Biopolítica y Salud pública
Las investigaciones aquí desarrolladas buscan una aproximación interdisciplinaria al fenómeno de la salud y la enfermedad, así como a la naturaleza de la práctica médica en la posmodernidad. La filosofía de la medicina se inspira fundamentalmente en la actual filosofía de la ciencia, que ha abandonado la idea de una realidad objetiva o de un orden natural inmutable, reemplazándola por la representación de nuestro conocimiento, adquiriendo así uno de sus rasgos fundamentales, el carácter holístico e interpretativo.
Llevado al extremo de la irracionalidad, el esfuerzo de la medicina por preservar y cuidar la salud de las personas ha demostrado que es capaz de volverse en contra de aquellos a quienes pretende proteger. Cuando los médicos se empecinan en extender la vida aún más allá de las posibilidades fisiológicas y del deseo de sus pacientes, aparece lo que se ha dado en llamar el encarnizamiento terapéutico. Pero prolongar la vida innecesariamente no sólo perjudica a quienes se les priva del derecho a una muerte digna. En un mundo donde los recursos públicos que se destinan al cuidado de la salud no sólo son finitos, sino que muchas veces resultan insuficientes, su uso irracional parece cercenar aún más el acceso de la población en general al cuidado de su salud. Hoy se acepta el establecimiento de un límite en la asistencia médica, pero la cuestión es definir cuál es y quién establece, y aun más, cómo se valida este límite. Un punto de partida puede ser la observación de casos y el cambio actitudinal frente al manejo de estos conceptos.
Dr. ADOLFO VÁSQUEZ ROCCA

The authors of this edition propose a novel and inspiring research approach to the subject of plants, which – being a form of life that is different, yet akin to us – is a constant source of nourishment and metaphors, decoration and obsessions. The articles included in this thematic block on plants enter into lively ongoing debates on genetics, feminism, ecology and plant ontology. They are excellent examples of the fact that in Polish philosophical and cultural reflection there was an understanding very early on of the challenges that posthumanism poses to our anthropocentric intellectual habits. Foreign readers will recognize in these Polish reflections a bold willingness to ask ethical and aesthetic questions of great relevance to the modern world that go far beyond the safe, though most likely imagined, limits of what it is to be human.

KI-1 : menghayatidan mengamalkan ajaran agama yang dianutnya. KI-2: mengembangkan perilaku jujur, disiplin, tanggungjawab, peduli, santun, ramah lingkungan, gotongroyong , kerjasama, cinta damai. Responsip dan pro aktif dan menunjukkan sikap sebagai bagian dari solusi atas berbagai permasalahan bangsa dalam berinteraksi secara efektif dengan lingkungan social dan alam serta dalam menempatkan diri sebagai cerminan bangsa KI-3: memahami dan menerapkan pengetahuan faktual, konsepteptual, procedural dalam ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, seni, budaya dan humaniora dengan wawasan kemanusiaan, kebangsaan, kenegaraan dan peradaban terkait fenomena kejadian memecahan serta menerapkan pengetahuan procedural pada bidang kajian yang spesifik sesuai dengan bakat dan minatnya untuk memecahkan masalah KI-4: mengolah , menalar, dan menyaji dalam ranah konkret dan ranah abstrak terkait dengan pengembangan dari yang dipelajarinya di sekolah secara mandiri dan mampumenggunakan metode sesuai kaidah keilmuan

Dengue fever, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and Influenza are a few severe and life-threatening diseases caused by enveloped viruses. These diseases have been affecting millions of the world population every year for more than half a century. Even though some palliative care and treatment strategies exist for these diseases they are still not quite the most targeted and efficient treatment strategies. For a disease like dengue, nothing much can be done rather than providing supportive care so the condition doesn’t worsen to a Dengue Shock syndrome or a Dengue Hemorrhagic fever. HIV if untreated or improperly treated or miss diagnosed leads to the development of AIDS a point from where no treatment is workable anymore. Influenza virus as common as it is life-threatening and still a leading cause of infant and adult mortality in many global regions. The need to find a better and sustainable treatment approach is constant among the researchers. Novel drug and drug combinations are rigorously proposed and tested. Procaine HCL and Dexamethasone Sodium phosphate are among these novel combinations that are being tested and used to treat antiviral diseases such as AIDS, HIV, Influenza virus, and Dengue fever. This research paper focuses on collecting the scientific evidence available in the literature up till today, concerning the use of this combination for the treatment of viral diseases.

