BAB 3 BEHAVIOR OF IDEAL GAS

No 8
A chimney gas has the following composition by volume :
CO2

9,5%

CO

0,2%

O2

9,6%

N2

80,7%

Using the ideal gas law, calculate:

a.

Its composition by weight

Answer :
Basis of calculation : 1 lb-mol of gas
Lb-mole

Weight

Weight,Lb

CO2

0,095 lb-mole

44

0,095 lb-mole x 44 = 4,180 lb

CO

0,002 lb-mole

28

0,002 lb-mole x 28 = 0,056 lb

O2

0,096 lb-mole

32

0,096 lb-mole x 32 = 3,072 lb

N2

0,807 lb-mole

28

0,807 lb-mole x 28 = 22,596 lb +

29,904 lb

b.

Volume occupied by 1,0 lb of the gas at 80F and 29,5 in Hg pressure

Answer :
TR = TF + 460

Volume at standard condition = 359,046 cu ft x

1
29,92

= 80 + 460 = 540R
Total weight : 29,904 lb
V1

= Vo x

PO
P1

= 13,36 cu ft x
c.

T1
To

29,92 Hg
29,5 Hg

540 R
492 R

= 399,6854 cu ft

Density of the gas in ponds per cubic foot at the condition part b

Answer :

= 13,36 cu ft

Density =
d.

Weig h t
Volume

29,904 lb
399,6854 cu ft

= 0,07481 lb/cu ft

Specific gravity of the mixture

Answer :
Specific gravity =

lb
ft
cu
lb
0,0807 ft
cu

0,07481

Density of t h e gas
Density of t h e air

= 0,9270

No 14
The gas from a sulfur burner has the following composition by volume :
SO3

0,8%

SO2

7,8%

O2

12,2%

N2

79,2%

a. Calculate the volume the gas at 600F and 29,2 in Hg formed per pound of sulfur
burned

Answer :
Basis of calculation : 1 lb-mol of gas
Lb-mole

Weight
80

Weight,Lb

SO3

0,008 lb-mole

SO2

0,078 lb-mole

O2

0,122 lb-mole

32

0,0122 lb-mole x 32 = 3,904 lb

N2

0,792 lb-mole

28

0,792 lb-mole x 28 = 22,176 lb+

64

0,008 lb-mole x 80 = 0,64 lb

0,078 lb-mole x 64 = 4,992 lb

31,712 lb
P

29,2Hg
29,92Hg

= 0,975

600F = 1060R
Basis 1-lb S dalam gas
1 lb-S =

1
32

lb-mol = 0,03125 lb-mol

%S dalam gas = ( 0,8 + 7,8 )% = 8,6 %

Total gas =

100
8,6

0,03125 lbmol

x 0,03125 lb-mol = 0,3633

Komposisi gas
SO3

0,008 x 0,3633 = 0,00290

SO2

0,078 x 0,3633 = 0,0283

O2

0,122 x 0,3633 = 0,04432

N2

0,792 x 0,3633 = 0,28773

0,3632 lb-mol
V=

b.

n RT
P

0,3632 x 0,73021 x 1060

0,975

= 288,32 cu ft3

Calculate the percentage exess oxygen supplied for the combustion above that
required for complete oxidation to SO3

S
0,8
S

3
2

O2

SO3 .1)

1,2

0,8

O2

SO2 .. 2)

7,8

7,8

7,8

lb-mol

9
Total O2 disupplay = O2 dalam SO2 reax 1)+ O2 dalam SO2 reax 2) + O2 bebas
= 12,2+ ( 1,2+7,8)
= 21,2 lb-mol
S dalam terbakar = S reax 1 + S reax 2
= 0,8 + 7,8 = 8,6 lbmol x 32 = 275,2 lb
O2 teoritis
S
8,6

3
2

O2

12,9

SO3
8,6

O2 teoritis = 12,9
O2 exess ( %) =

21,212,9
12,9

x 100% = 64,3%

c.

