Yuezhi

What is the origin of the ancient Bulgarians? A new hypothesis about their Indo-European origin. The ancient Bulgarians are connected directly with the Yuezhi - Tocharians in Central Asia and form themselves as a people in the Sarmatian community.

The HAN-SHU or "Book of the Han (Dynasty)" was compiled by the Ban family (father Biao, son Gu and daughter Zhao) in the first century CE. 
It deals with the history of the First (Western) Han Dynasty and includes the short-lived Xin Dynasty (together 206 BCE to 23 CE).
Chapter 96 A+B, on "The Western Regions", is an all-important source on the history of Central and South Asia - in a time when other contemporary sources are scarce.
In this compilation, the Chinese original text is shown together with the translations into German by De Groot (1926) and into English by Wylie (1881) and Hulsewé/Loewe (1979).
So far, the very important ancient annotations to the Hanshu by Yan Shigu (active in the 7th century) have never been translated in toto.

Jeremiah 16, 14-15 describes another exodus that is said to be incomparably greater than the Mosaic Exodus from Egypt to Canaan.
“Therefore, behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that it shall no more be said, The LORD liveth, that brought up the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt; But, The LORD liveth, that brought up the children of Israel from the land of the north, and from all the lands whither he had driven them: and I will bring them again into their land that I gave unto their fathers.”
In this essay I trace the migration track of the Yuezhis/Sarmatans/Alans/Alemanns/Catalans to Europe and try to found that this migration process is not far from the Great Exodus of the Israelites of Jeremiah 16, 14-15.

One of the most important problems of Central Asian history is
undoubtedly the origin of the people referred to as Yuèzhī (月氏 / 月支)
in Chinese sources. So far, historical or archaeological research could not convincingly explain the origins of the Yuezhi. The study attempts to
present and critically evaluate various theories concerning the origin of
the Yuezhi and their relationship to the Tocharians. To address this
problem, it investigates Uyghur and Chinese place names and tries to list
Yuezhi ethnotoponyms in Afghanistan and Xinjiang. At the end of the
study, two maps based on Yuezhi ethnonyms are also given to illustrate
the former geographical distribution of Yuezhi in Afghanistan and
Xinjiang. Based on these toponyms and historical data, the study also
makes an attempt to reconstruct the name Yuèzhī.

In 2014 the series of specific (‘Post-Saka’) style petroglyphs were founded in the SE Kazakhstan, in Jetusy (Semirechie) region near Almaty. They are very interesting mix of more eastern art style of the Northern Altai and Mongolia (disappeared on its original territory) and unusual for local Sakas, some unique subjects (some scenes with men and monsters, a sex with wolves etc.) and specific tamga-signs (they were not used by local Sakas). This style was created by local Wusun or Yezhi after the mid. 2nd c. BC. In the 2nd-1st cc. BC we see the same types of tamga-signs in the Middle Syrdarya Basin (Kangju) and in the Early Sarmatian sanctuaries in the eastern coast of Caspian Sea, since the 1st c. AD – in the Eastern European Steppes (the Lower Don Basin and the Central Crimea). This fact reflected the migration of same Wusuns to Kangju and later some Sarmatians and Alans from the northern borders of Kangju to Europe.
Fig. 20, 3 placed there after a technical mistake (these signs were not Xiongnu).

Starting from Song of Songs 2, 1: "I am a rose (chabatseleth חֲבַצֶּ֫לֶת) from Saron, a lily (shoshanשׁוֹשָׁן) from the valleys. "I try to identify Hibiscus und Lily as symbols and emblems of Israelites' identity, in places where the Israelites passed through in the course of their history. My focus lies in Korean sources hardly dealt with by schoolars so far.