An overview of how viruses-retroviruses could be utilized as to instigate viral bio-weaponization and bio-warfare (much like other pathogens as bacteria, fungi, etc.), as well as a highlight of the history of how this has occurred in the past, has been presented. In particular, two issues need to be clarified here. First of all, almost all of our history of evolution prior to 5,500 years ago has been purged from the records, as well any memory of such happenings have been blank-slated from our consciousness memories. Secondly, that humanity has been lurking in the low dimensional level of consciousness, without having a clue about some of the advanced technologies with regard to the true nature of its genetics, and the possibility of its manipulation leading to genetic mutations and alien hybridization. However, as of more recently, with the advent of knowledge of radiation technological development, together with more novel approaches as nanotechnology in materials science, as well as the fact that we are beginning to better understand the nature of our bioenergetics and the role it plays in our genetics and physiognomy and holographic reality, we are beginning to get a better grasp of how a formidable nefarious alien artificial intelligence machinery can play a devastating role in our genetic modification, hybridization, as well as the using viral bio-weaponization for our demise or total annihilation. Thus, in the present paper, the author

This compilation document contains the following articles/excerpts:
1. Vasquez A. Scotland's public health programs and trends improving nutritional status should be considered when discussing HPV trends [rapid response]. BMJ.com/content/365/bmj.l1375/rr-4 2019 Apr
2. Vasquez A. Unified Antiviral Strategy published by ICHNFM. International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine 2014 Oct
3. Vasquez A. Translating Microbiome (Microbiota) and Dysbiosis Research into Clinical Practice: The 20-Year Development of a Structured Approach that Gives Actionable Form to Intellectual Concepts. International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine 2015 Jun
4. Vasquez A. Antiviral Strategies and Immune Nutrition [book excerpt, most recent source Inflammation Mastery 4th Edition https://www.ichnfm.org/im4]. International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine, 2014 https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00OPDQG4W
5. Vasquez A, Gilbert Manso, M.D., John Cannell, M.D. The Clinical Importance of Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol): A Paradigm Shift with Implications for All Healthcare Providers. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2004
6. Antiviral Nutrition Update #1 for 2018: Clinical Trial of Vitamin D3 against HPV/CIN1 [video transcript] https://vimeo.com/251566879

See also:
7. Vasquez A. Scotland's public health campaigns to improve vitamin D nutriture occurred within the same timeframe as HPV vaccination [rapid response]. BMJ.com/content/365/bmj.l1161/rr-8 2019 Apr

Protease function is essential to many biological systems and processes. In parasites, proteases are essential for host tissue degradation, immune evasion, and nutrition acquisition. Helminths (worms) depend on several classes of proteases for development, host tissue invasion and migration, and for degradation of host hemoglobin and serum proteins. The protozoa, which cause malaria, depend on both cysteine and aspartic proteases to initiate host hemoglobin digestion. Other types of proteases are involved in erythrocyte cell invasion and cell exit. Surface metalloproteases in kinetoplastids are implicated in the evasion of complement-mediated cell lysis and cell entry. Cysteine proteases in Entamoeba facilitate invasion of the host colon. Giardia utilizes a cysteine protease for both encystation and excystation. This review will summarize published data using protease inhibitors as tools to identify the function of parasite proteases in the development, virulence, and pathogenesis of parasites; as well as the role of endogenous parasite protease inhibitors in regulation.

ABSTRACT
Background: For the past two decades, Acinetobacter spp. have emerged as an important
pathogen globally in various infections. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the
frequency, risk factors, and antibiotic resistance pattern of Acinetobacter spp. from various clinical
samples. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, hospital record–based, cross‑sectional study
included a total of 8749 clinical samples collected from patients at a tertiary care hospital in Odisha,
India from July 2010 to December 2012. The samples were processed and identified by standard
protocol. The Acinetobacter isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance by Kirby‑Bauer disk
diffusion method [according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines].
Results: From 8749 clinical samples, 4589 (52.5%) yielded significant growth and only 137 (3%,
137/4589) Acinetobacter spp. were isolated. Maximum (56.9%) isolates were obtained from pus/
swab, followed by blood (13.1%) and urine (12.4%). Elderly age, being inpatients, longer duration of
stay in the hospital, associated co‑morbidity, and invasive procedure were found to be significant risk
factors in the setup investigated (P is less than 0.05). Out of 137 isolates, 75 (54.7%) were resistant
to more than three classes of antibiotics (multidrug resistant) and 8 (5.8%) were resistant to all
commonly used antibiotics (pan‑drug resistant). Majority of the isolates were sensitive to imipenem,
meropenem, and piperacillin/tazobactam, and showed resistance rates of 19%, 22%, and 23%,
respectively. All eight pan‑drug resistant isolates were 100% sensitive to colistin. Conclusion: This
hospital‑based epidemiological data will help to implement better infection control strategies and
improve the knowledge of antibiotic resistance patterns in our region.
Key words: Acinetobacter species, antibiotics, frequency, resistance, risk factors