Calculate the volume of air at 70F and 29,92 in Hg supplied for the combustion per
pound of sulfur burned

Answer :
100
21

Udara =

V=

n RT
P

x 21,2 = 100,95 lb-mol/100 lb-mol

100,95 x 0,73021 x 530

1

= 40033,60 /275,2 ft3 = 145,46 ft3

No 15
A furnace is to be designed to burn coke at the rate of 200 lb per hour . The coke has
the following composition :
Carbon 89,1%
Ash

10,9%

The grate efficiency of the furnace is such that 90% of the carbon present in that coke
charged is burned. Air is supplied in 30% exess of that required for the complete
combustion of all the carbon charged. It may be assumed that 97% of the carbon
burned is oxidized to the dioxide , the remainder forming monoxide
a.

Calculate the composition by volume of the flue gases leaving the furance

Answer :
Carbon 89,1% =
Ash

89,1
x 200 lb=178,2lb
100

10,9% =

, 1C =

178,2
12

10,9
x 200 lb=21,8 lb
100

Dalam 90%
C terbakar = 0,9 x 178,2 lb = 160,38 lb
dalam 1C

160,38
12

= 13 ,365 lb-mol

C tidak terbakar = 178,2 160,38 = 17,82 lb

Refuse : C

= 17,82

Abu = 2,80

= 14,85

97%
C

0,97 x C terbakar
O2

CO2

12,964

12,964

12,964

3%

0,97 x C terbakar

2C

0,401

O2

CO

0,401/2

0,401

Total O2 = 12,964 + 0,201 = 13,165

Menghitung O2 teoritis
C

14,85

O2

CO2

14,85

14,85

C awal
O2 teoritis = 14,85 lb-mol
O2 disupplai =
N2 dari udara =

130
x 14,85=19,305lbmol
100
79
x 19,305=72,624 lbmol
21

O2 Sisa = 19,305-13,165 = 6,14 lb-mol

Udara

CO2 = 12,964 lb-mol = 14,07 %

Furnace

Coke

C0 = 0,401

= 0,42 %

O2 = 6,16

= 6,66 %

N2 = 72,624
92,129
V=

n RT
P

92,129 x 0,73021 x 1010

0,97763

+ = 78,85 % +
100 %

= 69500/60 ft3 = 1158,3 ft3/menit

No 16
A by-product coke oven produces one million cubic feet of coal gas per hour having
the following analysis by volume
C6H6

5,0%

CO

7,0%

C7H8

5,0%

H2

35,0%

CH4

40,0%

CO2

5,0%

N2

3,0 %

100 %
The gas leaves the oven at 20,0 psi absolute pressure and 740 . After cooling
100 . the benzena and toluena are completely removed by absorption
Calculate :
a.

Average molecular weight of the gas leaving the oven and the absorber

Answer :
P = 20 psi

Gasifier

ABS

Kondisi standar P = 20 psi/14,70 psi= 1,3605

n=

PV
RT

1,3605 x 1000000
0,73021 x 1200

= 1552,6355 lb-mol

Komposisi :
C6H6

5,0% x 1552,6355

= 77,631775 lb-mol = 6055,27845 lb

CO

7,0%

= 108,684485 lb-mol = 3043,16558 lb

C7H8

5,0%

= 77,631775 lb-mol = 7142,1233 lb

H2

35,0%

=543,422425lb-mol = 1086,84485 lb

CH4

40,0%

= 621,0542 lb-mol

= 9936,8672 lb

CO2

5,0%

= 77,63175 lb-mol

= 3415,7981lb

N2

3,0 %

= 77,63175lb-mol

= 7142,1233 lb

1552,6355 lb-mol
BM =
b.

31984,2913
1552,6355

31984,2913 lb

=20,6

Weight of gas leaving the oven and absorber

Komposisi :
CO

7,0%

= 108,684485 lb-mol = 3043,16558 lb

H2

35,0%

=543,422425lb-mol = 1086,84485 lb

CH4

40,0%

= 621,0542 lb-mol

= 9936,8672 lb

CO2

5,0%

= 77,63175 lb-mol

= 3415,7981lb

N2

3,0 %

= 77,63175lb-mol

= 7142,1233 lb

1397,37195 lb-mol
BM =
C.

18786,33956
1397,37195

=13,44

Volumetric composition of the gas leaving the absorber

P = 20 psi

d.

