Hashemite University Department of Electrical and computer Engineering Electronics 2 Lab Final Project

Design Differentiator Amplifier

Using OrCAD PSpice 15.7
In this Project we achieve the differentiator Amplifier with given specifications, firstly theoretically and secondly simulation and implementation using PSpice 15.7.

Achieved by:

Abdul Karem Al sbeeh Ahmad Hussan Omar

Supervised By:

Dr: Osama Oquili

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 2

Theoretical Background

Chapter I

OP-Amp
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a linear integrated circuit that incorporates a DC-coupled, high-gain differential amplifier and other circuitry that give it specific characteristics. The ideal op-amp has certain unattainable specifications, but hundreds of types of operational amplifiers are available, which vary in specific ways from the ideal op-amp. Important specifications include very large open-loop gain, high input impedance, and low output impedance. There are other specifications for op-amp that are important in certain applications. These specifications can be divided into two categories: DC parameters and AC parameters. DC parameters include input bias current, input offset current and input offset voltage. Input bias current ( I Bias ) is the average of the input currents required at each input terminal of the op-amp. Input offset current ( I OS ) is the absolute value of the difference between the DC bias currents.

IBias

I B1 2

I B2

(1)

Ios
give zero output voltage.

IB1 IB2

(2)

Input offset voltage ( VIO ) is the amount of voltage that must be applied between the input terminals of an op-amp to

Since the input stage of all op-amps is a differential amplifier, there are two inputs marked with the symbols (+) and (-). These symbols refer to the phase of the output signal compared to the input signal and should be read as non-inverting (+) and inverting (-) rather than plus or minus. If the non-inverting input is more positive than the inverting input, the output will be positive. If the inverting input is more positive, then the output will be negative. The symbol for an op-amp is shown in Figure 1(a). Figure 1(b) shows a typical 8-pin dual-in-package (DIP) with an identifier for pin 1. And Figure 2 shows the pin diagram for LM 741 op-amp.

Fig.1: (a) The Symbol for an Op-Amp

(b) Typical 8-pin DIP Op-Amp

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 3

Differentiator Amplifier
A differentiator circuit produces an output that is proportional to the derivative or rate of change of the input voltage over time. Differentiator circuit can be constructed as shown using an operational amplifier, a resistor, and a capacitor. Unlike an ideal integrator circuit where the slightest DC offset in the input eventually drives the output into saturation, for the differentiator we need not be concerned about a DC offset in the input since the derivative of a constant is always zero. For this circuit, it can be shown that:

Vout

RC

dVin dt

Fig.2: Differentiator Circuit

Since the output voltage of a differentiated is proportional to the input frequency, high frequency signals (such as electrical noise) may saturate or cutoff the amplifier. For this reason: a resistor is placed in series with the capacitor in the input as shown in Figure 5. This establishes high frequency limit beyond which differentiation no longer occurs:

g%

1 2SR in Cin

To achieve greater attenuation at higher frequencies (or prevent oscillation), a feedback capacitor is added in parallel with the feedback resistor. This establishes another break frequency that can be calculated as in the integrator. Fig.3: Stable Differentiator Circuit

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 4

Frequency Response
The frequency response of an amplifier is the variation in the output as the frequency is varied. The analysis of the frequency response of an amplifier can be considered in three frequency ranges: the low-, mid-, and high-frequency regions. In the low-frequency region the capacitors used for DC isolation (AC coupling) and bypass operation affect the lower cutoff (lower 3-dB) frequency. In the mid- frequency range only resistive elements affect the gain, the gain remaining constant. In the high-frequency region of operation, stray wiring capacitances and device inter-terminal capacitances will determine the circuit's upper cutoff frequency.

Practical Differentiator Amplifier

The ideal differentiator is inherently unstable in practice due to the presence of some high frequency noise in every electronic system. An ideal differentiator would amplify this small noise. For instance, if vnoise = Asin(wt) is differentiated, the output would be vout = Awcos(wt). Even if A = 1mV, when w = 2p(10MHz) vout would have an amplitude of 63V! To circumvent this problem, it is traditional to include a series resistor at the input and a parallel capacitor across the feedback resistor as shown in figure 2, converting the differentiator to an integrator at high frequencies for filtering.

