Watchdogs

Political control is one of the central and
conditioning aspects of the relationship
between journalists and politicians.
Through the perceptions of journalists
and politicians, this article analyzes the
validity, characteristics, and functioning
of one of the principal mechanisms of political
control: the journalistic oversight of
politics, which is linked to the watchdog
theory and political pressures on the media.
In addition, the degree of mediatization
of politics is measured with regard
to media autonomy. The methodology is
based on in-depth interviews of 45 participants
in Spain. The results indicate
the pre-eminence of political pressures
that are principally exercised via indirect
means (i.e., communications offices
and media enterprises). The latter are a
vehicle for channeling political control,
which reveals the weight of the factors
associated with political economy in the
relationship between journalists and
politicians. Finally, the low incidence of
journalistic oversight of politics reveals a
reduced level of mediatization in Spain.

This research paper analyses the role of the media in the transition to democracy within the 2016 Gambian presidential elections.
The methodology used is mainly quantitative and includes surveys as well as statistical analysis.
Interview conducted to a group of universitarian students shows that the media (especially social media) were able to actualize their watchdog role and inform about the vote.

It has been generally been understood all over the world that the media is the fourth estate of the realm, and as the fourth has the responsibility of checking the other three tiers as well as shaping the fundamental aspects of any society it is involved in. Nonetheless, it has been a source of concern to media scholars, journalism practitioners and the society that the attitude of the news media and its practitioners have continued to show an uninterested role in excising the powers it wields to correct societal anomalies, and engineer social change. The question that still remains on the lips of many is whether the media is a watchdog? The question may seem like just another attempt to raise an alarm, or to point accusing fingers, but when we look at it in the light of the Nigerian situation, we may begin to have an understanding that the media as generally seen in the Nigerian sphere, may not necessarily be the same as universally accepted or practiced...

We are writing to you with a request for investigation about collusion, nepotism, conflicts of interests, discrimination, and even slanders by local employees of OSI and FES here in Pristina. We want to make sure that OSI and FES are separate affiliations in Kosovo of your own respective institutions, and not necessarily local and informal merged organizations.

Monitoring realizacji Programu Miasta Białegostoku Przeciwdziałania Dyskryminacji Rasowej, Ksenofobii i związanej z Nimi Nietolerancji na lata 2014-2017 “Białystok dla Tolerancji” w roku 2014/2015.
Raport, który jest wynikiem ww. monitoringu powstał w ramach projektu Federacji Organizacji Pozarządowych Miasta Białystok pod tytułem „Białystok Wspólny Dom”. Projekt był realizowany w ramach programu Obywatele dla Demokracji, finansowanego z Funduszy EOG. Ideą projektu było przygotowanie przedstawicieli organizacji pozarządowych zrzeszonych w FOPMB i mieszkańców Białegostoku do działań związanych z monitoringiem organów administracji samorządowej oraz przeprowadzenie monitoringu polityki społecznej miasta zorientowanej na przeciwdziałanie aktom agresji wobec mniejszości. Przedmiotem zainteresowania naszego zespołu był monitoring realizacji ww. Programu.  Monitoring był realizowany poprzez analizę prawną, analizę sprawozdania z realizacji za rok 2014, analizę stron internetowych, analizę danych otrzymanych w odpowiedzi na wnioski o informację publiczną oraz przedstawienie dobrych praktyk realizowanych w ramach Programu.

In MANETs the cooperation between nodes of the network is more important for data transmission to occur in a efficient manner. But, it is not true that all nodes of the network actively participate in data transmission process without affecting network performance. The nodes with selfish behavior reject to cooperate with other neighbor nodes of the network for data transmission activity. Selfish nodes lower the performance of the network by causing data loss or they induce wrong data in the network. The existing local watchdog mechanism is used to identify such nodes, but it is not a good mechanism because it originates wrong positives and wrong negatives. So, in this paper we are introducing a watchman with cooperative characteristic to mark greedy nodes and distribute the same information to other neighbor nodes. With this the energy consumption is saved and the selfish nodes are identified earlier and accurately