18786,33956 lb

Gasifier

ABS
CO

7,77%

H2

38,88%

CH4

44,47%

CO2

5,55%

N2

3,53 %

Weights of benzene anda toluene absorbed

C6H6

5,0% x 1552,6355

= 77,631775 lb-mol = 6055,27845 lb

C7H8

5,0%

= 77,631775 lb-mol = 7142,1233 lb +

155,26355 lb-mol

13197,402 lb

BM = 85,000002

Soal nomor 18
Suatu gas meninggalkan stabilizer dengan komposisi volum sebagai berikut :
P = 16 Psi = 1,088 atm
T = 900 F = 5500 K
V = 70.000 Ft3/hr
S
T
A
B
I
L
I
Z

E
R

C3H8 = 8,0 %
CH4 = 78,0 %
C2H6 = 10,0 %
C4H10 = 4,0 %

REF
O
R
M
I
N
G
PLANT

Gas tersebut kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam re-forming plant dan terjadilah reaksi seperti
yang ada di bawah ini :
CnH2n+2 + nH2O
nCO + (2n+1)H2..................... (1)
CO +H2O

CO2 + H2............................. (2)

Dimana pada reaksi pertama, hanya 95% dari gas CnH2n+2 yang dikonversikan dan pada rekasi
kedua, gas CO yang dihasilkan dari reaksi pertama hanya 90% nya dikonversikan. Hitunglah :
a. Berat molekul rata-rata gas yang meninggalkan stabilizer
b. Berat dari gas yang dimasukkan ke dalam re-forming plant dalam pon per jam.
c. Berat hidrogen yang meninggalkan re-forming plant dalam pon per jam.
Penyelesaian :
Basis 1 jam operasi
1. Mencari mol gas yang keluar dari stabilizer
PV
n=
RT
1,088 atm x 70.000 Ft3
=

= 189,64 lbmole
3

0,7302 ft atm/lb-mole R x 550 R

Komposisi gas menjadi sebagai berikut :
-

C3H8
CH4
C2H6
C4H10

= 8,0 % = 8/100 x 189,64 lb mole = 15,1712 lb mole x 44 = 667,533 lb

= 78,0 % = 78/100 x 189,64 lb mole = 148,9192 lb mole x 16 = 2366,707 lb
= 10,0 % = 10/100 x 189,64 lb mole = 18,964 lb mole x 30 = 568,92 lb
= 4,0 % = 4/100 x 189,64 lb mole = 7,5856 lb mole x 58 = 439,965 lb
+
+
189,64 lb mole
4043,125lb
2.Menghitung mol tiap gas pada reaksi 1 (95% gas terkonversi)
Dimana reaksi yang berlangsung adalah :
CnH2n+2 + nH2O
-