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 5

Theoretical Design calculations

Chapter II

Calculated the cutoff frequency

Question: Design a practical differentiator with 2 kHz cutoff frequency, the gain at 10 Hz should be 0.1. = 1 2

Let me say that Rin = 3 k, then = 1 = 26.526 2

Av = 0.1 at 10 Hz =

Taken the Transform of differentiation by 2f

0.1 = 2 (10) Rfb (26.526 n) Rfb = 59.996 k

The Relation between input and output

To draw the Relation between the input and the output fig.4, we taken 10 values of input and calculate the output. Table 1: output voltage at different input Frequency 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz 1 kHz

Input Voltage (volt) 0 0.499 0.99 1.499 1.989 2.499 2.989 3.499 3.989 4.499

Output Voltage (volt) 0 0.495 0.989 1.484 1.978 2.473 2.967 3.462 3.957 4.451

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 6

VIN = Am Sin (2 f t) where f = 1 kHz VOut = Am (2 f) RC Cos (2 f t)

Input Output Relationship at constant frequency

6 5 Vout (Volt) 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 Vin (volt) 4 5 6

Fig.4: the Relationship between the input and output From the same expression VOut = Am (2 f) RC Cos (2 f t) and from the frequency Response that see later, the differentiator begins differentiates the input at 10 Hz and to value of output not exceed 20 V, then the differentiator work as inverting.

The Frequency Response

We apply the same expression to find the output voltage by: VOut = Am (2 f) RC Cos (2 f t) Table 2: the output voltage at different frequency Frequency (Hz) 10 50 100 150 200 246 294 342 390 438 486 534

Input Voltage (volt) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Output Voltage (volt) 0.100013 0.500065 1.00013 1.500194 2.000259 2.460319 2.940381 3.420443 3.900506 4.380568 4.86063 5.340692

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 7

582 630 678 726 774 822 870 918 966

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5.820754 6.300817 6.780879 7.260941 7.741003 8.221066 8.701128 9.18119 9.661252

Output Voltage at deffrent frequency

25 20 Output (Volt) 15 10 5 0 0 1000 2000 3000 Frequency (Hz) 4000 5000 6000

Fig.5: output voltage with respect to different frequency

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 8

Design and Simulation using OrCAD 15.7

Chapter III
We draw the differentiator amplifier without feedback capacitor as you can see below:

Figure 6: Differentiator without capacitor as feed back

And then we draw the differentiator amplifier with feedback capacitor, to calculate the upper cutoff frequency as you can see below:

Figure 7: Differentiator with capacitor as feed back

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 9

From the two pages coming later, each one has graph of frequency response the first one ha sfrequency response without feedback capcitor and the second one with feedback capacitor. We must calculate the value of capacitor that prevent the high frequency as this: The High frequency begins at 20 V equal 20.045 kHz then:

1 2

: where RC the parallel companation at feedback.

C = 0.13 nF We can can see in the second graph the lower and upper cutoff frequency.

Discuss the Result:

1. We can see from first graph of frequency Response, that the diffrentiator begins work at 10 Hz to value at output voltage equal 20 V 20.045 KHz. 2. The maximum value of ouput voltage in fig.6 is more garater than in fig.7 because the losses in filter circuit in feed back. 3. There is region in curve in frequency Response is a linear region, where circuit work as a good diffrentiator.

DESIGN DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

Page 10

conclusions:
In this project we know that the practical diffrentiator is different than ideal. And when you want to design the diffrentiator you must taken many things in your consideration, such as upper and lower cutoff frequency,and the band width of the amplifier. To prevent a high frequency problem in this diffrentiator we use the low pass filter, you can see that in feedback in fig.7. The relationship between input voltage and output voltage is linear in linear Region. The best thing in this project we know how we can use the other software" PSpice" to build schematic and simulation it.

Refrences:
1. Electronic circuit analysis and Design, by Donald A Neamen. 2. OrCad 15.7