VIT Campus: Electrical Measurement Lab

VIT Campus
Vivekananda Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering (Lab Manual)
Electrical Measurement Lab(1)
1. AIM: Cathode-ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
To introduce the basic structure of a cathode-ray Oscilloscope.

To get familiar with the use of different control switches of the device.
To visualize an ac signal, measure the amplitude and the frequency.
2. APPARATUS: Cathode-ray Oscilloscope (CRO)
3.
THEORY
Cathode-ray Oscilloscope
The device consists mainly of a vacuum tube which contains a cathode, anode, grid, X&Yplates, and a fluorescent screen (see Figure below). When the cathode is heated (by applying
a small potential difference across its terminals), it emits electrons. Having a potential
difference between the cathode and the anode (electrodes), accelerate the emitted electrons
towards the anode, forming an electron beam, which passes to fall on nthe screen. When the
fast electron beam strikes the fluorescent screen, a bright visible spot is produced. The grid,
which is situated between the electrodes, controls the amount of electrons passing through it
thereby controlling the intensity of the electron beam.
Figure 1: The basic structure of a CRO

The X&Y-plates, are responsible for deflecting the electron beam horizontally and vertically.
Prepared By:- Electrical Department(VIT Campus)
Faculty:- Meetu Nag
A sweep generator is connected to the X-plates, which moves the bright spot horizontally
across the screen and repeats that at a certain frequency as the source of the signal. The
voltage to be studied is applied to the Y-plates. The combined sweep and Yvoltages produce
a graph showing the variation of voltage with time, as shown in Fig. 2.
Front panel
The front panel of the CRO is shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2: The front panel of the CRO

Alternating current (ac)
An ac signal can be of different forms: sinusoidal, square, or triangular. The sinusoidal
is the most popular type, which is the natural output of the rotary electricity generators.
An ac voltage source can be represented by
(t)= m sin(t+ ), (1)

where m is the maximum output voltage value, =2
is the frequency), and
phase shift. The root-mean-square value, rms, of the signal given by Eq.(1), can be
written as

Faculty:- Meetu Nag
is the
(2)
which is reduced to
CRO PROBES:Probe is a physical device used to connect an electronics test equipment to the device under test.
i.e. connecting an electronic device to cro for testing with help of long wire which is attached with
an bananna,lugs tips to cro end and crocodile clips on other end. Measuring an electrical signal
inevitably affects that signal. This applies to all measurements, including the display of an
oscilloscope waveform. Affecting the signal cannot be totally eliminated, but it can be minimized
sufficiently that the effect is unimportant. Then the measured result is a sufficiently accurate
representation of the real signal. It is therefore critical for the measurement engineer to understand
the effect of the instrument on the signal.
A x10 scope probe (figure 1) is useful in several applications:
_ To reduce loading effect on the circuit under test
_ To compensate for the effect of test cable capacitance
_ To permit the measurement of large voltages
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The compensation capacitance (Cp in figure 5) of the _10 probe must be adjusted to suit the input
capacitance of the oscilloscope. This requires adjusting the compensation each time the probe is
Faculty:- Meetu Nag
moved to a different scope. To compensate the probe, it is driven with a square wave4. The resultant
scope display will appear as one of the three waveforms in figure
The upper display is under-compensated; the compensation capacitance is too small. In the lower
display, it is overcompensated, the compensation capacitance is too large. The centre display is the
Goldilocks version: just right.
These square waves indicate the response of the probe over a range of frequencies. The upper
waveform, with its undershoot, corresponds to a depressed high-frequency response. The lower
waveform corresponds to an emphasized high-frequency response. The centre waveform
corresponds to a flat frequency response.
The compensation capacitance may typically be found in one of three locations:

_ As a screwdriver adjustment in the body of the probe (visible as the small dot on the probe body in
figure 1).
_ As a screwdriver adjustment in the base of the probe cable, where the cable plugs into the scope.
_ As a coaxial capacitor adjustment in the probe. In this case, the probe body includes a locking ring,
which is rotated to unlock the compensation adjustment. Part of the probe is then rotated to adjust
the probe compensation. When the compensation is correct, the locking ring is re-tightened.
4. PROCEDURE:
Part one
1. Turn on the Oscilloscope, wait a couple of seconds to warm up, then the trace will
show up on the screen.
2. Adjust the intensity and the focus of the trace.
Faculty:- Meetu Nag
3. Use the X &Y-post. knobs to center the trace horizontally and vertically.
4. Connect a cable to Ch1 socket.
5. Connect the cable from Ch1 of the by probe.
6. A signal will appear on the screen.
7. Make sure that the inner red knobs of the Volt/Div and the Time/Div are locked
Clock wise.
8. Set the frequency of the generator to 200 Hz.
9. Adjust the Volt/Div and the Time/Div knobs so that you get a suitable size signal
(from 1-2 wavelengths filling most of the screen vertically).
10. Count the number of vertical squares lying within the signal, then calculate the peak
to peak value as: Vp-p= No. vertical Div. Volt/Div
11. Calculate Vrms value, record in Table I:

12. Measure Vrms using the multimeter (connect the probes of the multimeter to the SIN
and the GND connectors).
13. Calculate the period T, record in Table I:
T = No. horizontal Div. Time/Div
14. Calculate the frequency,F=1/T, record in the table.
15. Repeat steps 10-14 for the frequency values as in the table.
5. OBSERVATION TABLE:
S
NO.
Frequency (f) Hz
Period (T) sec
6. CALCULATION:
F=1/T
7. RESULT:Prepared By:- Electrical Department(VIT Campus)
Faculty:- Meetu Nag
Vp-p (V)
Remark
8. PRECUATION:1. Connections should be done properly.

2. Set the CRO before taking the readings.
3. Take the reading carefully.
.

Faculty:- Meetu Nag

VIT Campus: Electrical Measurement Lab

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VIT Campus

Vivekananda Institute of Technology

Electrical Measurement Lab(1)

1. AIM: Cathode-ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

To introduce the basic structure of a cathode-ray Oscilloscope.

Figure 1: The basic structure of a CRO

Figure 2: The front panel of the CRO

(t)= m sin(t+ ), (1)

is the frequency), and

Prepared By:- Electrical Department(VIT Campus)

The compensation capacitance may typically be found in one of three locations:

11. Calculate Vrms value, record in Table I:

Period (T) sec

8. PRECUATION:1. Connections should be done properly.

Prepared By:- Electrical Department(VIT Campus)

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