Cet article s’intéresse aux monnaies des périodes hellénistique et kouchane (IIIe siècle av. J.-C.-IVe siècle apr. J.-C.) en provenance des fouilles franco-afghanes de Bactres (Balkh, Afghanistan), dont 113 exemplaires ont été identifiés. La répartition des monnaies d’Euthydème I (230-190 av. J.-C.) et celle des imitations Yuezhi d’Hélioclès I (IIe-Ier siècles av. J.-C.) dans la vallée de l’Oxus font l’objet d’études particulières, à partir des données numismatiques livrées par les fouilles récentes en Asie centrale. Ces nouvelles données permettent d’approfondir notre connaissance de la place de Bactres dans le paysage numismatique aux périodes étudiées.

This paper deals with the Hellenistic and Kushan coins (3rd ca BCE-4th ca CE) found in the French-Afghan excavations of Bactra (Balkh, Afghanistan), i.e. 113 coins in total. The distribution pattern of the coins of Euthydemus I (ca 230-190 BCE) as well as the Yuezhi imitations of Heliocles I (2nd-1st c. BCE) in the Oxus valley is considered in detail, based on numismatic data from recent archaeological excavations in Central Asia. These new data contribute to a better understanding of Bactra’s place in the numismatic landscape during the aforementioned periods.

ILLUSTRATIONS (in English, than in Russian) consisted of 5 PARTSs 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 after the big volume.
ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИИ, состоят из 5 частей 2/1, 2/2, 2/3, 2/4, 2/5 из-за большого объема.

ILLUSTRATIONS LIST - in English, than in Russian.

The fig. 1–3, 22–24, 27–28, 36, 46, 58, 62–65, 84–89, 91, 97, 100, 102–103, 107, 110–123, 135, 137–138, 151–155, 157–159, 180–182, 189–190, 195, 202, 206–207, 216–218 were prepared by the author.
The ADDITIONAL illustrations were prepared by the author after the book’ publication, in 2009-2018 for www.academia.edu:
Figs. 2a, 12a, 17a-c,18a-b, 19a-b, 20a, 21a-g, 27a-d, 32a, 33a-d, 39a, 45a, 58a-b, 59a-b, 61a, 62a, 68a-b, 75a, 82a-d, 83, 83a-b, 87a, 101b, 103a, 107a, 109a-e, 126a, 133a, 134a-c, 135a, 140a, 156a, 161a-b, 164a, 169a, 171a, 175a, 183a, 186a, 188a-g, 206a-d, 209a, 215a, the maps 0, 28a, 62b, 101a, 156b, 203a.
Some illustrations were PARTLY CHANGED (with additional elements, often colour, etc.): fig. 5, 21, 37, 59, 83, 61, 66, 97, 134, 173, 178, 194, 222.
Originally all illustrations were black-white only. Later some of them replaced by their COLOUR analogies: figs. 4, 13, 15-17, 31, 33, 43-44, 48, 51, 53, 56-57, 98, 136, 160, 166-167, 170, 175-176, 184, 187, 199, 203, 215.   
 