C3H8 + 3 H2O

3 CO + 7H2

14,41

43,24

CH4 + H2O
140,52

100,8

CO + 3 H2
140,523 421,57

n CO + (2n + 1) H2

C2H6 + 2 H2O

2 CO + 5 H2
36,03

18,01

90,08

C4H10 + 4 H2O

4 CO + 9 H2

7,206

28,83

64,85

Tabel 1. 95 % gas terkonversi

Komponen

lb mole

C3H8

14,413

CO

H2

CH4

140,523

43,24

100,89

C2H6

18,016

140,52

421,57

C4H10

7,206

36,03

90,08

28,83

64,85

248,62

677,39

Total

Produk lb mole

180,158

3. Menghitung mol tiap gas pada reaksi 2 ( 90% gas terkonversi)

Dimana reaksi yang berlangsung :
CO + H2O
CO2 + H2
CO + H2O
223,7

223,7

CO2 + H2
223,7

223,7

Tabel 2 90 % gas terkonversi

Komponen
lb mole

Produk lb mole

CO

223,76

CO2

H2

H2O

22,76

223,76

223,76

Total

447,52

223,76

223,76

4. Membuat tabel rekapiyulasi

Tabel 3 Rekapitulasi
Produk
lb mole

lb

%V

%W

C3H8

0,7586

33,376

0,0548 %

0,1774 %

CH4

7,3960

118,335

0,5348 %

0,6290 %

C2H6

0,9482

28,446

0,0685 %

0,1512 %

C4H10

0,3793

21,998

0,0274 %

0,1170 %

CO 95 %

248,62

6967,55

17,9766 %

37,0006 %

CO2 90 %

223,76

9854,10

16,1790 %

52,3294 %

H2 95 %

677,39

1356,01

48,9781 %

7,2009 %

H2 90 %

223,76

447,91

16,1808 %

2,3945 %

Total

1383,012

18827,73

100 %

100 %

5. Menjawab pertanyaan
a. Average molecular weight per pound mole
(Berat rata-rata molekul tiap pon mol)

Berat
=

=
Mol

4043,125 lb
= 21,32 /lbmole

189,64 lb-mole

b. Weight of gas feed to the reforming plant pounds per hour

(Berat gas yang dimasukkan ke reforming plant tiap pon per jamnya)
-

C3H8 = 95 % x 15,1712 lb mole = 14,413 lb mole x 44 mole = 634,172 lb

CH4 = 95 % x 147,9192 lb mole = 140,523 lb mole x 16 mole = 2248,368 lb

C2H6 =

95 % x 18,964 lb mole = 18,016 lb mole x 30 mole = 540,480 lb

C4H10 =

95 % x 7,5856 lb mole =

7,206 lb mole x 58 mole = 417,948 lb

180,158 lb mole +

3840,968 lb

Karena basisnya sudah 1 jam operasi maka berat gas yang dimasukkan ke re-forming plant
tiap jamnya adalah 3840,968 lb
c. Weight of hydrogen leaving there forming plant, pounds per hour
(Berat Hidrogen yang meninggalkan re-forming plant dalam pon/jam)
Berat H2 = Berat H2 reaksi 1 + Berat H2 reaksi 2
= 1356,01 lb + 447,91 lb
RE= 1803,92 lb
6. Menghitung Neraca massa

C3H8
CH4
C2H6
C4H10
H2O

=
=
=
=
=

667,533 lb

2366,707lb
568,920 lb
439,965 lb
8502,93 lb
Total =12556,055 lb

F
O
R
M
I
N
G
PLANT

C3H8 =
CH4
=
C2H6
=
C4H10 =
CO2
=
CO
=
H2O =

33,376 lb
118,335 lb
28,446 lb
21,998 lb
9854,10 lb
696,08 lb
1803,92 lb

Total =12556,255 lb

BAB HUMIDITY AND SATURATION

18. An organic chemical must be dried in an atmosphere of hydrogen in a vacuum type
drier operating at 100 mm absolute pressure. The hydrogen water vapor mixture
leaves the drier at 80oF and 80% humidity. Calculate the number of pounds of
hydrogen required per pound of water evaporated.
20.

Air at 80oF, 735 mm pressure and 60% humidity is compressed and the total product
is stored in a cylindrical tank 1 ft in diameter and 5 ft in height at 80 oF and a pressure
of 250 psi absolute. The air initially in the tank is the same as intake to the
compressor. Calculate the humidity of the air in the cylinder and the weight of water
condensed.

Answer :
18. Basis : 1.0 cu ft of mixture
Vapor pressure of water at 80oF ~ 26.6oC is 26 mm Hg
Pure component volume of vapor : 1.0 x 26 mm Hg
100 mm Hg
Composition by volume :
Water vapor

26%

Hydrogen

74%

Vapor present

: 0.26 lb mole ~ 4.68 lb

= 0.26 cu ft

Hydrogen present : 0.74 lb mole ~ 1.48 lb

Lb H2 required / lb water evaporated = 1.48 / 4.68 = 0.3162

20. Vapor pressure of water

At 80oF ~ 26oC is 26 mm Hg
Intial partial pressure of water : 0.60 x 26

= 15.6 mm Hg

Initial molal humidity : 15.6 / (735 15.6)

= 0.0217

Final total pressure : 250 x 760 / 14.7

= 12925.17 mm Hg

Final molal humidity : 26 / (12925.17 26)

= 0.002015

Partial pressure of dry air = 735 15.6

= 719.4 mm Hg

Volume of product = volume of cylinder tank :

= ( d) (t) = x 3.14 x 1 ft x 5 ft
= 3.925 ft3
Mol of air : 3.925 / 395

= 0.011 lb moles

Water originally present : 0.011 x 0.0217

= 2.387 x 10-4 lbmole

Water finally present : 0.011 x 0.002015

= 2.2165 x 10-5 lbmole

Water condensed : 2.1654 x 10-4 lbmole ~ 3.897 x 10-3 lb