Democracy, which consists of the combination of demos meaning "people" in the Greek language and kratos meaning "administration", means management of the people. However, a model in which the public directly shapes the management process is not available at any time in modern history. Therefore, it's more realistic to express democracy as a management model in which the real representatives of the people have the power to make decisions. Cincotta (2013), also explains Democracy as, "Democracy…is defined, basically, as government in which the supreme power is vested in the people. In some forms, democracy can be exercised directly by the people; in large societies, it's by the people through their elected agents, Or, in the memorable phrase of President Abraham Lincoln, democracy is government of the people, by the people, and for the people" (p.1). One of the factors that strengthens democracy is the media. As Ababa (2019) indicates, free, objective and competent media-plays a vital role in democracy. Media delivers information that allows voters to make informed choices within and outside the voting booth as well as can also contribute to the political process by encouraging politicians to respond to the citizens and to work on subjects of actual public interest. (p.9) In the light of Ababa's arguments, we could say that media is the tool that bridges between people and the government along with contributes to the democratic conduct of the state. There is a strong dependency between the media and democracy. The media institution is supposed to function as an informing authority and must mediate between government and citizens, among the politicians, also enables the communication between the citizens. Moreover, to give a place for freedom of expression. Lastly, to be the fourth arm of the

Il termine Regulatory oversight bodies (ROB), indicano un’ampia quanto disomogenea categoria che, come sottolineato dall’OCSE, presentano la comune finalità di massimizzare l’efficienza e l’effettività della regolazione tramite l’utilizzo delle leve di “transparency, accountability e evidence-based analysis”.
Anche dal punto di vista strutturale i ROB presentano un certo grado di differenziazione: essi, infatti, non solo possono essere istituiti in forma differente (unità, commissioni, comitati, centri, dipartimenti, Ombudsman), ma anche essere inseriti indifferentemente all’interno della struttura amministrativa degli organi esecutivi ovvero di quelli legislativi.
La loro disomogeneità è principalmente dovuta al diverso contesto giuridico in cui vengono adottati, al grado di evoluzione e penetrazione degli strumenti di “checks and balances” così come al diverso modo con cui il potere di controllo è stato nel tempo ripartito tra soggetti diversi che spesso continuano a convivere tra di loro.
Il presente studio è dedicato all’esame puntuale di questo fenomeno. La tecnica utilizzata è duplice: da un lato si prendono in considerazione le esperienze maturate in diversi ordinamenti giuridici; dall’altro, si effettua una valutazione comparativa tramite l’utilizzo di un’identica struttura di analisi. Nel dettaglio, si tratta di valutare sia i profili istituzionali, ovvero le fonti normative, il contesto politico che ne ha favorito l’istituzione e la composizione dell’organo (requisiti di nomina, numero di componenti, durata del mandato), sia quelli sostanziali, ovvero l’ambito oggettivo dei controlli, le modalità di attuazione degli stessi così come i loro effetti. L’indagine non ha un obiettivo meramente ricognitivo; la rappresentazione del fenomeno, infatti, serve ad individuare gli elementi comuni che ne consentono – e ne giustificano – un’analisi congiunta.
La tesi che si intende dimostrare è che, seppur istituiti con profili organizzativi e strutturali diversi, questi organi di controllo finiscono per adottare analoghe regole di comportamento. A prescindere dal contesto in cui sono stati definiti, infatti, il controllo sul rule-maker appare utilizzare un analogo linguaggio, ovvero analoghi principi sostanziali.

We propose in this paper a connectivity
-
aware routing algorithm and a set of related theorems. This
algorithm allows nodes in Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Networks (MASNets) to provide the highest
connectivity life time to a specific destination since the issuance of data becomes a necessity for MAS
Nets.
In the proposed Solution, nodes in MASNets are able to specify the disjointness degree of the available
paths allowing the discovery of the optimal set of backup routes and consequently enhance the survivability
of the connectivity. These nodes perfo
rm an on
-
demand discovery and a generation of a set of routes, by
specifying a disjointness threshold, representing the maximal number of nodes shared between any two
paths in the set of k established paths. The proposed multipath routing algorithm, is ada
ptive, secure, and
uses labels to carry the disjointness
-
threshold between nodes during the route discovery. A set of security
mechanisms, based on the Watchdog and the digital signature concepts, is used to protect t
he route
discovery process
.