ABBREVIATIONS LIST:
А - Альбаум 1960; Aб — Альбаум 1975; Ан — Анфимов 1987; Б — Беленицкий 1973; Бе — Бессонова 1983а; Вн — Вайнберг 1977; Г — Горелик 1985; Го — Горбунова 1983; Гу — Гудкова 1964; Д — Древности... 1985; Ж — Живопись... 1954; З — Зеймаль 1979; И — Ильинская 1982; К — Калалы-гыр 2, 2004; Кр — Кругликова 1976; Л-1 — Луконин 1960; Л — Луконин 1977; Мн — Манцевич 1976; Мо — Мозолевський 1983; Не — Неразик 1966; Ни — Никитин 2000; ОЕ — Ольховский, Евдокимов 1994; П — Пичикян 1998; ПБ — Прилипко, Болтрик 1991; Пу — Пугаченкова 1978; Ра — Раевский 1977; РНЛ — Рапопорт, Неразик, Левина, 2000; Ра — Распопова 1999; Рх — Рахмонов 2001; СЖ — Скульптура и живопись… 1959; См — Cмирнов 1909; Т — Толстов 1948б 62; ТК –Топрак-кала 1984; ТЛ — Тревер, Луконин 1987; Ш — Шишкин 1963; Шл — Шлюмберже 1985; Я — Ягодин, Ташходжаев 1970; AS — al-Salihi 1991; Am — Amiet 1986; B — Belenitzki 1980; Bi — Bittner 1985; Ca — Callieri 1999; Ch — Chegeni, Nikitin 1996; Ci — Coins 1999; Co — Collon 1995; C3 — Curtis 1993; C4 — Curtis 1994; Cu — Curtis 2001; F — Fukai and oth. 1984; Fu — Fukai, Horiuchi 1982; G2 — Ghirshman 1962; G3 — Ghirshman 1963; Go — Goldman 1991; Gu — Gunter, Jett 1992; Gy — Gyselen 1995; H — Hackin, Carl, Meumie 1959; Hn — Handbuch, I-II; L — Lissarrague 1990; Ma — Marshak 1990; MN — Marshak, Negmatov 1996; M4 — Moorey 1974; MR — Marshak, Raspopova 1994; Mu — Muscarella 1988 217; N — Negahban 1996 218; Pi — Pilipko 2000 63; Pr — Porada 1962; Pu — Pugachenkova 1994; R — Ricciardi 1998; Sc — Schlumberger 1970; Sr — Seyrig 1937 207; S — Sellwood 1980; Tn — Tanabe 1998; Tr — Tarzi 1977; Th — Thomas 1965; Tm — Thompson 1965; V — Vanden Berghe 1984; Vs — Vos 1963.

Рисунки 1–3, 22–24, 27–28, 36, 46, 58, 62–65, 84–89, 91, 97, 100, 102–103, 107, 110–123, 135, 137–138, 151–155, 157–159, 180–182, 189–190, 195, 202, 206–207, 216–218 подготовлены автором.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ иллюстрации были подготовлены автором после публикации книги, в 2009-2018 гг. для www.academia.edu:
Рис. 2a, 12a, 17a-c,18a-b, 19a-b, 20a, 21a-g, 27a-d, 32а, 33a-d, 39a, 45a, 58a-b, 59a-b, 61a, 62a, 68a, 75a, 82a-d, 83, 83a-b, 87a, 101b, 103a, 107a, 109a-e, 126a, 133a, 134a-c, 135a, 140a, 156a, 161a-b, 164a, 169a, 171a, 175a, 183a, 186a, 188a-g, 206a-d, 209a, 215a; карты 0, 28a, 62b, 101a, 156b, 203а.
Некоторые иллюстрации были ЧАСТИЧНО ИЗМЕНЕНЫ (с дополнительными деталями, часто цветными, и т.п.): рис. 5, 21, 37, 59, 61, 66, 83, 97, 134, 151, 173, 178, 194, 222.
Изначально все иллюстрации были только черно-белыми. Позже некоторые из них были заменены их ЦВЕТНЫМИ аналогами: рис. 4, 13, 15-17, 31, 33, 43-44, 48, 51, 53, 56-57, 98, 136, 160, 166-167, 170, 175-176, 184, 187, 199, 203, 215.   

СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ:
А - Альбаум 1960; Aб — Альбаум 1975; Ан — Анфимов 1987; Б — Беленицкий 1973; Бе — Бессонова 1983а; Вн — Вайнберг 1977; Г — Горелик 1985; Го — Горбунова 1983; Гу — Гудкова 1964; Д — Древности... 1985; Ж — Живопись... 1954; З — Зеймаль 1979; И — Ильинская 1982; К — Калалы-гыр 2, 2004; Кр — Кругликова 1976; Л-1 — Луконин 1960; Л — Луконин 1977; Мн — Манцевич 1976; Мо — Мозолевський 1983; Не — Неразик 1966; Ни — Никитин 2000; ОЕ — Ольховский, Евдокимов 1994; П — Пичикян 1998; ПБ — Прилипко, Болтрик 1991; Пу — Пугаченкова 1978; Ра — Раевский 1977; РНЛ — Рапопорт, Неразик, Левина, 2000; Ра — Распопова 1999; Рх — Рахмонов 2001; СЖ — Скульптура и живопись… 1959; См — Cмирнов 1909; Т — Толстов 1948б 62; ТК –Топрак-кала 1984; ТЛ — Тревер, Луконин 1987; Ш — Шишкин 1963; Шл — Шлюмберже 1985; Я — Ягодин, Ташходжаев 1970; AS — al-Salihi 1991; Am — Amiet 1986; B — Belenitzki 1980; Bi — Bittner 1985; Ca — Callieri 1999; Ch — Chegeni, Nikitin 1996; Ci — Coins 1999; Co — Collon 1995; C3 — Curtis 1993; C4 — Curtis 1994; Cu — Curtis 2001; F — Fukai and oth. 1984; Fu — Fukai, Horiuchi 1982; G2 — Ghirshman 1962; G3 — Ghirshman 1963; Go — Goldman 1991; Gu — Gunter, Jett 1992; Gy — Gyselen 1995; H — Hackin, Carl, Meumie 1959; Hn — Handbuch, I-II; L — Lissarrague 1990; Ma — Marshak 1990; MN — Marshak, Negmatov 1996; M4 — Moorey 1974; MR — Marshak, Raspopova 1994; Mu — Muscarella 1988 217; N — Negahban 1996 218; Pi — Pilipko 2000 63; Pr — Porada 1962; Pu — Pugachenkova 1994; R — Ricciardi 1998; Sc — Schlumberger 1970; Sr — Seyrig 1937 207; S — Sellwood 1980; Tn — Tanabe 1998; Tr — Tarzi 1977; Th — Thomas 1965; Tm — Thompson 1965; V — Vanden Berghe 1984; Vs — Vos 1963.

In 1979 a small bronze figure of the seated Buddha was unearthed in a site of Chang‘an, the ancient capital city of China, which is now preserved in the Xi‘an museum. There is a line of inscription at the bottom of the Buddha figure, but nobody other than Professor Su Bai of Peking University paid attention to it. In the spring of 1990, he brought me two rubbings of the inscription. I at once recognized it as Kharoṣṭhī. The present condition of the inscription is not very good, and some akṣaras are quite unclear in both rubbings of it . The meaning of individual words has to be inferred according to their etymology and contexts. Fortunately, the majority of characters, especially the key-terms, are preserved very well so that we can understand the content of the inscription without difficulty. This inscription is inscribed in Kharoṣṭhī with the late style of the script. It concerns a gift of a man called Cittaka Sattva to a friend called Pustaka Vidyarama who was a scion of the Mareǵas, the Yuezhi family. It must be the relic of the Yuezhi immigrantes in Chang‘an city. There is evidence to show that the inscription should date from the end of the 4th century.

The Mughal Emperor Zahīruddīn Muhammad Baber (Born: 14 February 1483 CE, Period of Reign 20 April 1526 CE – 26 December 1530 CE):  writes in his Memoirs, Tuzk e Babari:-
" In the hill country to the north-east (of Cabul) lies Kafferistan, such as Kattor and Gebrek."
General Cunningham identifies the name Katoor with Kitolo, the king of the Great Yuechi, who, in the beginning of the 5th Century, conquered Balkh and Gandhara, and whose son established the kingdom of the Little Yuechi at Peshawur. Later, the name appears in the Tarikh-e'-Binakiti and the Jami-ul-Tawarikh, Commissioned by Sultan Ghazan Khan.
" In the list of the Turk dynasty of Cabul kings, who preceded the Ghuznevides, the last is called Katoran, King of the Kators." "And Kank returned to his country and he was the last of the Kataurman kings."