This compilation document contains the following articles/excerpts:
1. Vasquez A. Scotland's public health campaigns to improve vitamin D nutriture occurred within the same timeframe as HPV vaccination [rapid response]. BMJ.com/content/365/bmj.l1161/rr-8 2019 Apr
2. Vasquez A. Unified Antiviral Strategy published by ICHNFM. International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine 2014 Oct
3. Vasquez A. Translating Microbiome (Microbiota) and Dysbiosis Research into Clinical Practice: The 20-Year Development of a Structured Approach that Gives Actionable Form to Intellectual Concepts. International Journal of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine 2015 Jun
4. Vasquez A. Antiviral Strategies and Immune Nutrition [book excerpt, most recent source Inflammation Mastery 4th Edition https://www.ichnfm.org/im4]. International College of Human Nutrition and Functional Medicine, 2014 https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00OPDQG4W
5. Vasquez A, Gilbert Manso, M.D., John Cannell, M.D. The Clinical Importance of Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol): A Paradigm Shift with Implications for All Healthcare Providers. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2004
6. Antiviral Nutrition Update #1 for 2018: Clinical Trial of Vitamin D3 against HPV/CIN1 [video transcript] https://vimeo.com/251566879

See also:
7. Vasquez A. Scotland's public health programs and trends improving nutritional status should be considered when discussing HPV trends [rapid response]. BMJ.com/content/365/bmj.l1375/rr-4 2019 Apr

Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid, discarded as useless or unwanted materials. Health hazards associated with improper disposal of solid wastes to the community were investigated in Morogoro municipality. The aim of the project was to investigate the solid waste disposal practices and their health hazard implications to the community in Morogoro municipality. The study was conducted by considering several solid waste disposal sites based on three methods; observation, questionnaire survey and microbiological analysis. Based on observation method, several solid waste practices were detected including collection of wastes using trucks, wheel barrow, carriers made from elephant grasses and cement bags. Questionnaire survey pinpointed several diseases caused by solid wastes such as malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid and worm diseases from the respondents. From microbiological analysis, several pathogenic bacteria were identified from the solid disposal sites. The bacteria with their frequency of isolation identified were: Salmonella typhimurium (16.7%), Shigella dysenteriae (16.7%), Citrobacter freundii (8.3%), Citrobacter amalonaticus (8.3%), Aerobacter aerogenes (8.3%), Proteus vulgaris (16.7%), Klebsiella oxyotoca (8.3%), Klebsiella (8.3%), E.coli (8.3%). Solid waste generated by the daily activities of the people
needs to be properly managed in such a way that it minimizes the risk to the environment and human health. Inadequate collection and disposal of solid waste is a major factor in the spread of disease and environmental degradation.

The correct application of a suitable antiseptic is necessary to minimise the risk of surgical site infection. This class of infection accounts for about 15% of all health-care-associated infections in total and about 37% of the hospital-acquired infections of surgical patients.

The ideal antiseptic agent should be effective against a wide range of microorganisms; work within a fast onset of action; exert a long-term effect; and not be readily inactivated by organic material (e.g. blood). Moreover, it should have minimal toxic effects on the skin. Antiseptics can be classified as bactericidal (capable of killing most members of a population of microorganisms) or bacteriostatic (capable to inhibiting the growth of members of a population of microorganisms). In general, bactericidal products are preferred.

