Thumb Rules For Chemical Engineer
Thumb Rules For Chemical Engineer
Thumb Rules For Chemical Engineer
THUMB RULES
Particulars PIPING PRESSURE DROP : For Raynold's no 2100 to 106 EQUIVALENT LENGHTS for Pressure drop in the system MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FLOW OF STEAM THROUGH PIPE 41, 12 & 2" only ALLOWABLE VELOCITIES FOR PROCESS FLUIDS SONIC VELOCITY CALCULATION PERMANENT HEAD LOSS THROUGH ORIFICE VENTURI Pressure Drop FLOW RECTANGULAR WEIR CONTROL VALVE SIZING RELIEF VALVE SIZING FOR LIQUID EXPANSION STORAGE VESSEL VOLUMES NPSH Pressure Drop in Pipeline TUBESIDE PRESSURE DROP IN SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER MOTORS kVA MOTORS AMPS ETIMATE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HP CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HEAD TEMPERATURE RISE IN COMPRESSION PUMP EFFICIENCY PUMP HORSE POWER RELATION OF HP, IMPELLER DIA & SPEED RELATION BETWEEN PUMP HEAD, IMPELLER DIA & SPEED CHANGE IN PUMP CAPACITY WITH IMPELLER DIAMETER TUBESIDE PRESSURE DROP IN AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER MOTOR HP OUTPUT MOTOR TORQUE GAS EXPANDERS : AVAILABLE ENERGY POWER FACTOR SELECTION OF TYPE OF VACUUM EQUIPMENT FAN / BLOWER OR COMPRESSOR SPRAY WATER FOR PRDS MAXIMUM AVAILABLE ENERGY (EXERGY) FUEL TO AIR RATIO COOLING TOWERS : WINDAGE LOSSES COOLING WATER CONCENTRATION RATIO APPROXIMATE EFFICIENCIES OF COMPRESSORS Physical Properties
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EQUIVALENT LENGHTS
Nominal pipe size (in) 90 miter bend Gate or ball valve Swing chek valve Enlargement sudden d/D = 1/4 d/D = 1/2 d/D = 3/4 Elbow 45 std d/D = 1/2 d/D = 3/4 Contraction sudden d/D = 1/4 d/D = 1/2 2 3 3 4 5 7 9 12 14 16 18 20 23 25 27 d/D = 3/4 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Angle valve
Equiv. Length in terms of small d Short rad Long rad Hard T 2 miter 3 miter 4 miter Soft T
1.5 2 2.5 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 30 36 2 48 54 60
55 70 80 100 130 200 260 330 400 450 500 550 650 688 750
26 33 40 50 65 100 125 160 190 210 240 280 300 335 370
Plug cock
1 2 2 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 21 25 30 35 40 45
1 2 2 2 3 4 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 21 25 30 35 40 45
3 4 5 6 7 11 15 18 22 26 29 33 36 40 44 55 66 77 88 99 110
2 3 3 4 5 8 9 12 14 16 18 20 23 25 27 40 47 55 65 70 80
21 24 27 30 33 36 39 51 60 69 81 90 99
20 22 24 28 32 34 36 44 52 64 72 80 92
5 7 8 10 12 18 25 31 37 42 47 53 60 65 70
3 4 5 6 8 12 16 20 24 26 30 35 38 42 46
1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 13 14 15
4 5 6 8 10 14 19 24 28
1 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 8
3 3 4 5 6 9 12 15 18 20 24 26 30 32 35
terms of small d
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3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.5 1.5 3.9 8.2 14.5 26.4 39.5 53.2 75.5 227
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SONIC VELOCITY
Sonic velocity Vs Absolute temperature T ratio of sp. Heats (usually = 1.4) K Accelearion by gravity g Universal gas constant R Ft/s R ft/s2 /mol wt 0 1.4 32.2 1544
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Velocity through orifice (ft/s) Velocity through pipe (ft/s) Orifice pressure drop (ft of fluid) Diameter Coefficient (0.6 for typical applns)
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RECTANGULAR WEIR
Flow over weir Width of weir Height of liquid over weir ft3/s Fv ft L ft H 0
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0.0008
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4 #DIV/0!
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NPSH
Net Positive Suction Head = Where, Suction head Vessel abs pressure Vapor pressure (pumping) specific gravity Suction friction losses NPSH #DIV/0!
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MOTORS kVA
Current Line to line voltage kVA Amps V kVA
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CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR HP
Suction temperature Suction pressure Discharge pressure Flow Adiabatic efficiency Avg compressibility factor Universal gas constant Adiabatic component Adiabatic Head Had (ft) = Horse power = T1 P1 P2 W Ea Z R K R psia psia lb/min fraction /mol wt Cp/Cv #DIV/0! #DIV/0! 1 1544 1.4
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1.4
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PUMP EFFICIENCY
SI units Developed head Flow Efficiency
m m3/hr %
80
ft GPM %
80
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MOTOR HP OUTPUT
Motor power input Motor efficiency HP output = OR : Torque speed HP output = kW fraction 0
rpm 0
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MOTOR TORQUE
Motor power Speed Full load torque HP rpm #DIV/0!
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#DIV/0!
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POWER FACTOR
kW input kVA input Power factor kW kVA #DIV/0!
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Reciprocating piston pump Rotary piston pump Two-lobe rotary pump Steam jet ejectors 1 stage Steam jet ejectors 3 stages Steam jet ejectors 5 stages
down to 1 torr down to 0.001 torr down down down down to to to to 0.0001 torr 100 torr 1 torr 0.05 torr
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Fans Blowers
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0 0
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Physical Properties
Units KJ/kg C Btu/lb F Water 4.2 1 1000 62.29 1200-2100 516-903 0.55-0.70 0.32-0.40 1.8 @ 0 C 0.57 @ 50C 0.28 @ 100C 0.14 @ 200C Organic Liquids 1.0-2.5 0.239-0.598 700-1500 43.6-94.4 200-1000 86-430 0.10-0.20 0.057-0.116 varies with temp. 0.025-0.070 0.025-0.05 Steam 2 0.479 Air 1 0.239 1.29@STP 0.08@STP
Density
kg/m3 lb/ft3
Latent Heat
KJ/kg Btu/lb
Thermal Cond.
W/m C Btu/h ft F
Viscosity
cP
Prandtl Number
1-15
10-1000
0.7
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0.7-0.8
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