The article deals with a series of coins combining an obverse ruler's head (in profile, turned left) with the reverse image of a horse head (facing right). The series started on the mint of a principality in Samarqand Soghd, but its latest coins show close connection with the earliest coins of Nakhshab ruler Ashtat. There is a further discussion of the iconography of Ashtat coins with the focus on the depiction of an archer in Greek armor whom Greek inscription identifies as king Antiochus..

Kazakistan’ın Maddi Kaynaklar Çerçevesinde Sosyokültürel Tarihi -Erken Demir Çağı- adlı bu
araştırma Kazakistan’ın maddi kaynaklar çerçevesinde Erken Demir Çağı sosyokültürel durumunu
ele almış, bu anlatımdan yararlanarak çeşitli sonuç ve çıkarımlara varmıştır. Kazakistan’ın maddi
kaynaklar çerçevesinde Erken Demir Çağı araştırmalarında bazı problemler söz konusudur. Bu
problemler tarihlendirme, coğrafyaya kaynakları ve siyasi grupları dağıtma, kaynakların
araştırılmasındaki aktüel durumlar ile farklı görüşler ve kaynaklara ulaşım gibi problemlerdir. Sakalar
MÖ 8. ile MÖ 2. yüzyıllar arasında Kazakistan coğrafyasının batı kısımları haricindeki büyük
bölümüne hakim olmuştur. Bu dönemin ardından Sakalar Kazakistan coğrafyasından çekilmiş ve
onlardan miras kalan topraklarda Yüeh-Chihler, Wu-Sunlar, Kanglılar, Hsiung-Nular gibi gruplar
bölük bölük olmuştur. Savromat-Sarmatlar ise MÖ 8 ile MS 4/5. yüzyıllar aralığında Mangıstav
Dağları, Yayık Irmağı bölgesinde hakim olmuştur. Araştırma MÖ 8 ile MÖ 2/1. yüzyıllar arasına
odaklanmıştır. Kazakistan’ın Erken Demir Çağı araştırmalarına Pers, Grek ve Çin yazılı kaynakları
yoğunlukla siyasi bilgiler sunmaktadır. Yazılı kaynaklara ek olarak maddi kaynaklardan da dönemin
özellikle sosyokültürel tarihine yönelik önemli veriler çıkarılmaktadır. Bu maddi kaynaklar kurgan,
yerleşim, inanç yapısı ve kayaresim buluntu ortamlarında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Söz konusu buluntu
ortamları Kazakistan’ın sosyokültürel tarihi ve seviyesi hakkında bilgiler vermektedir. Bu bilgiler,
araştırmada yoğunluk sırasına göre buluntu yapılarının dış kurulumu, buluntu yapılarının iç
kurulumu, giyim parçaları, süs eşyaları, at koşum takımları ve süsleri, ev ve yaşam eşyaları, saldırı,
savunma ve iş aletleri, insan biçimli taş heykeller, kayaresimleri gibi kategoriler çerçevesinde
görseller ile aktarılmıştır. Kazakistan coğrafyası, en belgili özellikleri hayvan üslubu, demirin verimli
olarak kullanımı, atın yaşamın ve toplumsal geleneklerin bir parçası olması, altın giyimli adamlar
olan ve özellikle kurgan ile kayaresim buluntu ortamları aracılığı ile günümüz araştırmacıları
tarafından şekillendirilmiş Bozkır Uygarlığı’nın bir bölüğü durumundadır.