Background: Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Introduction: Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32 kilobases. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections. Result and discussion: Based on our multidisciplinary research, we have found the major cause and some treatments methods for fighting this powerful pathogen. The prime cause of COVID-19 is pushing the mitochondrial to lose MMP. A loss of the MMP by any mechanism leads to functional and structural collapse of the mitochondria and cell death. Mitophagy plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, but can also eliminate healthy mitochondria in cases such as cell starvation, viral invasion, and erythroid cell differentiation. The mitochondrial fusion and fission are highly dynamic. Viruses specially COVID-19, interfere with these processes to distort mitochondrial dynamic to facilitate their proliferation. Thus, interfering with these processes promotes the interference of different cellular signaling pathways. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) escapes the innate immune response by translocating its ORF-9b to mitochondria and promotes proteosomal degradation of dynamin-like protein (Drp1) leading to mitochondrial fission. We also researched on Ultrasonic Energy to destroy the virus which lead to positive results but it needs more future research. The most destructive way of viruses is to enhance Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and free radicals in human contaminated cell which cause inflammation in a host cell. ELF-EMF convert free radicals into less active molecules and eliminate them into two pathways which has been discussed in the discussion part. Using ELF-EMF affects the second pathway that relies on the activity of the catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes which is the most effective pathway. For the best result of treatment, is the use of low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF-ELF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequency of the virus is 30 KHz-500 KHz. Conclusion: COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the most complex virus which has been discovered since 2020. Until today, there has been no Antiviral Drug which can be useful in the treatment of this infectious disease has been discovered till today. COVID-19 genomic sequence containing SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and Influenza A. Therefore; there is a high possibility of continuing COVID-19 even in summer. To gain the best result in treatment, we should use low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria in order to reduce ROS and Inflammation. In order to destroy SARSCoV-2 virus in environment and also in infected individuals, we should use ELF-EMF plus LFMF. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, it can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequency of the virus that id is 30 KHz-500 KHz. The differences in the frequencies is due to the size of the virus which is from 26 to 32 Kilobases.

The story of medical bacteriology and its attempt to »eradicate« all of mankind`s »invisible enemies«: the rise and fall of a leading science in the modern age.

When the WHO announced the »eradication of smallpox« in 1980, the vision of a world free of infectious diseases seemed to be within reach. For the first time, it seemed possible to »wipe out« epidemics by means of bacteriology. However, just a short time later, when new pathogens emerged and old ones resurfaced that had long since been considered defeated, it became clear that this was an illusion. Focussing on Germany between 1890 and 1933, Silvia Berger reveals that this was not the first time that the belief in the possibility of controlling infectious diseases had been shattered. After the First World War, bacteriology was already facing a serious crisis. The dream of destroying all »invisible enemies« and creating »pure« bodies and territories, rigorously pursued by military bacteriologists between 1914 and 1918, now faded into the background. In the 1920s, the scientists working in this exclusive field were forced to admit that they were no longer in a position to explain the complex interaction of micro and macro-organisms with their hypotheses. Rather than being considered a »war«, the relationship between bacteria and humans began to be expressed in terms such as »balance« or »symbiosis«, as a kind of peaceful co-existence.

In 2008, the study was awarded the Henry-E.-Sigerist Prize for young academics by the Swiss Society for the History of Medicine and Science. 2009 the book won the Förderpreis of the German Society for the History of Medicine, Natural Science and Technology.

»a highly original work, constituting an outstanding contribution to the history of preventive medicine and to German history«
Paul Weindling, Oxford

"Ohne Übertreibung darf man festhalten, dass mit Silvia Bergers Buch die Wissenschaftsgeschichte der Bakteriologie in der Zwischenkriegszeit im Wesentlichen geschrieben ist und es ganz erheblicher Anstrengungen bedürfte, an dieser Deutung vor- bei zu kommen."
Christoph Gradmann, Oslo

" [...] a highly valuable and original work. It fully deserves an English translation in order to reach a larger readership."
Jean-Paul Gaudillière, Paris

Public health agencies have promoted a single pathogen view of infection which simplifies the message about vaccination. However, research over the past 20 years shows a far more complex set of interactions between multiple pathogens, the nose/throat microbiota, the gut microbiota, immune function, and ageing. Influenza vaccination is effective at reducing General Practitioner (GP) visits for influenza like illness (ILI), for reducing health care staff sickness absence, and in reducing hospital admission due to influenza.

The narrative regarding influenza mortality has been overly simplified and the levels of reported deaths are more correctly due to interactions between a mix of pathogens. There is no such thing as a single pathogen winter. There is mixed evidence that influenza vaccination protects against death from influenza. Influenza vaccination does not seem to diminish excess winter mortality (EWM) – with EWM being the complex outcome of the mix of pathogens interacting with metrological variables. In those likely to die in the next year, while influenza vaccination may protect against death from influenza per se, this merely creates space for another pathogen to trigger final demise. The central problem is that there is no 100% accurate method to determine who is in the last year of life. For this reason, all elderly should be vaccinated. The ratio of male to female deaths and admissions appears to be an indicator of which mix of pathogens predominate each winter.