Study on the Lost Tribes of Israel, Chapter 3: Wars of the Samarians against the Roman Empire

The Yuezhi fled from the Xiongnus in the 180's BC, part going South to Tibet becoming the Small Yuezhis (小月支). The greater part went to Central Asia centered in Samarkand, founding Zhaowu 9 Tribes States (昭武九姓). From here they went to India and founded the state of Kushan. A small part went further west, and became the Sarmatians and Alans as reported by Roman and Greek sources. The word Yuezhi as etymon reveals that they are still worshippers of the moon god, Ashera. The etymon Zhaowu, Sarma, Samar show that they are Samarians, the Northern Tribes of Israel.

Four Roman Emperors (Domitian, Trajan, Aurelius , Constantin) tried to pacify the Northeastern Roman frontier zone, but could not solve the Samaritan problem. Rome acted like Central China against Xiongnu: They build a great wall: The Limes Sarmatiae.

After the dissolution of the Empire of Alexander of Macedon the layer of Hellenized
aristocracy began to appear in Asia under the influence of mixed marriages and cultural
syncretism. The announcement of the establishment of the independent state of Bactria
made by Diodotus I triggered the appearance of a special culture, characterized by the mixture
of Iranian, North Indian and Greek cultural elements. Ultimately, its subsequent spread
to the East lead to influence on the China-dominated world. Based on all the mentioned
above, the given article aspires to collect and analyze the data, primarily from narratives as
sources and foreign literature, for the purpose of researching the processes that connected
two ancient and very influential civilizations – Greece and China. The main stages of explicit
and implicit relations between China and Hellenistic Bactria is defined. The role of nomad
cultures in establishment of connections between West and East is determined and exemplified
by the events of the 3rd century B.C. and the early 1st century B.C. Conditional character of the names, referred to nomad entities by ancient writers, is analyzed. We show the controversy
of interpretation the given names with the ethnic groups in modern meaning as well as
the range of sources on the relations between Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and China and their
characteristics. Finally, we construe the equal role of nomads, Chinese and Hellenes in the
described contacts of ancient societies.

This is a compendium of texts on the topic of Yuezhi/Greater Yuezhi/Kushan and related studies.
The texts are quotes from monographs and journal articles ranging from 1738 to 2000.
They are confined to Western languages.
Although the collection is far from complete, most Western authors who contributed to our knowledge of Central and South Asian history from 300 BCE to 300 CE have been brought together here.
More texts will be added in due time.

This book attempts to solve a 2,000-year-old riddle of ancient geography: Where was the elusive Stone Tower located which Claudius Ptolemy wrote about as marking the mid-point on the old Silk Road, as caravans plied their trade between Europe and Asia?

Only by understanding the wider historical context during this period can this site be located with any certainty. For this reason, this book is divided into three parts: the first explains the birth of the Silk Road; the second covers key events in history that determined the Stone Tower’s establishment at the half-way mark; and the third pinpoints where the tower actually lay.

The timeline covered spans almost 300 years:  It starts in 140 BC, when a Chinese palace guard named Zhang Qian volunteered to travel west for Emperor Wu Di, in the process founding this celebrated trade route; and it ends in AD 140, when Ptolemy probably completed his Geographia and revealed the site of the Stone Tower. For the most part, this period parallels the First Silk Roads Era dating from 100 BC to AD 250.

once remarked with reference to the concessions to Parliament made by Charles I. " If," he said, " these had been related nakedly, without any detail of the circumstances which generally led to them, they would not have been believed." Keeping This in Mind, I have chosen to Gather together the Fruit of Countless Scholars and attempt to place them in Sequence, to trace the Origins of the Khattars in an Orderly manner. Some back and Forth Narrative will be occasioned, for which my apologies with a request for patient perusal. To Recall The Closing of Tocharian-Yueczi-Khattar Horse Tribes Volume 1. "There is evidence of Large-Scale Migration of Steppe Tribes towards the more conducive Environment of the Forested Areas of Europe. Large Tribal Groups accompanied with huge flocks of Domestic Animals and spearheaded by Battle-Axe Wielding Warriors, enjoyed relative superiority over the indigenous European Populations regarding mobile food supply and Battle tactics. This led to dominance of the Newcomers in relations to Languages and Culture. Other, related tribes either remained in place or moved towards the East as far as the Altai Mountains, sharing the area with other tribes, speaking different tongues and having different Cultures. Ths showed that the Speakers of Indo-European Languages had evolved a highly advanced Nomadic Mode of Existence." Early Eastwards Migration Route of Proto-Indo-European Tribes: There is a need to clarify some Terms and Concepts that we will be dealing with. Satem: Languages of the Indo-European Family are classified as either Centum Languages or Satem Languages according to how the dorsal consonants (sounds of "K" and "G" type) of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European Language (PIE) developed. An example of the different developments is provided by the words for "hundred" found in the early attested Indo-European Languages (which is where the two branches get their names). In Centum Languages, they typically began with a /k/ sound (Latin

As recorded in Shiji, the Yuezhi people, before they left for Bactria, lived mainly in the area between Dunhuang and the Qilian Mountains, lying west of the Hexi corridor in Gansu. As early as in Shang China (c. 13th-11th BCE) the Yuezhi people had already begun their commercial and cultural contact with the ancient inhabitants of the Yellow River Valley, so that some Tokharian words were borrowed into Chinese. As for the Yuezhi vocabulary which survived in Ancient Chinese, many instances remain unidentified in Tokharian. One of them is the word qilian 祁連 to be discussed in this article.

The sensational finds made at Tillya Tepe in Northern Afghanistan close to the modern city of Sheberghān, are the primary source for reconstructing the cultural history of Bactria in the turbulent period between the end of Greek rule and the rise of the Kushan Empire. The paucity of written sources from this period (mid second century ВСЕ to mid first century СЕ), and our resulting lack of understanding of even major political and cultural events, has led to its apt characterization as the “Dark Age” of Bactrian history. In this context, a special place should therefore be reserved for archaeological finds and Tillya Tepe is undoubtedly the most important site of this period. The significance of the Tillya Tepe finds for the reconstruction of Bactrian history and its cultural landscape has long been recognized, but they still have much to offer in terms of historical inquiry. In what follows I shall attempt a new reconstruction of the headdress of a “prince” buried in Grave IV and conclude that it allows us to place him within the orbit of the Indo-Parthian Gondopharid dynasty, one of the most powerful
regional political entities of the period.

Birçok farklı ada sahip olan Yüeçi milleti Orta Asya’da meydana çıkmış bir millettir, biz de bu göçer kavmi bu makalede tarihçe, coğrafya, ad, ekonomi yönünden araştırdıktan sonra ortaya çıkan sonuçlar ışığında Yüeçilerin hakkında çıkarımlarda bulunup onların tartışılan kökenlerini aydınlatmaya çalışacağız. Kavimler göçü yalnız Hunlar döneminde değil daha öncesinde de yaşanmıştır. Antik Çağlardan Ortaçağın şafağına kadar birçok kavim doğudan batıya göçmüştür. Bazı kavimlerse göç yönlerini kuzeyden güneye doğru belirlemişlerdir. Yüeçiler bu ikinci bölümde kalan kavimlerdendir. Yüeçiler ilk olarak Altay Dağları bölgesi civarında yaşıyorken daha sonları güneye doğru göçerek Kansu bölgesine yerleşmişlerdir. Sonrasında göçebe kavimlerin genel olarak yaptıkları gibi otlak bulmak için savaşmışlardır. Bu savaş Hunlara karşı yapılmış ve Yüeçiler için bu savaş çok kanlı ve kötü bitmiştir. Bundan sonra Yüeçiler, Büyük Yüeçiler ve Küçük Yüeçiler adlarıyla ikiye bölünmüşlerdir. Küçük Yüeçiler güneye doğru yol alıp Çinliler içinde asimile olmuşlardır. Büyük Yüeçiler ise batıya doğru ilerleyip Perso-Helen kavimleriyle çarpışmış ve yeni göçtükleri yerlere yerleşmişlerdir.