Amid all the conflicting trends there is room for the action of a new type or kind of infectious disease. This new disease may be triggered by the novel action of a common pathogen or may be the outcome of the multiple interactions between pathogens throughout each year. While outbreaks of this new disease can occur throughout the year they seem to occur more commonly at the interface between winter and spring. These outbreaks cause deaths and medical admissions to suddenly shift to a higher level, stay at the higher level for most commonly 12 months but shorter and longer periods also occur, deaths then shift back to the usual levels while medical admissions seem to sustain a more lingering effect. The combined interaction of the mix of winter infections plus outbreaks of the new disease generate a complex set of cost and capacity challenges. This complex set of challenges is completely ignored in the funding formulas used to distribute resources between different populations.

Issues of population density discussed in Parts 1 and 2 are highly relevant. Steady state thinking and silo mentality is a hindrance when seeking to fully understand issues of financial risk and capacity surges. Part 4 investigates why deaths are serving as a wider proxy for morbidity and how the number of deaths can be used as a tool to determine the optimum size for insurers, HMOs, healthcare commissioners to achieve minimum volatility in costs.

Metadichol ® [1] is a Nanoemulsion of long-chain alcohols found in many foods. It is commonly called Policosanol and is present in foods such as rice, sugar cane, wheat, peanuts Metadichol acts as an inverse agonist on Nuclear Vitamin D receptors (VDR) that are present in cells throughout the body to stimulate the immune system and affects many biologIcal processes to modulate many diseases. Branched-chain amino acid transferase (BCAT1) catalyzes the reversible transamination of leucine, isoleucine, and valine branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) to their respective alpha-keto acids, liberating L-glutamate. When this gene is inhibited, the amino acid chains accumulated in the tissue triggering longevity in the nematodes. The health and longevity of the nematodes improved when BCAT1 was inhibited. Gabapentin has been shown to inhibit BCAT1, but IC50 is 10000 uM. Metadichol® inhibits BCAT1 with an IC50 of 3.3 um, 3000 times more potent than Gabapentin.

This paper demonstrates the Direct Torque Control Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (DTC-PMSM) drive fed by asymmetrical multilevel inverter. The cascaded H-bridges topology with ratio-3 dc voltage sourced cells inverter has been employed. The DTC controller receives a reference torque and flux signals, the torque controller output determines the position of the desired flux vector. The amplitude of this vector is determined by the reference flux amplitude. The reference voltage vector is calculated as a continuous value using a technique developed originally for the SVM controlled drive. In this study, however, the reference voltage vector has been approximated to the nearest voltage vector achievable by one switching state of the multilevel inverter. The performance of two- and three-cells per arm inverter drives has been compared to that of the SVM-inverter drive at two values of the switching intervals. The results reflect the low switching frequency and torque ripple advantages of the proposed scheme. © 2008 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=4692567&reason=concurrency

SARS-CoV-2 is a genetically engineered SARS-COV vector which has been embedded into the backbone of bacteriophage HP2 of Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenza (NTHi). The design of SARS-CoV-2's spike (S) protein is notable for its ability to facilitate cellular entry via not only the ACE2 receptors but also ICAM-1 which becomes upregulated in a NTHI infection. Technologies used in the development of SARS-CoV-2 were patented by the Spanish National Research Council in 2006 and include methods for creating a SARS-COV vector for gene editing, particularly "gene silencing", and vaccine administration via "virus particles". This patent calls for the engineering of a SARS-COV vector using a helper virus such as HP2 for replication and/or transcription. According to this patent, the said system could be constructed using a genome of SARS-COV containing sequences encoding a heterologous reporter gene or a gene derived from a different infectious agent and the construction of a fulllength cDNA, which in the case of SARS-CoV-2 was most likely performed using hnRNP Q CRISPR Activation Plasmid (h) cDNA. Further, NTHI lysates increase exosome release in the human middle ear epithelial cells. Exosomes can regulate gene expression via their miRNAs. SARS-CoV-2 shares a 76% homology with SARS-COV which is an engineering requirement mentioned in the said patent. The patent also sets forth modification principles and sequences for engineering the ORF of gene 7a. This engineering can be observed as a structural analysis has revealed that SARS-CoV-2 ORF 7a has structural homology with ICAM-1. ORF 7a plays a vital role in virus tropism allowing SARS-CoV-2 to be "guided" to gene editing targets via the hosts inflammatory secretions. Manipulation of ORF 7a to evade the hosts natural defenses against virus tropism as well as the use of NTHI lysates can cause an excessive inflammatory response or a "cytokine storm" in high-risk populations who become infected with COVID-19. This mode of engineering would necessarily classify SARS-CoV-2 a biological weapon.