Cet article s’intéresse aux monnaies des périodes hellénistique et kouchane (IIIe siècle av. J.-C.-IVe siècle apr. J.-C.) en provenance des fouilles franco-afghanes de Bactres (Balkh, Afghanistan), dont 113 exemplaires ont été identifiés. La répartition des monnaies d’Euthydème I (230-190 av. J.-C.) et celle des imitations Yuezhi d’Hélioclès I (IIe-Ier siècles av. J.-C.) dans la vallée de l’Oxus font l’objet d’études particulières, à partir des données numismatiques livrées par les fouilles récentes en Asie centrale. Ces nouvelles données permettent d’approfondir notre connaissance de la place de Bactres dans le paysage numismatique aux périodes étudiées. This paper deals with the Hellenistic and Kushan coins (3rd ca BCE-4th ca CE) found in the French-Afghan excavations of Bactra (Balkh, Afghanistan), i.e. 113 coins in total. The distribution pattern of the coins of Euthydemus I (ca 230-190 BCE) as well as the Yuezhi imitations of Heliocles I (2nd-1st c. BCE) in the Oxus valley is considered in detail, based on numismatic data from recent archaeological excavations in Central Asia. These new data contribute to a better understanding of Bactra’s place in the numismatic landscape during the aforementioned periods.

Study on the Lost Tribes of Israel, Chapter 2,
The Great Exodus of Israelites from China

The Yuezhi fled from the Xiongnus in the 180's BC, part going South to Tibet becoming the Small Yuezhis (小月支). The greater part went to Central Asia centered in Samarkand, founding Zhaowu 9 Tribes States (昭武九姓). From here they went to India and founded the state of Kushan.
The word Yuezhi as etymon reveals that they are still worshippers of the moon god, Ashera. The ethynom Zhaowu, Sarma, Samar show that they are Samarians, the Northern Tribes of Israel.

Xiongnu in Chinese, Roman and Persian sources reveal who they were: The Chionitae, the Zionists. Xiongnu was not a name for a certain people, but a religious  identity name (such as Christians, Mohamedans). The Xiongnus also had to leave China, after a series of defeats against Han (漢) and Xianbei.

In the mid. 2nd century BC some significant changes took place in the cultural development of Tian Shan region. These changes were connected with the new waves of the migration of nomads like Yuezhi and Wusun. As a result of these events the local Saka culture ceased to exist. It was considered for a long time that the migration of new nomadic groups did not lead to the great cultural changes in the region. But on the base of a detailed analysis of the funerary inventory of the burials of the Wusun, the author comes to the conclusion that they could be attributed to the end of Saka period. This allows us to review the cultural situation in Tian Shan region at the turn of the Saka and Wusun periods. As a result, the group of burials with unusual burial rites becomes more noticeable, it could be identified with the migrant population of Wusun and Yuezhi. Evidently, there is a substantial cultural gap that occurred due to the migration of new groups of nomadic population. However, a part of the local Saka population remained in this region and was culturally assimilated by the new people.

Yuezhi (月氏) - an article from Big Russian Encyclopedia.
If I will write this article now, I will certainly add to the bibliography a paper of Christopher Beckwith "The earliest Chinese words for ‘the Chinese’: the phonology, meaning, and origin of the epithet Ḥarya ~  Ārya in East Asia" (Journal Asiatique, 2016, 304.2: 231-248) and his hypothesis (very probable, I think) that yuezhi is in reality a Chinese transcription of the word "Tokhar". It's also fascinating that it's name Daxia 大夏 used by Zhang Qian is very probably  based on the name of Yuezhi's nomad empire in Western and North China (maybe, the first nomad empire in the region we know about), destroyed by Xiongnu in 176 BC; in this case 夏 was pronounced as Harya/Arya, a perfect name for Iranian state or people.